 we have come to the end of this course metal casting. In the last lectures, we have been learning about the principle of metal casting, its classifications and the different types of what say cast alloys and so on. If we quickly review what we have learned, initially we have seen the introduction and the overview of the metal casting process. Then we have seen the classification, then we have focused on the green sand casting process. We have learned the sand design, next we have seen the what say mould sand testing, gating system design and finally, we have seen the casting defects. Then we have learnt about the melting furnaces practices, then we have learnt the principle of the solidification, then we have seen the different types of the cast alloys, ferrous alloys and non ferrous cast alloys we have seen. Then we have learnt about the permanent moulding process, then we have learnt about the special casting process. So, under that we have learnt about the investment casting process, centrifugal casting process, evaporative pattern casting process and so on. And in the last lecture, we have learnt about the design considerations in the metal casting process. Now, we have come to the end of this course and this is the last lecture in this course and today I am going to talk about environment, health and safety aspects. So, metal casting can cause lot of pollution and also there are several cases where the what say workers working in casting industries were met with accidents. So, we have to take enough care to protect our environment while we are running the casting industries. Not only that when we are running the casting industries, we have to give enough protection to our what say workers who are working in the boundaries. So, let us see the environment and health and safety aspects in this lecture. Now, first let us see the environment. Why should we care for the environment? That is the first question. Why? Because proper handling and disposal waste protective and the environment you live in, there are so many unwanted wastes from the foundry industry. Unless these are what say disposed properly, our environment will be spoiled. So, that is why we have to care for our environment. So, we have to handle the what say wastes properly and we have to dispose them properly. Next reason, unregulated past practices have already caused a lot of contamination. Maybe in the past people have not followed any rules. They have disposed the wastes as they wished finally, there was so much of contamination in the atmosphere or maybe in the water contamination or the what say air contamination. So, that is why we have to care for the environment. Next one, your company's future success depends upon complete compliance with all regulations. Nowadays, in every country what say the regulations are become more and more stringent. If a foundry industry is not complying the rules and regulations set by a particular government that foundry may not continue, the government will ask them to close that industry. That is why if we want to survive with our industry, we have to care for the environment. We have to what say comply with all the rules and regulations set by the local government. So, that is why we should care for the environment and we have to what say take necessary measures so that there would not be any pollution. Now, what are the environmental issues? One is the air emission, second one is the solid wastes, third one is the wastewater, fourth one is the noise. Means when we are running a foundry industry, there will be air emissions will be there like maybe there may be a furnace like cupola furnace. So, lot of what say smoke will be coming out of the cupola furnace. Now, what are the solid wastes? Solid wastes means waste sand will be there and so many solid wastes will be there. So, these will contaminate the atmosphere or the what say our surroundings. Next one, waste water will be there, waste water will be coming out of the industry. So, this could pollute what say the water, the precious water which we need. Next one, the foundry industry also causes noise. So, all these could affect the human race. So, these are the environmental issues. First, let us learn about the air emissions. Now, you see if this is the what say different stages in a foundry industry and here we can see here the coke is handled. We need coke for melting the metal. Now, here because while we are handling the coke some what say dust will be raising from the coke. So, this could cause some emission and contamination and see here these are the fluxes. So, when we are handling with the fluxes again there will be some emission will be there, some dust will be there. So, this could what say contaminate the atmosphere or the environment and again see here this is the sand. Again when we are handling the sand there will be pollution will be there, emission will be there and this will contaminate the environment and here we can see this is the induction furnace. Induction furnace is better than cupola furnace still it was some gases used to come right. Again these gases will be contaminating the environment. Again you see this is the arc furnace even from the arc furnaces gases are coming. So, these will be contaminating the what say environment. Next one here you see this is the cupola furnace