 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In this lecture, we continue studying at Sandhi or Vavil Sandhi. We have stated that there are two classifications in At Sandhi. The first one being Ekasthanika Ekadesha, where there is one substituent and one substitute. Ekasthani Ekadesha. We have already studied this classification and its two instances in detail. The two instances of this first classification are Yen Sandhi and Ayava Yav Sandhi. Yen Sandhi is stated by the Sutra Ekoyanachi. Ayava Yav Sandhi is stated by the Sutra H.O.Yavavaha. We have studied both these Sutras in detail. We also applied the Udeshya Vidhayabhava and Anudit Savarnasya Chaapratya Yaha. We also studied the template examples of these instances. We also studied the concrete specific examples of both these instances. These examples were found at different levels inside a puzzle or between two puzzles. We also noted while we studied this first classification that some of the examples are artificial. Now, this is the second classification, Dvisthanika Ekadesha. This is what we are studying currently, Dvisthanika Ekadesha. This means two substituents and one substitute. Dvisthanika and Ekadesha. In this Dvisthanika Ekadesha, the main part is played by the Sutra which is an Adhikara Sutra, Ekah Purva Parayoh. 6184. Where Ekaha means one substitute and Purva Parayoh means in place of previous and later sound. One substitute takes place in place of two sounds, previous and later. Diagrammatically, this can be shown in this following manner where you have A followed by B in the close proximity in the Samhita mode and we can say that A comes immediately before B and B comes immediately after A. So, you have A plus B. Now, one of the rules in this section, 6184 up to 61112 applies and then this A and B in place of both of them C comes as a substitute. So, A plus B is the substitute event, C is the substitute. A and B, these are the sthanis, C is the adhikara. A plus B is the input and C is the output generated by the Sutra in this particular section. There are five instances of this Dvisthanika Ekadesha. The first one is Gunasandhi, stated by the Sutra Adhikara 6187 and we have studied this before. The second instance is Vrdhishandhi, stated by the Sutra Vrdhirechi mainly and this is 6188 and we are currently studying this Vrdhishandhi. We have already studied the Sutra Vrdhirechi. We also studied the Udeshya Vidhayabhava and the Sutra Anuditsavarnasthya Chaapratyaaha and its application and then the template examples and then the concrete specific examples. Examples at various levels, between two padas, within a compound or between dhatu and upasaraka. The third instance is Pararupasandhi, stated by the Sutra Engi Pararupam 6194. The fourth instance of this Dvisthanika Ekadesha is Savarnadirgha Sandhi, stated by the Sutra Akassavarnadirgha 61101 and the fifth instance of this Dvisthanika Ekadesha is Purvarupasandhi, stated by the Sutra Amipurvaha onwards. Amipurvaha is 61107. Right now we are focused on Vrdhishandhi and we have already studied Vrdhirechi and Vrdhirechi 6188 means in the close proximity when immediately before H and H is A, O, I and O. Then Pratyahara H covers Sutra number 3 and 4 in the Pratyahara Sutras. So the Sutra means once again in the close proximity when immediately before H that is A, O, I, O or short and long appears then in place of both of them comes the substitute termed Vrdhi. Vrdhi means A, I and O. This is stated by Vrdhiradhaich 111. To put it in the form of an equation we can say that O plus H are in close proximity and 6188 applies and the output generated is Vrdhi. We also noted that H which is the condition for 6188 to apply which is the environment for 6188 to apply is part of the environment called Ach which is the environment for 6187. This is the overlap of scope of application of these two rules 6187 and 6188 and since 6188 has a limited scope of application which is part of the bigger scope 6187 does not apply in the scope of 6188 namely H. The reason being that if 6187 applies in the environment of H 6188 would not get any scope of application and then it becomes redundant and this should not be the case and that is the reason why 6187 does not apply when H is the environment. 