 Okay, now it seems okay now. Okay, so let's start. So, welcome. Good morning to everyone. So, I hope you had a good night after such a very delicious dinner we had yesterday. So, I hope you are fresh for the new day of the workshop. So, today we will start with the topic Equipment Qualification. Okay, so let's skip this. You already know me. So, I always, let's say, start with, let's say, obligatory requirement for SSR two slash one. You already know most of the requirements. You know this document. It was already, it has been already presented before. So, in fact, it's, let's say, a starting point. And then during the presentation, okay, we will describe in more details, okay, how to deal with this requirement. Because usually here we have some general requirement. And then we have to find out, okay, how to fulfill, how to deal with it. So, requirement number 30. So, qualification program shall be implemented for, let's say, or to verify that the items important to safety are capable to perform the intended functions when necessary. So, when we need to under prevailing environmental conditions and also throughout the design life. So, it's, let's say, quite simple. It's quite obvious. But it has quite, let's say, large amount of impacts. It's not very easy how to, let's say, fulfill this equipment. So, let's start with, okay, more explanation what, let's say, exactly the qualification means. So, according to the IEA glossary, qualification means generation of evidence and also maintenance of this evidence, which I would like to, let's say, stress out that it's not only, let's say, to generate the proof, but also to keep it, let's say, what it, throughout the design life. So, it's evidence that the equipment will operate on demand. So, basically, when we need, when we need the equipment, it will operate under specified service conditions. So, it means different environmental effects, different hazards, which can, let's say, influence the equipment, so we have to consider that. And it will also meet performance requirements. So, performance requirements, it means, for example, response time, for example, the pump has to be able to provide, I don't know, 250 liters per minute. So, everything like this is, let's say, condensate or hidden in this qualification. So, basically, we have to be able to prove that the equipment will work when we need it and under all, let's say, expected conditions, including, let's say, accidental conditions and the equipment will do what we want it to do and with the performance, which was defined and required. So, everything, oh, not everything, but let's start with qualification. You already know about it, so I will not, let's say, describe in details. Just to emphasize that the classification is here, not only to, let's say, identify the safety systems, important to safety, but the main approach is to have a graduate approach, because not all the equipment is, let's say, so important. So, for qualification, from the point of view of safety, we are interested in these items important to safety. We are not, let's say, it's not required to have qualified, not important equipment, because if they fail, so they should not have some negative impact on safety. But perhaps the plant, such equipment is, for example, not important to safety, but it can be useful for the plant. So, maybe some of the equipment can be also qualified in order to have, let's say, more smooth or more available systems and better availability and so on. But from the point of view of safety, we will deal with these systems. Okay, so it's clear that qualification has, let's say, direct connection with the plant safety. So, as I have mentioned, and I think I've already repeated many times during the presentation, but it's quite, let's say, basic concepts that during the qualification, we have to, let's say, anticipate or assume or find out what will be the, let's say, significant operational or environmental stresses, which can influence the equipment. And the equipment has to be, let's say, qualified. It has to be immune to such events. So, these events has to include also the design basis events. The problem is, okay, maybe you know that picture. It was, it's from Fukushima. So, if it's something beyond that, so then the equipment could fail. So, after this event, you have already learned that in the previous presentation from Marco, that now we define something called design extension conditions. So, also we should, let's say, consider that we should have also some equipment which should be able to deal also with the deck design extension condition, environmental conditions. So, it's something beyond this concept. It's not yet, let's say, entirely propagate to the all IEA documentation and standards, this new concept, but you already know about it and you have to keep it in mind that also something more than this can exist and some equipment should be qualified also for such situations. The qualification is also very useful or one of the very important tool how to, let's say, fight some sort of common cause failure because it's clear that such environmental events are very, let's say, clear event which can, let's say, harm more equipment, possibly the whole plant. So, if we, let's say, qualify the equipment properly, so we can avoid some, let's say, common cause failure caused by flooding, fires, and let's say, environmental conditions as well. So, yeah, common cause failure, we will speak about it also during the other presentations with regard to electrical and INC systems. So, I think it's not necessary to spend a lot of time with this, just as I mentioned, one of the, let's say, important source of common cause failure are the, let's say, environmental conditions. So, and the qualification is very useful to fight it. Okay, so what is the scope of the qualification? Qualification itself, it's quite, let's say, broad topic, and quite