and from the cupola furnace so much of what say what say smoke and fumes will be coming out and these will be what say affecting the environment so much. Now, here you can see this is the ductile iron inoculation even from the inoculation process some fumes will be coming out and these will be contaminating the environment. Now, here you can see this is the sand preparation from the sand preparation place also there will be some emission will be there, some kind of unwanted dust will be coming out which will be contaminating the environment. Now, here you can see this is the moulding and core making from these places also some dust will be coming. So, these will be contaminating the environment. Now, you see here this is the core baking after we make the core. So, we used to bake them for inducing the additional strength that time also some fumes will be coming out of the baking oven. So, these will be contaminating the what say environment. Next one you see this is the shakeout means after the solidification is over we break this sand into pieces take the casting outside that time also some what say unwanted dust will be coming out. So, which will be a what say contaminating the environment. Now, again we see here so this is the cleaning stage at the cleaning stage also unwanted dust will be coming out and we use the water for cleaning and water will be polluted or we use the pressurized air air also will be contaminated. So, at different stages of the foundry what say process there will be pollution there will be emission. So, these pollution and emissions should be handled carefully. So, that there will be the minimum what say pollution will be there in the environment. Now, what are these air emissions? Source of air pollution different gases like nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide and etcetera. Now, volatile organic compounds it is known as the VOC from mold production casting cooling and knocking out. So, this also could cause the air pollution. Next one dust and fumes from the materials handling and finishing operations. Next one let zinc cadmium and other heavy metals released during sewage treatment. During sewage treatment lead and zinc cadmium will be released. So, this will be causing contamination. Now, again what are the source of air emission? Nitrogen oxide emissions these are indicated as NOx are caused by high furnace temperature and oxidation of nitrogen. Next one the presence of sulfur oxides from the melting furnaces depend on the sulfur content of fuel and process coke. Carbon monoxide is a common emission from the cupola furnace. So, when the what say coke is not to fully burned then what will happen? Instead of carbon dioxide carbon monoxide will be coming out of the cupola furnace. So, this carbon monoxide is more harmful to the environment. Next one volatile organic compounds VOC like ethyl benzene are generated by the use of resins, organic solvents and so on. Now, prevention and control of air emissions. How to prevent the air emissions or how to control the air emissions? Use of pneumatic conveying systems particularly for feeding and transferring additives. Now, we use the what say additives in the sand preparation. So, most of the times these are carried manually. While carrying these manually what will happen? They will be raising into the environment and cause the what say environmental pollution. So, use of pneumatic conveying systems particularly for feeding and transferring the additives will be minimizing the environmental pollution. Next one clean return belts in the conveyor to remove the loose dust. So, sometimes these these will be going on the conveyor while returning some loose what say material will be there like additives or fluxes. So, these will be flying into the air. So, before these conveyors are returned they must be cleaned. Next one use indoor or covered stock piles sand clay and so on. So, these sometimes we keep them as a what say dump. So, that time they should be closed or they should be kept in closed rooms. So, when open air stock piles are unavoidable then what happen? Use water spray system dust suppressants, wind breaks or other stock pile management techniques. So, when we have to keep these what say stock materials like what say additives or the fluxes in the open air that time we have to use the water spraying system dust suppressants, wind breaks or other stock pile management techniques. Next one use of enclosed silos to store bulk powder materials silos means big what say containers sealed containers. So, we have to use them instead of keeping outside. Now, what is this pneumatic conveying system let us learn a little on this pneumatic conveying system yes it looks like this. So, here we are conveying the what say additive this is the additive which is mixed in the sand preparation. Now, here is the what say storage silo it is here. So, instead of carrying it manually. So, it is what say transferred through a conveying system that to a pneumatic conveying system and here you can see here is a blower and this there is a pipe is there this pipe will be connected to the storage silo. Now, here is the what say additive is falling into this hopper. Now, as it is falling there will be a blower will be there. So, this blower will be blowing pressurized air then what will happen