  πολo ético еспay cyclotik  algae                             Y rust a symbol a use of symbol. We will discuss some important points, they are symbolic logic and symbol, what is symbol, the difference between symbol and sign, different types of symbols, different uses of symbol and after that there will be a summary in this unit, concept of symbol and use of symbol. Now you see there learners, first introduction, in this unit we shall be dealing with the concept of symbol and some other issues connected with the concept of symbol. Symbolic logic is a letter development of traditional deductive logic. Symbolic logic involves the use of symbols. They are learners. The term symbol in logic is used in a special technical sense. Symbolic logic which is also known as formal logic is deductive in nature. Symbolic logic is also known is also known as formal logic is also known as formal logic. The use of symbol plays an important role in modern symbolic logic. In order to reveal its formal nature, modern logic makes use of a special technical language which is completely symbolic in nature. Symbolic logic is the result of intensive use of symbols upon traditional deductive logic. The exclusive use of deductive method in accordance with mathematical principles signifies the formal nature of symbolic logic. The formal nature of symbolic logic demands the use of symbols. If we go back to the history of symbolic logic, we can find that it is immensely influenced by the development of abstract reasoning that took place in mathematics. The triumph of deductive reasoning in mathematics inspired many great thinkers to apply a priori and a deductive thinking in other branches of knowledge also. Now, they are learners. Many prominent thinkers contributed the field of deductive logic in a later part of the 98th century and the early part of the 28th century. The application of symbols became indispensable in this regard. The full honor of mathematical logic planned to establish a universal scientific language in which scientific concepts could be represented by combination of basic symbols. Thus, it was realized by the thinkers like Liveness and others that logic had a tremendous potential for a scientifically designed universal language which would be mathematical in nature. They are learners. The attempt to give a mathematical interpretation of logical reasoning gave rise to clear idea of a symbolic logical calculus. The great logicians like George Bull showed that algebraic formula could be used to express logical relations with the special symbols called connectives such as connections, conjunction, negation, disjunctions, and conditionals. Some connectives like conjunction, conjunction, then disjunction, then conjunction, disjunction, negation, then conditionals. German philosopher Mathematician and logician Frege develop a rich formal language that involves the use of symbols. Barton Russell, a British philosopher and mathematician, along with A.N. Whitehead, wrote an encyclopedia called Principia Mathematica. Principia Mathematica is a Principia Mathematica which establish the point that pure mathematics can be reduced to logic without any residue. Principia Mathematica thus provided strong foundation to symbolic logic. The great mathematicians, logicians like Frege, George Bulle, Frege, George Bulle, Russell gave logic a solid formal measure. During the 98th century, most of the works in logic has focused on the formalization of logical systems. Formalization of logical systems made it incumbent upon logic to make use of symbols. Such developments in the part of formal deductive reasoning made it necessary for logic to be thoroughly symbolic in nature. Hence, it came to be realized that symbols and symbolic logic are inseparable. It was John Henn who first used the word symbolic logic to the emerging formal logic. In this way, symbolic logic and the use of symbols came to be indispensably associated. Now, after going through this introduction, then another concept, symbols and the history of symbolic logic, you have to know or you have to taste yourselves. Suppose the question fill up the blanks, formalization of logical systems made it incumbent upon logic to make use of fill up the blanks. The next one, symbols and thus are inseparable. The next one, it was this who first used the word symbolic logic to the emerging formal logic. Dear learners, now you see the very important concept in this unit that is symbols in general use. It may generally be stated that symbols are signs or indicators representing some other thing. Again, I repeat, dear learners, symbols are signs or indicators representing some other things. For example, national flag of a country is the symbol of that country. By observing the flag, one can say the country which the flag symbolizes. Though symbol is a sign or indicator indicating something, there is a difference between them. So, you have to know, dear learners, there is a difference between symbol and sign. Now you see, dear learners, for example, the existence of smoke indicates the existence of fire. But smoke is not the symbol of fire. Again, I repeat, dear learners, in case of the distinction between symbols and sign, you can take an example. That example is the existence of smoke indicates the existence of fire. But smoke is not the symbol of fire. You see, dear learners, signs may be natural or artificial. Smoke is the natural sign of the presence of fire. So, dear learners, smoke is the natural sign of the presence of fire. So, smoke is not the symbol of the presence of fire. Rather, you can have to say that smoke is the natural sign of the presence of fire. Again, dear learners, but red light in a traffic point is an artificial signal to control the traffic. It is predecided that running cars have to be stopped on the perception of red light in a traffic point, though there is no connection between the two. Dear learners, thoughts operate through the signs or indicators. Again, I repeat, dear learners, our thoughts operate through the signs or indicators. But operations of thought cannot achieve goals merely by depending on the natural signs because the number of natural signs or indicators is very limited as compared to the number of subjects to be expressed. Moreover, since abstract ideas cannot be presented to the senses, so the use of indicators which are predecided becomes indispensable. Thus, it can be said that artificial indicators which are predecided may say to be symbols. Again, I repeat this line, dear learners, artificial indicators which are predecided may say to be symbols. In general use sign either verbal or written used to refer, understand or express something are called symbols. Again, I repeat, dear learners, in