often in different, when we will speak with different people or different designers and so on, sometimes it's not used very consistently because quite often under qualification, the people understand it just, let's say, environmental qualification, but from the point of view of, let's say, safety, specific safety requirements, or IEA view, the qualification is much broader. So, as I have mentioned before, so it's not only environmental qualification, but it's also the proof of the fact that the equipment will be able to provide the correct function, the needed function, including the performance criteria. So, in fact, it will work properly under different, let's say, external conditions, let's say. It could be, let's say, organized in different ways. So, sometimes, for example, electromagnetic qualification can be, sometimes, let's say, split into the environmental qualification or some part of that also to the external hazard because, for example, lightning bolts and things like that. Sometimes the seismic qualification is, let's say, mentioned as a separate item, and under seismic is often, let's say, combination of qualification for vibrations and qualification for earthquakes, which earthquakes are external hazards. But for the point of view of qualification, it's, let's say, not very important to which bullet we will, let's say, put the stressor. The important thing is that we have to find everything, what can influence the equipment, and we have to be able to prove that the equipment is good enough to survive these conditions. Nevertheless, if the condition is labeled as external hazard or environmental qualification or whatever. And I think there will be also another presentation with regard to external hazards, so we will learn more details on this concept as well. So, there's some of the terminology. So, I think we don't need to spend a lot of time with this. So, suitability and correctness. So, it means I think it's quite clear that it will do what we need and the parameters will be as, let's say, required. Environmental conditions. So, basically it's, let's say, external conditions to the equipment. So, it's temperature, let's say, some vibration, radiation and things like that. There's something, sometimes, let's say, some specific term, operational conditions. So, these conditions are, let's say, things which are, let's say, dedicated or, let's say, bound directly with the equipment itself. So, it's derived from the, let's say, mechanical processes inside the equipment. So, it can vibrate itself. Then, we have, let's say, abnormal, of course, we have also normal conditions. Normal conditions means that, okay, everything is perfect, nothing special happens. They are the, let's say, we are here, so we have normal conditions here, so it's fine. We have abnormal conditions. Abnormal conditions are, let's say, conditions which are not so nice, but we can expect that it can happen. And we have to, let's say, assume that it can happen, perhaps not very often, but it's, let's say, credible even. And it usually happens, let's say, most often than accidents. It's something like anticipated occurrence, yeah, and things like that. So, it can be power supply, some loss of power supply, or some switching during the loss of power supply that when we go from the, for example, off-site grid to the diesel generators and so on, it can be some problems with air conditioning systems. There can be some smaller leaks if the equipment is somewhere in, above are the pipes. So, in the plant, we have a lot of, let's say, water pipes. So, during the maintenance, then it could be some smaller leaks. So, we have to, let's say, think about that, and also consider these abnormal conditions. Then we have, let's say, design basis event. So, basically, these are accidents from the point of view of qualification. You really, these are, let's say, the most, let's say, dominant, so loka, loss of coolant accidents, or high energy line breaks. So, basically, these types of, let's say, accidents, they produce so-called harsh environments. Harsh, it means that very, let's say, severe, or extreme environmental conditions are, let's say, present. So, this is the most, let's say, critical or most severe combination of external conditions, which we have to, let's say, consider if the equipment is intended to work for this event. So, we have equipment which has to be able to deal, for example, with loka accident. So, it has to be able to survive the loka, because otherwise, it's for nothing. And mild environments, mild environments are okay when nothing significantly happens. So, this is the situation where the equipment is 99.999% of its operation. Also, okay, we can also mention when we, let's say, investigate these different, let's say, environmental effects. So, we can define some stressors. Stressor is, let's say, some, let's say, negative influence on the equipment. So, it could be temperature, radiation, pressure, and so on. Then, there are stressors, let's say, from the operation of the equipment itself. So, it could be, for example, some mechanical cycling. The equipment is switched on and off of internal vibrations and things like that. So, of course, the equipment has to be able to survive its, let's say, own operation. And we have internal or external hazards. This includes fire, floodings, extreme weather, seismic events, internal hazard, probably missiles. So, it means part of high-speed rotating equipment. If it fails, it can produce missiles, falling objects, and things like that. So, now, just very briefly, we will have a look on, let's say, different stressors. I think it's quite clear, but just to, let's say, summary. So, the most prevailing temperature. So, temperature, it can change the material characteristics. Here's one example. In fact, this picture was taken in my plant. So, here's terminal wiring block. So, it looks pretty normal, pretty