 Overfishing has been a problem for a long time. We still have one in every three species that we exploit overfished, so it is still a significant number. There are some problems that are new. Climate change, for example. To manage fisheries is absolutely essential to know what is the driver of change. So if you are, for example, over-exploiting a fishery, you know that you reduce the exploitation rate and that resource should rebuild. But if that decline is not because of overfishing but because the climate is changing, first there is nothing you can do at the sector level to fix that problem and second you have a new problem which is people, the people that depend on that resource. The issue of data is implicit to anything that you need to manage. If you do not know what you are managing, you cannot manage it. So data, data collection systems are essential and in the ocean that is difficult because data collection is expensive and the ocean is vast. Some countries do not have the capacity to even sample their own waters. FAO has one of the most remarkable research programs. The only research vessel that flies the UN flag is called the Fridge of Nansen and it is a vessel that we run the program and it surveys waters of Africa throughout the African continent and then into the Indian oceans and back again into the African waters. Data is given to the countries themselves because we know that they do not have the capacity to generate that data themselves. So data is essential but it is not the only thing that you need. We need also political will, understanding of the trade-offs of certain management decisions. These are issues that are technical and they are political. We have the issue of climate change. How does this challenge affect our ability to fit the world and it is crucial because contrary to most of the resources that we grow for food, fish move. They have no boundaries. They carry no passports and climate change is causing changes in distribution. Species that are moving north or south actually towards the poles. They are changing the productivity, they are changing the seasonality and that has important implications throughout the value chain. Just imagine a fisherman that is used to a particular fish that they catch suddenly is a different species there. The gear that they have might not be useful for that species. They might not have a buyer when they bring it to the shore because there is no consumer that is used to that fish. So you can see that in terms of addressing climate change in the context of food security we need to make sure that we adapt, that we adapt to the changes and that we make them part of the solution. If we don't do that then we are going to go to a spiral of maladaptation of finding short-term solutions to problems that are not properly framed. I feel very strongly that climate change is the biggest challenge that we have when it comes to fisheries in terms of providing food for a growing population. The demand for aquatic foods has been growing. How do we feed this extra demand? Aquaculture. Aquaculture has been the fastest growing food production system for the last five decades. From virtually zero three or four decades ago to now virtually the same production as capture fisheries. So this is what has allowed us to increase aquatic food consumption. In fact the consumption of aquatic foods has been growing at twice the rate of population growth. So it's making a significant impact into the improvements in nutrition without affecting the ocean. The Blue Transformation Initiative is a vision from FAO that has started with two big principles. The first is to accept that aquatic foods are part of the solution to hunger and malnutrition. We need to accept that this is part of what we want to do. The second is the recognition that transformation is happening even without us doing anything. There are three very specific. The first one is continue to develop aquaculture. It is absolutely essential. We expect aquaculture to grow by about 25% between now and the end of this decade. But even that will not be enough because population continues to grow. The second objective is to make sure that all fisheries are placed under effective management. This might seem simple to understand but you know that 50% of the fish in the markets comes from species, populations that are managed and that are scientifically managed. 50% do not have that level. The 50% that are managed are increasingly rebuilding and they are sustainable. The others are not. So to say let's put everything under management is because we know that we make them more sustainable in the long term. And the third objective of the Blue Transformation Initiative or vision is to develop the value chains of aquatic foods. What does that mean? It means reducing loss and waste. It means facilitating the access of the product to the markets, regional and global. It means raising awareness to the consumer about the value of aquatic foods. It means bringing aquatic foods as part of the nutritional strategies of countries. All that process combining more production, better production and better use is what Blue Transformation is about. Technology is absolutely essential in all aspects of food production of course. In fisheries and aquaculture is extremely important. For example in fisheries we have technological advancements in the use of sensors. We can now use sensors to see what fishing boats are doing where and when. In real time we can have sensors that monitor how fishing gear operates to make sure that they do not catch unwanted species, to protect vulnerable species and habitats. That through sensors can be done. In aquaculture we can have sensors to for example understand whether a pond has received enough feed, whether there's too much feed that is wasted. You can detect that from sensors. You can detect the quality of the water. You can even detect if a disease is emerging. The consumer has a significant role to play in ensuring the Blue Transformation and to ensure that resources are sustainable. First we need to make sure that we educate the consumer because there is a lot of misinformation and misunderstanding when it comes to issues of fisheries and aquaculture. So many stories and I mentioned that we fish 3,000 species of fish and mollusks and crustaceans. 600 that we culture. There's a lot of variety so educating the consumer is important. The consumer needs to demand though that what they consume is healthy and it's sustainable. And for that reason it's important to have understanding transparency in the value chain so that they know where is it, what they eat, what it comes from and what it's gone through.