6187 does have scope of application elsewhere and that is the reason why 6187 does not apply in the environment of H. We also studied this sutra Engi Pararupam 6194 which means that immediately before a verbal root that begins with Eing. Eing means A and O defined by the sutra number 3 and immediately after a proverb that ends in short or long ear then in place of both of them one substitute in the form of the latter takes place. I repeat immediately before a verbal root that begins with Eing and immediately after the proverb that ends in short or long ear in place of both of them one substitute in the form of the latter which in this case is Eing takes place. So if we have a proverb ending in ear over here followed by a verbal root which begins with A or O then 6194 applies and the output generated is A and O in place of ear plus A and O. So we have Pr which is a proverb followed by Ajat A which is a verbal form which is having the verbal root A to tremble. It begins with A now in this case 6194 applies and the output generated is A and Ajat A. So this A replaces both ear as well as A so we get the form Pr Ajat A. Now if we look at this here we have ear followed by A which is the scope of application of 6188 but 6194 restricts this domain further and says that you do not want any ear over here you do not want any A or O over here this should be a part of a proverb that is an upasarga and this A or O should be a part of the dhatu or the verbal root. Only then this rule will apply and in this case then 6188 does not apply. So the scope of application of 6194 is upasarga plus dhatu. Upasarga should end in a and dhatu should begin with A and then 6194 applies this cancels 6188. Why we are studying this right now is because now the other sutras stating the vriddhi substitute we shall study and these sutras they further restrict the domain of enge pararupam and reinforce the vriddhi substitution. And the sutra is etedhatyut su 6189 this sutra has got only one padha etedhatyut su this is 7 slash 3 of etedhatyut this has got three components eti which is the verbal form of the verbal root e to go ethaty which is the mention of the verbal root etha and this is the stylistic expression within the ashtadhyay any verbal root is mentioned in this particular fashion eti as well as ethaty and then finally ut. So etedhatyut su means immediately before eti, ethaty and ut. The words continued are aad from 6187 aadgunaha etchi 7 slash 1 of etch, etch is aoi and aw. So etchi means immediately before etch vriddhi is 1 slash 1 of vriddhi, vriddhi means aai and aw and of course ekap purva parayoh which means one substitute in place of two the earlier and later substituents. So the meaning of this sutra etedhatyut su is the following. In the close proximity that is in the samhita mode when immediately after a short or long appear one the verbal root e to go and the verbal root etha to increase and most importantly both beginning with etch and finally ut then in place of both of them one vriddhi substitute takes place. I repeat in the close proximity samhita mode when immediately after a short or long art appear one the verbal root e meaning to go the verbal root etha meaning to increase and most importantly they both begin with etch and third ut then in place of both of them one vriddhi substitute takes place. To show this in the form of an equation we can say that if there is this word at the end of which comes short a followed by eti or ethaty which begin with a then the substitute would be the elements in the previous word and i in place of a and a and t or dhate. So the form that we will get is it or idhate. Similarly if you have a word ending in a followed by ut and this ut will occur in a limited very limited domain and how we shall see soon but this is how it will work. So a plus ut her plus us and in place of a and u we will have vriddhi substitute namely au and au her us and the output generated will be auhas auhaha. Here are the examples. So we have pr as the proverb followed by eti and so then 6189 applies and the output generated is praiti Similarly pr plus ethate and we have pr ending in a ethate beginning with a and 6189 applies and the output generated is pr plus i plus dhate praithate. Since eti and ethate they both begin with a 6189 has applied. And finally when we go to this example where we have a compound vishpa plus ut her plus us this is the accusative plural suffix dhitiya bahu vachana and the compounded word is vishpa vaha and we have the sutra vaha ut 64132 applying and converting this vah of vaha into ut and so we have vishpa plus ut her us and so this a and u the output is generated by the sutra 6189 namely vishvau ha us vishvau has vishvau ha ha. Ut is a specially stated substitute in a restricted