fine. But when you have the thermal vision picture, so you can see there's some problem here. And when it was, let's say, dismantled, so this is the result of the plastic, let's say, junction. And you can see how it was thermally degradated. It was cracked, melted, and so on. So, the question here can be, so was the equipment, let's say, not qualified properly when something like this happened? The answer is no, it was qualified properly because this, let's say, wreck is in a might environment. It was qualified for the might conditions because no, for example, LOCA or HELP conditions could be in this place. So, it's perhaps for, I don't know, 26 degrees for operation. It was also qualified for some, let's say, abnormal conditions. So, it was considered that, okay, air conditioning could not work. There could be some, let's say, very warm weather. So, it was qualified to survive, I don't know, one week in 38 degrees or something like that. But then, maybe during the maintenance, some, the rye was not connected properly. And in fact, the equipment was operated outside the box, outside the envelope, which was, let's say, qualified. And this is a very important thing that we will speak about it later as well, that the qualification is not only one step process to qualify the equipment, but we have to be careful to keep the equipment in the envelope, to keep it in the box. So, and when we not do it properly, so something like that can happen because the equipment is not designed to survive such stresses. Okay, one of, at the nuclear power plant, you can find nuclear radiation. You already learned about the different, let's say, results of radiation in the previous presentation, so I will not speak about it in details. I will just mention one specific thing, semiconductor devices. So, basically, digital systems are very susceptible to the radiation because the silicon chip could be, let's say, very easily degradated through the ionization. So, you have to be very careful about the digital systems under, let's say, radiation environment. Okay, we have pressure. So, excessive pressure could cause some, let's say, structural failure of the device. It can rupture. It's clear. We have vibrations. Vibrations could be caused by the operation itself. Steam line pipes could vibrate because there is a high velocity of the fluid inside. There can be earthquakes and things like that. So, we don't want equipment to get loose, for example, or to wear out and so on. We have water. At nuclear power plants, there is a lot of water. So, when it's clear water could cause corrosion. It could, let's say, degrade electric characteristic of the equipment. Weakening the physical characteristic and so on. And the very severe combination of water and heat is the steam. So, typically in the health conditions, we have a lot of steam which combines temperature degradation and the humidity together. We have also chemicals. This is just one example. This picture is from a nuclear power plant. It's a US nuclear power plant, Davis Bessie. I think in 2002, they find out that they have very significant corrosion. It's the reactor head. And when it interacts with the boron acid, which is used in the primary circuit as a, let's say, neutron inhibitor. So, it causes very, let's say, significant corrosion. So, also, this is also the chemicals even if there are not a lot of them in the power plants, but they are used and we have to consider also these situations. Okay, operational stressors. We have already mentioned it could be vibration. So, it's connected directly with the equipment itself. There can be different loading conditions. There can be variation of, for example, input power. So, different, for example, when they are switching to the, for example, backup power supplies, or there can be some short-term power offs or some degradation of the input voltage or frequency and things like that. So, these are the things which can happen and the equipment has to be, let's say, able to survive such conditions. It's clear that this is very general. Generalists, and we have to, let's say, assess for every specific equipment based on the location and intended functions. So, we have spoken about, let's say, different influence on different stressors and things like that. So, now, how to do the qualification? So, now we know that we have a little, we have a lot of many stressors and problems and things to do, so how to deal with it? So, here's, let's say, some methods which are used. Usually, they are, let's say, used for the qualification, combination of these methods, usually not all of them, but combination of some of them which are most, let's say, useful for the specific situation. For every situation, maybe something else is a little bit better. But what is, let's say, most important or most significant? So, it's usually the type test. So, the type test, we will mention it also later, we will test some typical characteristic, let's say, configuration of the equipment. So, we prepare some sample, so typical sample of the equipment, and we will test it for different stressors to see how this equipment will cope with the assumed conditions. Usually, we also have some testing of the equipment, let's say, the specific equipment when it was, for example, installed or supplied to the plant, because we have to check also the performance requirement, the correctness of the functions, and things like that. Usually, we have to add some analysis because, for example, not everything is, perhaps, is possible to test. So, perhaps, there have to be some analysis to, let's say, evaluate or, let's say, think about some, let's say, operating experience or some more specific conditions, which, for example, cannot be tested, and very often, we have evaluation of the manufacturer producing process. Okay? Okay, yeah. Okay, okay, so, if I speak from the point of view of utility of the operator