this additive powder will be carried through this pipe and it comes like this and it comes like this finally, it falls into the storage silo. So, this is the pressure conveying what say that to pneumatic conveying system for the let us say powders like fluxes or the additives. So, this also known as the positive conveying what say system. Now, then what is the meaning of the negative conveying. So, negative conveying means here we have kept the blower. So, in the in the negative conveying system this blower would not be there, but instead somewhere here a vacuum pump will be there. So, just like the blower is blowing. So, instead of blower pressurizing the air now this pneumatic what say vacuum pump will be drawing or it will be sucking the powder and it will be coming and it will be falling into the storage silo because of the vacuum pump. So, that is the negative conveying system. Now, prevention and control of air emissions what to do implement routine checks to keep small leaks and spills to a minimum. So, a routine check must be done to prevent the small leaks and spills avoid use of conventional cupola furnaces. Now, cupola furnace is the oldest furnace. In fact, it is the technology is very simple, but the problem is if the coke is not properly burned it will be releasing lot of carbon monoxide which causes the environmental pollution. So, better to minimize the use of the conventional cupola furnace instead use of induction furnace wherever possible would be what say helping us to prevent the or to minimize the environmental pollution. Next one use of dust control technologies. So, we have to use the dust control technologies like this what say vacuum pump you see here we have seen the pressure conveying using the blower or the using the vacuum and so on. Next one use of filters in exhausts especially in casting and finishing shops then what will happen? So, there will be shops will be there. So, exhaust fans will be there. Now, through these exhaust fans the polluted way air will be going out. So, it will be polluting the whole what say environment. So, before the air is sent outside. So, we have to use the filters. So, if any what say dust is there within the factory this dust will be trapped in these filters only the fresh air will be going outside the what say shop. Next one use of vacuum cleaning especially in moulding and casting shops install closed de dusting units in working areas. So, these are the some measures to prevent and to control the air emissions. So, we have seen the air emissions. Next we will see the solid wastes the solid wastes which will be contaminating the environment. Source of solid wastes one is the sand waste second one is the slag from the furnaces. Next one refractory wastes and the sludges and so on. First let us see the sand wastes right moulding and core sands make up to 65 to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. You see the moulding sand and the core sand are contributing 65 to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. Now, external reuse of the sand waste would be considered for making concrete and paving materials constructions fill and so on. Now, say the sand can be reused in the foundry, but not infinitely only for a certain times the sand can be reused after that that sand will be the moulding sand or the core sand will be useless then what to do they will be they used to discard that sand. Now, instead of simply discarding that sand outside the town or outside the city which causes pollution. So, it can be what say used for making concrete or for paving materials constructions fill and so on. So, they can be utilized in this way and you see here the foundry waste sand is dumped on the road side and it is looking very awkward and it is causing pollution to the atmosphere and also to the environment and also it does not look good even for the city appearance. So, this what say waste sand can be used for the construction purposes. Now, under the solid waste let us see the slags from the furnaces. First one is the what say foundry sands. So, they contribute to the maximum percent of the solid waste from the foundry. The next solid waste is the slags from the furnaces slags constitute about 25 percent of the total sand wastes slags can be handled in the following ways lower the melting temperature then what will happen minimum slag will be created. Next one optimization of fluxes and refractory lining we use the fluxes most of the times we use what say too much of flux because of that reason means which is not required. So, so much of slag will be generated. So, the use of flux must be optimized. The best use found is its blending in the portland cement and roadway buildings. So, these slags can be used in the portland cement also for the construction of the roads and buildings. So, that way these slags these wastes can be utilized. So, that they would not do any harm to the environment. Here you can see this is a dump of foundry slag. What they do? Simply after these slags are what say generated may be a big stock will be there. They used to dump it in a truck and they take it outside the city there they used to dump and this causes pollution to the environment. So, this can be utilized for the construction purpose or for making the roads. Next one refractory wastes under the solid wastes