environment of vowel beginnings of fixes from 2 slash 3 onwards after a nominal root and in place of vuh which is part of the verbal root vah and which becomes vah over here and the sutra stating this is vaha ut 64132. So let us study this sutra vaha ut in little detail. Vaha ut has got 2 words in it 2 padhas vaha which is 6-1 of vaha and ut which is 1-1 of ut. The words continued are bhasya 6 slash 1 of vaha and in this case 6th case means part of because vaha already has conveyed the meaning of in place of vaha. Samprasaranam is 1-1 of Samprasaranam. So now the meaning of vaha ut is ut is the Samprasaranam substitute that takes place of vuh in vaha which is part of abhah. To repeat ut is the Samprasaranam substitute that takes place of vuh in vaha which is part of abhah and here is the derivation. So vishvam vahati somebody who carries the world that is the meaning one wants to convey. So vishvam vahati and you have vishva am vaha nvi by the sutra vahascha 3264 we add the suffix nvi which changes vaha to vaha. We have supodhatu pratibhadi kayo ho so am gets deleted and we have this stage vishva plus vaha after which we add the accusative plural suffix us. So vishva plus vaha as a compound and the suffix us. Now comes 64132 to apply this us suffix causes this entire compound to be called vaha. Now this vaha is part of vaha and therefore vaha which comes at the beginning of this vaha is substituted by ut by 64132. So we have now vishva plus uttha is a marker by the sutra halantam and so it gets deleted and that is why it is mentioned in the parathesis. The actual substitution is u so this u and aaha aaha is the remaining part of vaha only vah consonant gets this u substitute. And so you have u aaha plus us then this u and this aaha they have the purvarupasandhi taking place because of 61108 and so you have vishva plus uh plus us. Now at this stage we have 6189 itte dhattutsu applying and here you have uh followed by ut u and in place of both of them you have the buddhi substitute namely aw. So you have vishva aw her us and you get the form vishva uhas vishva uhaha. We shall take a closer look at this purvarupasandhi when we study purvarupasandhi in detail later on. Right now our focus is buddhi sandhi and so in this derivation where you have uh followed by u 6189 applies and in place of both of them you get the substitute aw. And so we have the form vishva uhaha derived. This is how itte dhattutsu works. Now if we look at the interrelation of rules we can say that for 6188 we need uh plus h as an environment as an input and buddhi is the output that is generated. For 6194 we need uh plus h yes but we need uh at the end of an upasarga and h at the beginning of adhattu and so the output generated will be purvarup. Now if you look at 6189 we need uh but uh as part of the upasarga followed by h yes and that too also of adhattu yes but only of two dhattus e and aether and the output generated would be buddhi and not purvarup. And so we can say that 6189 reinforces 6188 the buddhi sandhi by cancelling 6194 because 6194 is the further restricted domain of 6194. This is very important. After having studied these two important sutras about the buddhi sandhi namely buddhirachi and aether dhattutsu let us study some more vartika statements which complete the description of the buddhi sandhi. The first vartika is akshaka uhinnyam upasankhanam which says that when the word aksh in the compound comes immediately before the word uhini then in place of this uh and uh you have the buddhi substitute. And once again the selection of the substitute will be based on the place of articulation. Uh has got kantha as place of articulation whose place of articulation is oshta and aw amongst the three buddhi aw has got kantha oshta as the place of articulation. So aw is chosen as the substitute and we have aksha aw and hini so akshau hini akshau hini as the word with the buddhi sandhi taking place. Actually when aw is followed by aw we have 6187 which applies and generates the output in the form of A. But not in the case of this specific word akshau hini here aw plus aw and the output generated is aw namely the buddhi. The next vartika is prath uhodho dhe shaysu. Here there are two words prath and the second word uhodho dhe shaysu uhodho dhe shaysu is the 7-1 of uhodho dhe shaysu. Prath is 5-1 of pr. So we have pr immediately followed by uh or udha or udhi or asha or ashaya these 5 words. And in place of aw plus uh we have the buddhi substitute. We have pr plus a aw plus a and