of the plant, so usually I, or it's most often that I don't do the testing. Usually, this is done, there are two possibilities. I either pay some external company to do the test, so I buy the equipment and put it to some laboratory to test it for me, or usually, during the design, I, let's say, ask the designer or the supplier of the system that, okay, I need that the equipment has to have the qualification, documentation supplied together with the equipment, and it means that you have to test it for me, so the supplier together with the, let's say, standard documentation do the tests, but me, as a, let's say, operator, I have to check and evaluate if it was done properly. So, very often, for example, the people from the plant can, let's say, participate on the testing to see how it's going. They can, let's say, participate in the real stage of manufacturing process to see that the supplier do what he promised to do and that he keeps and follows, for example, the manufacturing codes and things like that, but usually the operator, the nuclear power plant, usually don't have the capacity to, they don't have usually the laboratory to do the tests, so it's usually some threat company, yeah? It's okay, okay? Yeah, so, evaluation of manufacturing production process, you have already learned about it, it's important for a specific equipment and also for complex equipment. If the equipment is quite complex, for example, some digital system, together with the software and things like that, so perhaps not everything is possible to test at the end when the equipment is, let's say, built, but we have to also check that during the process, everything was done properly, yeah? So, this could be also part of the qualification. Okay, so, let's speak a little bit about the type testing. So, the type testing is, let's say, preferred qualification methods, especially for the complex equipment, so it means that, for example, for simple equipment, perhaps, you can use operating experience or some analysis, but if it's more complex, it's usually difficult to, let's say, calculate what exactly will happen with the equipment under severe stresses, and, of course, for a harsh environment, yeah? So, again, if you need to evaluate what will happen with the equipment, when it's, for example, 300 degrees water or steam, so it's usually necessary to test it. So, the type test is the test of some sampling, so from the different, let's say, equipment which perhaps should be used at the plant, you build some samples, some typical representation of the equipment, which is then subject to the testing, because it's clear that after the tests, the equipment couldn't be used at the plant, yeah? Because it survived some very harsh, let's say, conditions, so then usually you have to, let's say, just use it for some other testing, but you can not install it to the plant because it's old and it's degradated already, so that's why only samples are used for the type testing. The test approaches which could be used is the best one would be the simultaneous, let's say, influence of all possible stressors which we need to test or which we need to see. It would be nice, but as far as I know, there's no commercial lab which is able to simultaneously perform the seismic help and local conditions at once, so it would be nice, but I think it's not feasible just now, so usually these two approaches are used, so it's sequential testing, so it means that the type equipment is subject to the sequence of different stressors and then we analyze what the result is or something called separate testing, so it means that, for example, I have two samples and one sample is used, for example, for, I don't know, thermal degradation, seismic tests and things like that, and another is used, for example, for electromagnetic compatibility testing, so these are, and sometimes it's combined, but it's clear that you also have to consider that it's not, let's say, ideal state and there are some assumptions have to be made, so here it is, the possible test sequence, how it could look like, it's clear that the, let's say, the test sequence can be, or is specific for the specific equipment and for the specific, let's say, anticipated, let's say, environmental or external conditions, but usually it starts with the inspection and basic testing, so when we have the type sample, so we have to, let's say, evaluate the starting point of the test to check that the equipment works as it should. Then what is done is called accelerated aging, so it means that we try to bring the equipment at the end of its, let's say, designed life, because we have to be sure that the equipment and the plant will work, not only when it is new, but it has to be able to work also when it is old, so if the, let's say, design life of the equipment is, let's say, 10, 15 years, so after 10 or 15 years it has to be able to provide the safety functions when we need it, so accelerated aging is done usually by the combination of the thermal degradation, so it could be combination of dry heat, damp or red heat on the cold, so we bake the equipment, we freeze it, we put it into the radiation environment, we can repeatedly switch it on and off to try to wear out the equipment, and after this process, then we test the real, for example, accident conditions, the real harsh environment under which the equipment should be able to operate, so it could be, let's say, the seismic qualification, so different vibration, it could be simulation of radiation accident, so it's, for example, if it has to be able to survive the LOCA accident, so it means steam, hot water and radiation, temperature at pressure, accident simulation, there could be equipment which have to be used for some, for example, design extension conditions, so it has to be able to survive, for example, in harsh conditions for a long time, so we have to consider and test it to see how