sludge from the wastewater treatment may contain heavy metals like lead, zinc, chromium, oil and grease. Next one let us learn about the wastewater. How to handle the wastewater? Wastewater is used in the moulding shops, cooling systems, de-dusting systems and so on. In the moulding shops we use the water and in the cooling systems we use the water, de-dusting systems we use the water. At every stage water is polluted. Now control of wastewater install closed loops to reduce water consumption. Next one recycle wastewater by sedimentation or centrifuging followed by filtering. First we have to do the sedimentation means this wastewater which is mixed up with the impurities will be kept idle in a tank. Then what will happen? All the what say dirt will be settled down. So, that is the sedimentation. So, the what say water without any impurities will be taken out. Next one centrifuging, centrifuging means what? So, because of the centrifugal force all the what say impurities they will be collected at the centre. So, they will be removed and finally we have to do the filtering. Now let us see the wastewater treatment. This is very important. Wastewater treatment in foundries usually involves the following stages. One is the pH adjustment, liquids solids separation and finally chemical destruction of phenolic compounds. Now, so this is the what say wastewater treatment what say sequence and here we can see slurry from furnace gas and it is coming like this quenching iron oxide fines. Next one slurry cold furnace. So, they will be coming like this. Next one shake out room dust slurry from there also water will be coming out. Next one sand moulding slurry that slurry which includes water will be coming here. Now this is the coagulant which breaks them. Next one flow culant and here we can see clarifier thickener and here we can see effluent recycle or discharge. Next one it is a sludge finally we can see this is the dewatering and landfill. So, this is the way the wastewater has to be treated. So far we have seen under the environmental issues air emissions we have seen solid waste we have seen wastewater treatment we have seen. Next one the last factor which contributes to the environmental pollution is the noise pollution. Sources of noise what are the sources of noise mould core shooting scrap handling furnace charging and melting shake out transportation system ventilation system. In the mould and core shooting we use the sand mullers right and we use the core boxes. So, lot of noise is generated. Next one scrap handling. So, scrap will be received from somewhere else and it will be transferred and it will be handled. So, that time lot of noise is generated. Furnace charging means we take the metallic pieces and dump inside the furnace that time lot of noise is generated while it is melted that time also noise will be generated because of the operation of the furnace. Next one shake out what is this after the solidification is over we break the mould and take the casting outside that time there will be noise and the castings will be what is a shift that time means transportation system that time also there will be noise will be there. Next one ventilation system there will be ventilators will be there and these will be operating and because of that there will be noise. So, all these factors in fact these are the important factors there will be many more factors which will be contributing to the noise pollution. Noise management techniques first one is enclose the process buildings cover and enclose scrap storage and handling areas also shake out and fettling areas implement management controls including limitation of scrap handling and transport during night time. Enclose the process buildings means the process buildings should be enclosed so that less noise will be coming out. Cover the enclosed scrap storage and handling areas lot of noise is generated from the scrap storage and the handling areas. So, these must be enclosed and these must be covered and also the shake out and fettling areas. Now, implement management controls including the limitation of scrap handling and transport during night time. So, this scrap handling and transport should be avoided during night time because if it is done during night time it what is a causes lot of what is a disturbance to the people who are around the foundry industry. So, this must be minimized. So, far we have seen say the environmental issues and the factors contributing to the environmental pollutions. Now, let us see the health and safety aspects the health and safety aspect in a foundry is very important. The health of a what is a worker working in a foundry is very important. At the same time health is important safety is also very important. Unfortunately, the foundry in the inside the foundry industry especially a what is a sand casting industry health may not be very good all the time there will be pollution will be there and there is a risk of accidents will be there inside a casting industry. Now, let us concentrate on health and safety aspects. Now, what are the factors contributing to the health and safety issues? One is the physical hazards, second one is the exposure to radiation, third one is the respiratory hazards, fourth one molten metal hazards, next one electrical hazards, next one noise, next one