 and sounds like you see a lot of perfect, prosthetic ones, what are heralds that you foresee before we get to that stage? What you see as perfect is essentially a dexter's hand without any cut-sensitive, without a cut-cleanings. And all of the challenge there is, with those women they're not sizing, but the operation is a problem. So amputee doesn't feel a certain hand to be their own hand. The weight is different, it doesn't weigh the same. Then there is no feeling, yes, it moves. What do you do with that? If I try to grab something and I cannot, so swimming alone is not enough. So you have a peccal feedback, peccal feedback is a major challenge then. I have a question on that. Thank you very much for going to speak tonight. I wanted to ask you... Oh, sorry. I wanted to ask you about issues with processing sensation rather than receiving sensation. So electronic skin could be used for prosthetics to resolve issues with receiving sensation. However, I once worked with an individual who had a problem where they could not feel anything such as temperature on their skin, things like that. There was a neurological issue. So I wanted to know if there was any way in which that would result in a connection being established that would overwrite the... Right. So your question is mainly about haptics. So the difference between haptics and tactile sensing is when I try to touch an object, the signal is going from brain towards the object I'm trying to touch. But when I feel the signal then translates back to my brain and that completes the loop and that's how I'm able to perceive objects. So what she's saying is that touch sensing gives us one direction. The word happens to the second one. So what happens is I give an example here when amputee was able to control you with muscles. That's one example. When you have a signal coming from brain, you are able to then move the fingers. Once you move the finger, the electronics can measure the temperature or pressure and it feeds back. Now, when it feeds back, it can be either through viral tactile feedback, it can be sensitive substitution. So for example, a simple example for sensitive substitution could be I can put two LEDs. If the temperature is quite high, they will glow otherwise I would feel that they are safe to grasp or take. So that's one simple way for viral tactile feedback is I can wear a wristband or something which has actuators and these can be programmed so that you have a localized feedback. So I'm moving this object this way there will be vibration patch on this way so I will understand it's supposed to move like that. Third, it can be direct, you know, you can have neural interfaces. So, directly connected to the nerves. So you have to implant electronics inside the body and through that, there are small minerals these are available and you can then activate the nerves based on the signal coming from electronics. That's very complex at this point. We are not, there are some examples of animals it has been tested but I think they are far from neural interfaces. Currently these viral tactile feedback, etc. is working. There are enormously interested in what you have told us today. It is inspiring. Inspiring young people who managed to find out. I'm especially interested in the idea of people who have to sit on their backs in a cable wall gate and you see them rigging up cushions but they're still wriggling. They're at the stage in life when they can't have a conversation with you. They've been your friend and you've got a solution that might make her comfortable in her last days. Do you ever mind if I do that? Thank you very much. I wish she was proper. She didn't want to. So coming to what you said I think that's an important point and that's one of the reasons why robotics is gaining a lot of attention including convenient robotics, social robotics. Even toy robots such as Pats have come. They can respond to either way or in different ages. So that's why it's coming up very fast. So you can talk to them the way you want to. And that could make you more comfortable. So that's one of the efforts. I don't say we are far from that. That won't happen. It won't happen. Thank you very much. I wonder if your technology could work with deep-burden skin. I'm thinking particularly of the use of meshes in surgery but you'll know from news reports there will be a lot of problems of infection and rejection. So that's something it's difficult for me to say because I'm not a biologist and that question currently we are working with plastic surgeons in Glasgow itself. We collaborate with them and we sell biologists. Yes, what you said is a problem and that's one of the areas where synthetic skin art is slow as compared to artificial skin. So when it comes to robotics you are not looking at putting skin in a painful way or replacing it. You quickly replace it because the machine doesn't have the pain sensation. But in humans it becomes difficult. The synthetic skin integration itself is openly there at this point. Thank you very much for confusing your presentation. We started out by saying we were going to resolve a problem of robots killing humans. We've always had this problem. If you're working a family you know that this hot metal will kill you. So you've got a big bloody sign that stops you from doing it. I personally have suffered under robotic surgery. I was convinced that by the surgeons the robotic surgery was a solution. But they found exactly the problem that you've identified that you cannot see precisely because you've got a camera pointed inside your stomach. It happened to be a prosthetic which was removed. But under the surgery you might as well cut a hole between my bladder and my bowel and he couldn't feel it. Had he gone in radically he would have actually seen it and he probably had felt it. So I'm not convinced that robotics and robotic skin is a solution. I think you maybe will be dealing with a problem which is an extremely minor problem unfortunately in this world. Well that's fine. The reason why you feel this because you have experience and the technology was not available and that's why you had this experience. If there was a happy feedback available, surgery would have been much better. And that's one question that remains even today when I was showing you the origin of what surgery is sitting remotely and robots are doing surgery. Then there's no feedback that comes and that question relates to also what she was asking in contest with getting their petal feedback. If surgery is remotely can perpetuate remotely the tissues then it will be the operation will be precise. Exactly what they want to do they will be able to do. Currently it's not there and that's why I found it. That's a question for that. Thank you for a very interesting talk. I was one, some years ago I read an article about fiber optics where the fiber optics where you can actually sense at different points of all the length of the fiber, I can't remember whether it was temperature or stress or something like that. You were focused on traditional electronic components transistors and capacitors and resistors. What are the optics of that application and robot? Fiber optics has an application what you mentioned was you're basically receiving and you are able to do the pressure because when you press the light to the fiber optics is disturbed and that's how you get the exact location. When it comes to electronic skin the fiber optic people are trying that solution but that leads to only a few sensors because fiber itself will take some space and if you want to have skin over the entire body it doesn't work. Some examples, for example in many ways essentially people have tried using optical fibers to get some sensation but