the equipment, to prove that the equipment will be able to operate also under these conditions. Okay, so seismic testing is one of the, let's say, specific tests which is done, so safety-related equipment has to be able to withstand the effects of earthquakes, you will learn about the earthquakes, I think, in the presentation about external hazards, so it's different for each plant, it depends where the plant is, let's say, situated. Usually for the equipment, there is also some specific seismic categorization, it could be also different throughout the member states, but just, let's say, to give you some example, you can distinguish if the equipment has to be able to operate, for example, during and after seismic event, so it has to be able to provide a function if it is shaking, and after the shakes, let's say, it disappears, so it still has to be able to operate, but there are also equipment which perhaps we don't need to, let's say, operate, but we just have to be sure that during the seismic event, they don't get loose and harm other equipment, so that there are just, let's say, well attached, and when there is a seismic, we don't need them, but we just don't want to, let's say, fall apart and harm the equipment which we really need, so the methods used for the seismic testing, so it's the, let's say, testing itself, so it's usually the shake table, is the example how it can look like, so it's some, let's say, platform on the hydraulic pistons which can really shake quite violently, I think this one, up to 7G. On YouTube, you can find quite nice wide aisles how it will look when it operates, it's quite interesting. Usually, you have to, or for some specific, let's say, cases, you can, let's say, deal just with analysis, so perhaps, if you just won't like to know if the equipment under the vibration falls down from the wall, so perhaps just the analysis will be enough to check that the, let's say, attachment of the equipment is good enough or not. And operating experience, for seismic, there are some operating equipment, operating experience because, for example, the palms, valves, and so on are used also in other industries, and some of them, let's say, have experience with some, let's say, earthquakes or some vibrations, so the operating equipment in some specific situations can be also be useful. So the testing itself, it could be, let's say, single frequency. So this is just for some, let's say, specific, for example, if the equipment is attached to some pipe which vibrates on just one specific frequency, so I can perhaps test it on this limited frequency, and also there could be multi-frequency tests, so I test the whole spectrum of different frequencies of vibrations. Yeah, I use these shake tables as we saw in the previous slide, and these equipment or shaking tables, shake tables can be operated in one, two, or three axes, yeah, so we can have, let's say, different, let's say, test configurations. As I have mentioned, we can use analysis, so usually the analysis is useful to, let's say, examine the structural capability, but again, with the more complex equipment, usually we have to do the testing itself to see what will happen inside the equipment. And also, let's say, the operating experience I have already mentioned. Okay, another group of testing is electromagnetic compatibility testing. This is usually specific for electric or, let's say, electrical systems. So this is to evaluate the impact of electromagnetic interference or radio-frequency interference on the equipment. So again, there are, let's say, different possible tests, and for each of these tests, there are, let's say, several international standards which described, okay, how we can do that, yeah, what are the conditions and things like that, so this, every one of that is some scientific field itself. So just to have, really, let's say, brief, let's say, in summary, what these tests could, let's say, do. So susceptibility test, so it means that we, let's say, check if the equipment can survive the signals or some interference which can be, let's say, coupled onto the, for example, input power leads or signal cables or some radiated electromagnetic interference from other sources. It's clear that at nuclear power plant, we can have these phenomenons because there are large motors which are, for example, switched on and off, which can, let's say, produce some, let's say, noise to the electric grid. We have search tests. So it's the ability to survive the, let's say, high energy over voltage. So it could be also because, for example, switching of very large, let's say, equipment or when there's a lightning, so it could be also for external hazard. We can have electrically fast transients or burst tests. So it's, again, the ability to survive the very, let's say, fast transients of energy. For some equipment, let's say, investigate or some, let's say, electrostatic discharge. So usually when, let's say, the operator or the maintenance personnel have to detach specific parts of the equipment. So there could be some electrostatic discharge of the equipment. And so it has to be able to survive. And also there are emission tests or emissions tests. So these tests are about, let's say, the ability of equipment not to harm its environment. So I also would like to have the equipment which is not very hostile to the other equipment in the plant. So I can test it and to check how my equipment behave. So this is an example of, for example, one laboratory. So it's anti-reflection walls, some antenna equipment. So there's one possibility how it can be tested. Such some of these tests can be also done at the plant directly. So these were some, let's say, possibilities of how the type test could look like. So let's speak also about the analysis. Usually some analysis is, let's say, very important. Because when we test the equipment, so very often we test it not under, let's