burial hazards and finally, we have the fire and explosion. Now, we will see all this one by one how they could do takes place and how to control them. Physical hazards, physical hazards may be related to handling of large heavy and hot raw materials. They are also related to heavy mechanical transport train trucks and so on. They are also related to injuries from grinding, cutting and so on. They are also related to injuries due to falls from elevation. Sometimes it is possible that a worker will be working at an elevated place and suddenly without his knowledge accidentally he may fall down. So, all this contribute to physical hazards. Next one exposure to radiation. It includes x-ray inspection, gamma ray inspection and so on. So, we have to test the castings. So, these are the non-destructive testing methods. So, in this non-destructive testing methods we have the x-ray inspection and also the gamma ray inspection. So, these are very harmful for the operator. So, if these x-ray what says are what say not controlled properly, so these could cause lot of harm to the operator. Same is the case with the gamma rays. If these gamma rays are not what say controlled properly and if enough what say security measures are not taken, they could cause lot of what say harm to the operators and also to the workers working surrounding the that system. So, in foundries gamma ray inspection is widely used rather than x-ray inspection. Now, here we can see a portable iridium carrier and time controlled exposure unit in use for gamma ray radiography and here we can see this is the gamma ray what say setup through which gamma rays will be coming out radially in all directions and here these are the different castings you see. So, these are all the different castings. They are kept around the setup because radiation will be coming out in all the directions. Now, behind these castings there will be x-ray film will be there. So, this is the somewhere here the x-ray film will be kept. So, if there is any defect inside the castings. So, that will be revealed in the what say x-ray film in the what say radiographic film. Now, the what is the risk? Risk is if this what say area is not what say enclosed properly if it is not covered properly. So, this can cause lot of risk to the people who are working surrounding this area and also if the intensity of the gamma rays is not controlled properly that time also it could cause what say harm to the operators. Gamma ray inspection should be carried out in a controlled restricted area. This is this is most important it should be never carried out in a open area never and never no other activities should be undertaken in this area. Next one regular maintenance and repair should be conducted on testing the equipments including protective shields. If the testing area is nearer to plant operations ultrasonic testing should be considered as an alternative to gamma ray inspection. So, this gamma ray inspection what say set up and that area should be isolated from the other sections of the industry and if it happens to be what say close to the other sections. So, we should not use it instead of using the gamma ray inspection we can go for the ultrasonic what say sonic testing. So, this is another what say good alternative for the gamma ray inspection. Next one respiratory hazards use of nasal filters and nasal masks when as exposed to heavy dust especially when we are preparing the mouldings and we prepare the what say mix the what say additives cold dust and so on. So, this could cause lot of what say respiratory hazards. So, that time the operator has to use nasal filters or the nasal masks. Outlight air should be filtered before discharging to the atmosphere. So, the first one gives protection to the operator the second one the gives protection to the people who are living around the industry. So, outlet air should be filtered before discharging to the atmosphere. Exhaust ventilation should be installed at significant sources of gas emissions especially at melting shops. Provide facilities that allow work class to be separated from personal class and showering after work and before eating. Now, so this is regarding the personal hygiene of the workers. So, when the workers come so they should be given what say separate what say dresses uniform for the workers while they are working in the industries. So, that is the they should be there what say official clothes should be separated from the personal clothes. So, means there should be some place where they can exchange what say their clothes. So, before entering into the duty so they have to change their duties and what say they have to change their class they have to leave their personal class and what say put them inside may be an almera right or may be a locker then they have to wear the official cross and after completing the what say official duty they have to wear their personal cross and before wearing their personal cross there should be a provision for showering to take a bath not only that in between if the what say there is a lunch break. So, there should be what say provision so that they can wash themselves there should be a show there should be a showering facility after the work and also before they eat. So, these are related to the personal hygiene of the worker. So, this will minimize