it does will give the image over the entire surface. That's very interesting. That's what I was saying. Robotics people have also tried putting some sensors as a definitive and using some in place tasks but that's a very good use. If you want to expect use of the optics then it has two sensors all over and fiber itself is like a wire I was mentioning if you're a fiber optic sensor it becomes a problem because it cannot pull the hand. So that way it has some applications but very close to real life etc it's a pretty good use. I appreciate it. I'm enjoying your lecture and it's most inspiring to see that this sort of research is happening in Scotland but it begs the question as to all other institutes universities, science centres across the globe and China and Turkey or whatever it would be are we not collaborating with? Well, I think regionally if you look at the firstly we collaborate with many groups and it depends on the focus there. If you go to Japan they are really focusing on the optics which is the mechanical structure and they have the CO type robots all the walks or the same case etc but again the intelligent part is not much co-operation is not there and sensibility is not there. So that's why we do have some ongoing collaborations with Japan. If I look at robotics from the American side maybe focus on defense so that human aspect where it comes into your and that way depending on the application you collaborate with How is the European funding going to be effected? Well, as for the information I have there is no change until end of this year so we are submitting projects, we are conducting funding as we used to and we hope that this will continue in future as well because collaborating with people all across Europe is very important. So I mean, yes UK has many universities but you know we will be in a few cases all the time when I go to research community it just becomes few cases at some time and we will miss that I hope we continue but as for the information I have at least this year I have seen Thank you I'm echoing everybody's enthusiasm my I've got basic electronics in my head and then when you talk about becoming smaller and flexible that's why you then refer to organic transistors which might be dangerous or some sort because I'm not sure how to conceive of that so you are seeing many transitions of the traditional electronic components as they were successful at the moment Do you have I get a colleague who is doing the organics do you have to see that taking over and if you couldn't say a word of the organics the components were I certainly appreciate it The organic components there are polymers basically that you can make essentially when it comes to electronics you will have a tunnel which you call source the tunnel is just for you to train and on top there is a gate so when you are quite certain what is a gate it controls the charge for you within source of this this part if you make those of any polymers that's where we are we are at many times now many groups are ringing because it's much simpler to print but problem there is the polymers because it's polymer the electron where it flows from source to wave it takes longer time and that slows down the transistor transistor normally we use at the switch in most of the electronics we use is the switch on or off so that's where 0 and 1 is the distance so that's where it's 0 and 1 so that's how we use transistor if that 0 and 1 transition slows down have a nice little time that's where the morphology is going to come to organic transistors so that's why many even some companies they started with organic electronics they could go a little much initially it was quite popular but then at the point that you can have kilolotts kind of transistors using frequency if I talk about internal things or small cities connected or tanks you know mine was open to your watch etc then it has to be at least a few hours frequency so and when I go back and translate that with all these things what I get to know is that I need material that has a mobility of about 1,000 which in simple way I need a material which allows electron to flow 1,000 times faster than the organic that brings me back to silicon which is the material which allows a siliconized problem which is brittle you try to bury it and it does not and that's why I only take these I was presenting to a kind of silicon and you take it down or you print it and I gave an example and I was saying that the performance of this kind of thing is at par with the electronics at the end I hope I answered your question thank you we have sat down now and we've listened on a lot of that and we've listened to the evidence because of the explosion which in my humble opinion is very limited because we have had you said that tactile senses were very, very important but nobody in the syringe at all has had any tactile experience at all we haven't touched our friends who don't want to touch the current life of our lives and you have been knowing and touching the 3400 people that are in the syringe we need to finally look at a better way one item I've heard of was a young lady in California a very advanced thinker thought that the first step that a blind person had was actually connecting to sensors which told the person GPS cameras and actually where told the detector told one of them the soil was frozen or not frozen is this not better than using technology than trying to meet an object of that type of sense yes what I presented there was one specific case with spectacles with robotics and some example when I talked about connected objects when I talked about using some of these technologies if I had this object which could be used by any person blind person or any person as a blind device and it is covered with sensors which gives some feedback, vibration and this device tells me now it's time to turn right or turn left so this came to be applied in many ways in different applications but today's talk was pretty much focused on robotics and humans variables excuse me I came along tonight to take the mind of a certain problem that I've got I'm telling you about the philosophical society has made it worse and that is to the gentleman in the red the problem I've got is I'm waiting for robotic surgery for the removal of a prostate can you come and talk to me about and watch out he has to help me unfortunately for the year he doesn't help me either do you see I have robotic surgery for a prostate it is extremely successful this is a successful occasion but I would say robotics is not just about surgery we should not look at it in one context only robotics is also about putting the space instead of sending humans and sending a robot to knowledge in that coming spin going there and returning to the space station that's a giant coming back without even if we use it we don't consume in life robotics has many implications so social robotics I've made robotics I talked about where you need against me to have that kind of two-way communication there are several other examples I mean we have recently in Phukushima I've heard that humans can not enter in and I would say what do you do you detect nuclear nuclear and robots are the best clearly they walk there and if there is no skin you cannot even handle a screwdriver and you have to how do you plug the leak so there are areas if you look out and look for the CVS system and robot can be sent the same and robot can be sent the same but to move this robot you have to have some feedback on the body and then all it can be a mild detection so there are several areas where robotics with this kind of sensitive feedback is needed we talked about humans today that was the title of the talk but examples are many thank you very much