we have the buddhi substitute. So when we have pr plus uh the output generated is pr aw her pr aw her. Similarly pr plus udha and the output generated is pr awdha pr awdha. Pr plus udhi and the output generated is pr awdhi pr awdhi. Pr plus asha and the output generated is pr aisha pr aisha. And finally pr plus asha here and the output generated is pr aisha pr aisha. These are the words that are generated following this particular vartika statement. If you look at all the cases you will notice that there are these 3 cases where you have a plus uh and generally 6187 would apply over here and the output generated would be a. But that is not the case in these 3 specific words. Similarly if you look at the remaining 2 cases pr plus asha and asha because they are derived from a verbal root and a coming at the beginning of a verbal root and so 6194 would apply and would generate the output of a plus a uh plus a as a. But that is not the case with these 2 specific cases. So in these 5 cases 6187 and 6194 do not apply. They are cancelled and 6189 applies and would be is the substitute that is stated by this particular statement. Vartika statement pr aat uhud ho dhe uhud ho dhe shai shieshu. The next statement is rte cha trutiya samasai. Rte is 7 slash 1 of rte meaning immediately before rte and trutiya samasai is 7 slash 1 of trutiya samasai in the compound with instrumental case. The meaning of this statement is in a compound with instrumental case when a word ending in short uh appears before the word rte. Then in place of both of them the one vrudhi substitute takes place. So uh and rhu and we have one substitute namely r. So you have a samasai Sukhe na rutah. This is the statement. This is the sentence and these 2 words are connected together and so we have the uh laukika vigreha in the form of Sukha plus ta plus rutah plus su by 2132 and then we have supodhatup pratipadika yoho 2471 applying. So we have Sukha plus rutah and now you have this uh coming at the end of this padha followed by rhu coming at the beginning of rutah and now this particular statement applies and in place of this uh and rhu r that is the vrudhi substitute takes place. And we have Sukh r and ta and that is Sukhaar ta. How this uh and rhu gets r as the substitute we have already studied when we studied the sutra urandrapara. So this r is added when an is the substitute in place of rhu. This is an and so therefore r is added by the sutra urandrapara and so we get the form Sukhaar ta. In this case uh plus rhu the sutra adgunaha 6187 would apply and the output generated would be r but not in this specific case Sukhaar ta or any such case where rutah is the second member of the tritya tatpurusha samasa. So this is an exception to 6187 and so it had to be stated by this particular vartika statement. Next we have a statement pra vatsatara kambala dosa vasana dasaarananaam rane. Rane is in 7-1 meaning immediately before rana and all these words pra vatsatara kambala vasana and dasaaranana and dasaaranana. Uh of all these words and rhu of rana they both are substituted by one r and the output generated is the following. We have pra followed by rana and the output generated is pra arna pra arna. Vatsatara plus rana uh coming at the end of this for the rhu coming at the beginning of the word rana and so the output generated is vatsatar arna vatsatar arna. Similarly kambala pras rana and the output generated by this statement is kambala arna kambala arna vasana plus rana and the output generated is vasan arna vasan arna. Then we have rana plus rana and the output generated is rana arna rana arna and finally dasa plus rana and we have the output dasa arna dasa arna. All these examples they are exceptions to 6187 which would otherwise generate ar as the substitute but this statement specifically takes care of these examples in which vurdhi substitute has taken place. To summarize in this lecture we studied in detail the other rules related to the vurdhi sandhi and we did an exhaustive treatment of all the rules. We also studied remaining part of the examples in details at different levels within a padha or in between two padhas. We also studied the interrelation of 6187, 88 and 94. We also observed that 6189 has got further smaller domain of application within that of 6194. So, 6189 reinforces 6188. After having studied the vurdhi sandhi now, we go to the next instance of Dristhanika Ekadesha namely the Pararupa Sandhi stated by the Sutra 6194 in the coming lecture. Thank you for your patience.