say, completely same conditions, but only similar conditions. So we have to then evaluate, OK, and my plant, there will be some, let's say, more specific. So I have to check if I am still in the envelope. Maybe the item, because in the type tests, maybe the item or the equipment I test is not exactly the same. So perhaps it's similar or similar equipment was tested before. And I would like to check if it applies also for my new equipment. I can, let's say, evaluate the operating experiments. Maybe some of the tests are not, let's say, complete because I am not able to simulate everything, perhaps, or check everything. So then I have to extrapolate and think like that, OK, so I test just this and OK how the result could be under some specific conditions. So this is not easy. It requires, let's say, different scientific fields to think about, I don't know, vibrations about reheat, degradation, and things like that. But it's something which is very often necessary to do. OK, so I have already mentioned, and this is very important, that the qualification is a process. It's not just, let's say, one step and I am done forever. In fact, it starts with the design. So during the, for example, plan design or system design, I have to, let's say, gather all the design inputs, the classification, the requirements for the functions, for the performance requirements. I need to find the equipment configuration and location and based on that, OK, what can be the, let's say, the service conditions under not only normal, but also abnormal or accidental situations. So I have to, let's say, put all these things together and pull out the, let's say, criteria for the qualification or for the testing. And it's quite complex task. And then, let's say, something called, let's say, qualification evaluation or qualification verification takes part. Very often, this step is called the qualification. So when the people speaks about qualification, so that usually means just this one. But we have to be careful that we also have to, let's say, pull out the information from all these sources to be able to create the equipment qualification program. So it means we have to be able to prepare the, let's say, what test will be done to perform the testing, to analyze the results. And at the end, we have to be able to document everything, to put everything on paper, to check that everything was correctly done, that everything was complete and approved. But with this, we are not done. Then we install the equipment and we have the operation. And this is a very important part that we have to be able to keep the equipment in the qualification, let's say, envelope in the qualification box. And according to my experience, this is the major source of the problems. Usually, you qualify the equipment properly. But during the maintenance or replacement, you perhaps use the spare part, which was not, let's say, intended to such, for example, specific conditions. Or during some design change, you forget to, let's say, consider the qualification. Or you place the equipment to a little bit different location, and you don't think about the qualification. So to keep the qualification valid during the whole operation is a very, let's say, demanding, challenging task. But it has to be done. So I really would like to point out that with this step, we are not done. We have to be able to keep the qualification during the whole plant or the system lifetime. OK. So I think this is just summary of what I have already said. So from the, let's say, design basis and performance requirement and so on, so we have to, let's say, create the acceptance criteria. So I think it's not necessary to spend a lot of time on this. The environmental qualification, usually for more complex equipment, is usually done testing of individual pieces. Because it's usually not possible to build the whole plant or the whole, let's say, quite large system. So what is usually done? So we test specific equipment. And then on the plant, we put it together. And then we have to, let's say, analyze or evaluate that when we put it together that, OK, the qualification is still valid, that our assumption is correct. So this has to be considered in the equipment qualification program. Yeah, that's OK. We will have to test the equipment piece by piece, step by step, and then integrate it, for example, at plant. So this is a very important assumption. Yeah, we have to consider different service conditions. I think it's clear. What is, very often, what is usually done? So at the plant, you usually, let's say, consider these normal, abnormal, or accident conditions, not, let's say, for every specific location or every specific point at the plant, but for the set of, for example, structures, for example, for the whole building or for the whole floor. So for example, in the containment, you find out what is the most severe conditions. And then every equipment which you put to the containment is the subject of the specific set of conditions for the whole structure. Yeah, it's, let's say, quite, it's a practical approach how to do that. So we have usually the set of environmental conditions for some entire structure, building, or floor, or the specific room. And then when we deal with this room, so we can, let's say, just use the conditions which we, for example, prepare before or in another project. Yeah, this is just an example. Even when you have two different equipment, so perhaps this is the example of corrosion of heterogenic weld between two different, let's say, materials. So this is just an example that when you qualify the equipment piece by piece and then you, let's say, connect or integrate it at the plant, so we have to consider that there can be some, let's say, specific interfaces which can have some, let's say, specific characteristics as well. Okay, the qualification evaluation or verification. Yeah, we have, let's