general use signs either verbal or written used to refer, understand or express something are called symbols. For example, we use the sign multiplication chain or we can use that question mark to evaluate answer. In such case, these signs may be said to be symbols. Dear learners, now another very basic concepts comes in this unit that is symbols in symbolic logic. In symbolic logic, symbols are used in spatial sense. Symbol is a non-verbal artificial sign which is predecided or consciously designated to represent or stand for something. Dear learners, distinguish author of logic and establish what he says, distinguish tradition and establish what he says. He says or he defines a symbol as a sign consciously designed to stand for something will be called a symbol. From the above descriptions, the features of symbols may be analyzed as follows. So, dear learners, there are some features of symbols, features of symbols. They are symbols are consciously used or decided beforehand to stand for or designate something. This feature differentiates symbol from signs. Signs are not always predecided. For example, presence of smoke is a sign of the presence of fire. Now dear learners, you see the smoke is a natural sign is not a artificial sign. That's why here smoke is not consciously decided beforehand to represent fear. Secondly, symbols are artificial or natural signs are not sufficient to express the subject matter of the presence of thought since their number is very limited. Hence in logic, artificial symbols are used to stand for abstract ideas or logical principles. These features also differentiate signs from symbols. Dear learners, already I said to you that multiplication and question mark, these are known as symbols. Dear learners, thirdly, symbols used in logic are non-verbal. Symbols which are used to refer to substance, quality, action, etc. are designated as verbal symbols. Again, I repeat, dear learners, these are symbols which are used to refer to substance, quality, action, etc. are designated as verbal symbols. On the other hand, alphabets like small letters P, Q, R, S, T are known as non-verbal symbols. But signs are not necessarily non-verbal. But symbols used in logic are non-verbal. Dear learners, again you can taste yourself. Question A, symbols are thus used beforehand to stand for or designate something. Question B, symbols are thus used. And number three, symbols used in logic are questions for tasting yourself. Dear learners, now another very, very important concept in this unit that is different types of symbols. We know that the extensive use of symbols is a special feature of symbolic logic. Extensive use of symbols is a special feature of symbolic logic. Before introducing different types of special symbols using different major branches of symbolic logic, two types of symbols may roughly be distinguished at the initial stage. These are ideograms or phonograms. You see, ideograms and you see, in symbolic logic ideograms are used instead of phonograms. Again I repeat, in symbolic logic ideograms are used instead of phonograms. Ideograms are those symbols which stand directly for concepts. Again I repeat, dear learners, ideograms are those symbols which are used or which stand directly for concepts. For example, multiplications in the question mark, the division, etc., or subtractions you can say are called ideograms. On the other hand, phonograms are not symbols in the proper sense. They are signs which stand directly for sounds. As for instance, you can say that multiplications in subtractions, question marks, these are stand directly for sounds. For example, rarity in words, multiplications in question marks are phonograms. Unlike the ideograms, phonograms represent the spoken English words which correspond to them. Thus, while phonograms refer to the words in all languages which are written according to some sort of phonetic rules, ideograms on the other hand refer to the concept of the idea represented by the words. For instance, you can see ideograms are there, this one, then this, then this, then this, these are ideograms. But instead of it, when we use it in our language that multiplication, then you can say division, then you can say subtraction, these are phonograms. Dear learners, you see the difference between now you see ideograms refer to the concepts directly. You see these ideograms refer to the concept, refer to the concept directly. On the other hand, phonograms directly refer to the sound and only indirectly to the concept. These phonograms directly refer to the sound and indirectly refer to the phonograms. You see, dear learners, that again I repeat this one, that ideograms refer to the concept directly. On the other hand, phonograms refer to the sound and only indirectly refer to the concepts. Thus, the representing power of the ideograms is much more than the phonograms. Secondly, ideograms are artificially constructed. Now you see these ideograms are examples of ideograms that multiplication, question mark, then division, then subtraction are artificially constructed in universal language. While phonograms represent the spoken or written words in any languages which are constructed according to some sort of phonetic rules. This multiplication division, subtraction are used in a kind of language according to some sort of phonetic rules. Thus ideograms have universal appeal whereas phonograms do not have such type of universal appeal as they are confined to specific languages. Thus, the symbols used in symbolic logic are called ideograms in a general sense. There are however different types of symbols within the general notion of what are called ideograms. We know that symbolic logic has three important branches. These three important branches are propositional logic. Symbolic logic has three important branches. First one you can say propositional logic, then you can say predicate logic and the logic of classes. Different specific symbols are used in different branches of logic. There are learners, now you see symbols using predicate logic. This is also a very very important concept in this unit, symbols using predicate logic. In order to perform specific functions propositional logic makes use of mainly two types of symbols. Propositional logic use two types of symbols. First one is propositional variable, propositional variable, then logical constants. Then logical constants. So, you see two types of symbols are used in propositional logic. First one is propositional variable and second one is logical constants. In a very general sense variables are symbols. Variables are symbols which can be replaced by any one of a definite range. In propositional logic the small case letter of the English that's ppqrst.