the respiratory hazard to a great extent. Next one provide separate eating facilities with washing in most of the industries this we cannot see. So, while the work is going on one side they will be standing and they will be eating. So, this is not good. So, there should be a separate place for eating and there should be washing facility must be there so that they will be cleaning their hands thoroughly. Next one implement periodic personal health checkup. So, this is very important how is their health do they have any respiratory problems or not. So, this must be checked periodically. So, these are the national filters you see. So, these filters can be inserted inside the nostrils and this is the nasal mask. So, this using this we have to cover our nose. Next one molten metal hazards spill of the molten metal can cause risk to the workers ensure proper maintenance of the furnace and laddles sometimes if the furnaces are maintained not maintained properly suddenly there will be a leak and molten metal will be spilling. So, that is why ensure proper maintenance of the furnace and laddles ensure that the workers wear personal protective equipment PPE. So, this will give you a protection against the molten metal spills even if the molten metal spills on the bodies or on their claws. So, this personal protective equipment would protect them ensure that the ladle does not over flow ladle should not over flow always there should be some gap should be there. Now, you see here you can see the ladle is over flowing that should not happen. Next one electrical hazards causes of electrocution fatalities contact with overhead power lines. So, this is the first cause contact with live circuits not following lock tagout procedures poorly maintained extension cords defective power tools contact with the overhead power lines. Next one contact with the live circuits most of the workers they used to work without what is a switching of the main. So, which may not be good not following the lock tagout procedures and poorly maintained extension cords sometimes they used to use the what is the extension cords for some application. So, this what is the extension cords may have leakages. So, these cords must be checked thoroughly before using them. Now, these are the electrical injuries injuries there are 3 direct and 2 indirect types of electrical injuries under the direct one electrocution or death due to electrical shock. Next one electrical shock means without death next one is the burns indirect is false the what is a person may fall down another one is the there may be a fire accident. So, these are the electrical injuries injuries direct or indirect. Next one safety related work practices to protect workers from electrical shock what are the measures we need to take use barriers and guards to prevent passes through areas of exposed energized equipments. So, there should be some barriers so that people would not go and touch the harmful electrical what say equipments. Pre-plan work post hazard warnings and use use of protective measures. Next one keep working spaces and walkways clear of the cords. If there is a what say heavy current is flowing through some cables there should be enough what say working space must be there people should not go close to that that is very important. Now, here we can see a damaged cord you see and here we can there is a leakage is there you see here we can see the core wire. So, these kind of cords could cause what say electrical accidents and injuries. Next one noise hazardous noise can destroy the ability to hear clearly hazardous noise can also make hearing sounds necessary for working safely more difficult. For example, instructions and warning signals what will happen if there is too much of noise what say pollution the it may what say destroy the hearing ability of the operator that is one thing. If there is so much of noise will be there sometimes the higher official will be telling something to the worker the worker is not in a position to listen what the official is telling why this is happening because there is too much of noise pollution is there. So, that is why the noise is very harmful what say for the personal wise and also as far as the work is concerned. Now, noise level produced at various shops of the foundry and here we can see hand ramming we can see 92 97 dB molding machines 90 to 115 sand slingers 90 to 95 shake out 105 to 115 short blasts boots 100 to 110 chipping and grinding lines 95 to 115 hopper vibrations 95 to 115 man cooler fans 90 to 95 dB measures to be taken to handle noise problems. Isolating the workers from the sources of noise by sound proof enclosures are using distance barriers and absorbing surfaces providing hearing protection for workers like ear plugs ear muffs ear canal seals and so on replacing the existing machinery with quieter ones providing quiet rest areas. So, these are the measures to be taken to handle the noise problems. Next one is the burial hazard what is this also known as engulfment it refers to situations where a confined space worker is trapped or enveloped usually by dry bulk material maybe he is working somewhere maybe there may be a sand lamp is there sand lump is there suddenly it falls on him. So, he will be what say surrounded by the sand most of the times he may not die, but he will