say, mentioned this. So this is, let's say, the qualification program, the testing, the evaluation of the testing. So we have already mentioned these things. What I have already mentioned, but what is important, the test results are often, let's say, we test it in some, let's say, envelope of conditions. So again, during the analysis, we have to find out if my specific conditions in, for example, the specific room are inside this envelope. So it means, let's say, additional analysis very often is needed. And what is really very important, we have to be sure that when we test, for example, type test the equipment and we analyze and everything is okay. So we have to be sure that the manufacturer or supplier, let's say, keeps the materials, the processes as it was before, because any variation, for example, different material can be used or some different procedure for, for example, constructing of the equipment can influence the qualification conclusion. So this is very, very important and from my experience, also there were some problems when the equipment was, let's say, qualified properly and then later the manufacturer used little bit different material, expected everything will be okay, but it wasn't okay. In some specific conditions, for example, due to radiation, the material degrades, the manufacturer doesn't expect that because perhaps they, the manufacturer perhaps is not directly connected to the nuclear, so perhaps they do not consider, let's say, nuclear radiation as a potential, let's say, stressor for this equipment. So you have to be sure that it's still, the manufacturer, the installation, configuration, and things like that are still, keep the equipment in the qualification envelope and if something will change or would change, you have to be able to, let's say, check and evaluate if it has some impact on the qualification. And it's clear, everything has to be documented. In nuclear, you have a lot of documents on everything, it's clear, because then it's used, for example, by regulator authority and also for doing some, let's say, later design modifications, so we have to be able to find out what are the, let's say, assumptions and test results have been. So this is the, let's say, possible, let's say, summary or possible, let's say, content of the plan-specific evaluation. It's just, as an example for you, I will not, let's say, I will not read everything. We have already mentioned everything, so we start with some criteria and standards, we have testing, we have to, let's say, also implement some margins. So if the equipment has to survive 300 degrees, so it will be better to test it with some, let's say, margin because always there are some uncertainties. So you have already know about the margins, so it applies also for these types of testing and assumptions, so then you can read it later. So what is important? Also, when the equipment is, let's say, qualified at the laboratory, everything is analyzed, evaluated, okay, it's perfect, so then it came, it come to the plant and we have to install it. So also the onsite installation can affect the qualification. So very often during the barge project, then it's found that, for example, the equipment was put to a little bit different location because it, okay, during the installation process it was found out that perhaps there was some error in the documentation or perhaps it was from, for some reason it was the better solution, but if we put it to another place, so we have to be able to check if it's okay from the point of view of qualification because now the equipment could be more, let's say, vulnerable to some, for example, leaks from the pipe or there could be some crane where it could be some, let's say, falling of the objects and anything like that. Also, it can influence how I install the equipment. So for example, if the equipment should be installed, for example, in some, let's say, high energetic pipe which has some vibration and I tested the equipment for, let's say, one axis vibration and it was okay, but then I, let's say, attached or I installed the equipment in the different direction, so then the vibration could be in the, let's say, different axis which was not tested and it can lose, let's say the equipment can, let's say, really very quickly go outside the qualification range because it was not tested for that. So also, such, let's say, small details can affect the qualification and that's why it's really, let's say, challenging to keep the qualification, let's say, wallet also during the installation and operation itself. So it's important that, for example, for the qualification, one of the results can be some recommendation on how to install the equipment. There could be some specific requirements, how to install, how to attach, and so on. And also during the plant modifications, you have always some modifications, you have to change something, so always you have to think about the qualification because even if the change is quite, let's say, small, it can have significant impact and we had really big problems when, for example, the different type of material was used, for example, for some screws, for some small, let's say, device and it can harm the, let's say, integrity of the whole equipment, so this is a very challenging thing. Maintenance, they have already mentioned, so the maintenance, the activities which ensure that the equipment will be available and it will be capable to perform the function. Also, there could be some specific maintenance activities prescribed from the qualification process. So for example, during the qualification, it could be find out that some part of equipment, they got degradates more quickly, so there could be, for example, some prescription, some, let's say, obligation to, for example, to change some part of the equipment, for example, some gasket, some sealing, for example, every five years and things