 Happy World Oceans Day, I'm Andrew Norton, director of IAED, and here to consider today some of the vitally important things about the world's oceans for global public goods and for the livelihoods of people, particularly many of the world's poorest and most vulnerable people. The FAO estimates that there are about 300 million people worldwide involved directly or indirectly in fishing basically as a primary livelihood. Of the fishers themselves about 94% are in developing countries and of those about 90% are small scale or artisanal fishers. We're talking mostly about people that don't have land and don't have much wealth. In short, the oceans as a source of livelihood is critically important for many of the world's poorest people. If we think about what should be done in relation to protecting our oceans, there are multiple agendas there, so I just want to highlight three things. If we want to manage the coastlines, which is an important part of the ocean ecosystems, well, we need to understand their value. We need to understand their value for livelihoods, we need to understand their value for the protection of human settlements and coastlines, and coastal ecosystems, wetlands, marshlands, coral reefs and mangroves are phenomenally effective at protecting coastlines from storm surge. So we need to understand that and value that as well as the full range of goods that we get out of the oceans, notably fish, but also the other livelihoods that are dependent on oceans, including those in tourism and the leisure industries. The second thing we need to do is get much, much better at engaging poor people who work with those coastal environments at protecting them. That can involve helping them take a short-term hit to their livelihoods in order to provide a long-term benefit for themselves, for their communities, for local communities as well, and sometimes for the planet as a whole, because many of these ecosystems and the oceans as a whole are vitally important carbon sinks that play a big role in controlling our climate. And they're increasingly under stress from rising temperatures and from chemical stress caused by ocean acidification. So let's engage people much, much more in working to preserve the oceans and our coastal ecosystems. The third thing I want to say is about a new process to develop a global, legally binding international treaty for the governance of the open oceans. These are known as areas beyond national jurisdiction. This is a new thing, but it's a very important thing. At the moment, half of our planet does not really have a governance framework. We're starting to work on that now, but there will be many interests at play in that, some commercial interests, some national interests. And at IED, we want to see this process roll forward with a view to establishing the resources of the open oceans as a kind of common heritage for humanity. My colleague Esam Mohamed refers to this as governing half of the planet for all of the world's people. There are many other things to be said about oceans as the agenda is about waste and plastics and so on and so forth. These are just three thoughts to share with you today. The importance of our oceans both for the livelihoods of the poorest people and for the preservation of our planet.