be buried up to the neck to the extent he will be buried. So, this is the burial hazard the engulfed worker is in a danger of suffocation or through compression of the torso by the engulfing material. So, this engulfing material will be suppressing him compressing him in some cases the engulfing materials may be so hot or corrosive which cause chemical or thermal burns to the workers. Sometimes if this what say material is cool they what say compress his body sometimes the material is maybe hot hot sand then what will happen it causes what say injuries to the worker. Sometimes these material may be corrosive in nature then further it causes further damage harm to the worker usually the worker is not buried to the extent that he cannot breathe. So, this is the burial hazard next one fire and explosion. So, this is another what say difficult situation handling of liquid metal may cause risk of explosion run out and burns. Other hazards include fires caused by molten metal and other flammable chemicals. In addition iron slain will be highly reactive if calcium carbide is used to desulphurize the iron. So, fire and explosion is also a what say risk in the foundry. So, this should be handled very carefully techniques to prevent the fire and explosion design layout to ensure adequate adequate separation of flammable gases oxygen pipelines and storage tanks away from the heat sources. Next one separate combustion materials and liquids away from hot areas and sources of ignition example electrical panels. So, these are the few techniques to prevent fire and explosion. Now, finally we will see the protective measures to be taken in a foundry. One is the hearing protection, second one is the head protection, third one is the eye and face protection, fourth one is the hand protection, fifth one is the foot protection and finally the protective clothing. Now, hearing protection you see providing hearing protection for workers like ear plugs, ear muffs, ear canal seals and so on. So, these kind of what say equipments will give what say hearing protection to the workers and these are the ear plugs, a ear plug looks like this. Now, these are the ear muffs. So, these give what say protection from the what say noise. Head protection, head protection helmets are of two types you see type 1 and type 2. In the type 1 these helmets have continuous brim that shield the front sides and back. In the type 2 helmets are brimless, but have a peak extending from the crown over the face. So, you see these are the type 1 helmets with continuous brim this is the type 1. So, this is the type 2 helmets without continuous brims, but they are only extending from the top up to the face like this eye and face protection. Protective measures one is the use of spectacles and use of shields. So, these two what say measures will give protection to the eye and face. One is the spectacle use of spectacle it gives protection to the eyes and shield use of shield it gives protection not only to the eyes, but also to the entire face. Now, you see these are the hand protection for hand protection one has to use the gloves. So, use of gloves will give protection to the hand of the worker. Foot protection how to protect the feet of the workers any type of foot protection needed must be used. In addition safety toe footwear to be used three groups of safety toe footwear are one is the class 75, class 50 and class 30. Class 75 can withstand an impact of you see 75 feet lb and class 50 can withstand an impact of 50 feet lb and class 30 can withstand an impact of 30 feet lb. Next one protective clothing this is very important especially at the melting place. Protective clothing can be made of one is asbestos, aluminum faced fabric, fire resistant fabric, flame resistant plastic coated fabric and leather. You see here the worker is using protective clothing. So, he is handling with the molten metal and he is tapping the molten metal from the ladle. So, he is safe. So, this way the worker can be given protection from the molten metal hazards. Now, in this lecture we have learnt about the environmental issues. We have seen the air emissions, we have seen the solid waste, water waste and noise pollution. And we have seen the factors contributing to what say whether it is the air emission, solid waste or the water waste and so on. And also we have seen how to minimize them and how to control them. Then we have seen the health and safety issues, physical hazards, exposure to radiation, respiratory hazards, molten metal hazards, electrical hazards, noise, burial hazards, fire and explosion and how to get what say take care of with these what say issues we have seen. So, with this friends we are completing this lecture. The environment and health issues not only that we are completing this whole course the metal casting. So, with this we are completing this lecture. So, I am available at this address. I am working with the mechanical and industrial engineering department. My name is Dr. D. Benney Karanakar. So, I am in the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. So, this is my email address Benney BE NNY FME at iitr.ernet.in. So, if you have any doubts in any of these lectures that I have delivered you can always contact with me. So, I shall reply you with my answers. So, thanks for listening to my lectures.