like that. So there could be some, let's say, equipment qualification required maintenance, or on the other hand, there could be also, in some cases, that equipment qualification can, let's say, prohibit certain type of, let's say, maintenance. For example, if I have some integrated circuit, so perhaps after the testing, it's forbidden to, let's say, change the specific components on the integrated circuit because perhaps I will not, let's say, follow exactly the process, I will harm some, let's say, surface layer of the integrated circuit and things like that. So what I wanted to say, that the equipment qualification, the results from the testing and analysis could have some impact, not only on installation, but also on the maintenance itself, and we have to, let's say, know about it, and let's say, be aware that such things can, and in reality, it happens. Okay, spare parts. During the maintenance, we use also the spare parts, but it's clear, but really the equipment, it's not able to survive all the, let's say, design life forever, so we have to, time to time to exchange something. Perhaps it's required by the qualification, so we have to replace something in some specific period, or sometimes it's, let's say, fails and we have to replace it. What very often happened, that very often, the spare parts are not, let's say, bought or used for original equipment manufacturer. There can be different reasons for that. One of the, usually most often reason is that, for example, the OEM stops to produce the equipment or the specific part, so we have to find another source of this specific part. So perhaps we find another manufacturer or we can find some, let's say, commercial product, which can be used. So these two terms are used, commercial of the shelf or commercial grade item. I think this one, this second one is more US term. What is important when we use spare parts, I still need to preserve my qualification. So it means when I use the spare part, I have to be sure that, okay, when I introduce something new to my equipment, the equipment still is inside the, let's say, qualified envelope as it was tested, as it was evaluated, and as it was, for example, licensed by the regulator. So it means I have to evaluate the differences in the material, in the fabrication process, in the, for example, performance or design requirements, and I have to be very careful when I use this commercial item because these are used, usually such manufacturer do not care about the nuclear, and if I won't use it, I can, there are situations where I can and it's possible, but I have to be able to qualify the item, and I have to check all of this, and perhaps I need to rerun some type tests again to be sure that everything is correct. Okay, the use of, let's say, these commercial items, it's not the, let's say, bad thing. It's sometimes it can be useful or let's say necessary because one thing is that, for example, the original products are not on the market anymore, and very often the commercial product are, let's say, well-tested, there is a lot of operational experience, so it can happen that the commercial product is, let's say, maybe, let's say, better tested than some specific equipment which was designed, just, let's say, one batch for the specific equipment, for the specific requirement, where no operating experience exists, so there are cases when it can be useful to use it, but the disadvantage of this is that these commercial items are usually not, let's say, produced specifically for nuclear, then there's the problem with qualification, and maybe some of them, it's not able, we are not able to qualify them because the requirements are quite, for example, strict, and also this equipment could have some, let's say, other functions, some, something, because it wasn't designed for some specific equipment, but for some, let's say, commercial market, so we have to be also evaluated the performance criteria and the functions itself, because don't forget that the qualification is not only about environment, but it's also about, let's say, performance criteria and the function, which is, let's say, provided by the equipment. Okay, so one other thing, aging, aging management, I think there will be also one specific presentation on aging, I think, so I will not, I think, go into many details, but just to have some idea. So we have to, let's say, determine what the design life of our items is. We have already mentioned that during the, let's say, qualification testing, we do some accelerated aging and things like that, that we have to be able to prove that the equipment is also good enough at the end of its intended life. So this is the, let's say, specific safety requirement that we have to ensure the capability of the items to perform the necessary safety functions throughout their whole design life, so not only when they are new, but also when they are old. Okay, so how to, let's say, how to find out or how to determine the age of the equipment. So what is usually done, so you have to identify the aging stressors. So what is, let's say, most harmful for your equipment and what can, let's say, degrade your equipment and based on that you define some, let's say, aging mechanism. So for example, it could be some wear out, corrosion or whatever. And then you use either some accelerated aging test, so we have spoken about it, so you, let's say, put the equipment under the conditions of this, let's say, aging stressors, which can be the heat steam and things like that, or perhaps you use some analytical methods to calculate how it will behave after some time of life. And based on these, let's say, testing and assumptions, you estimate or establish the qualified life of the equipment. But what is really important, the qualified life, it's okay, it's some, let's say, estimation and we have to be able to, let's say, survive, to survive, to check if the assumptions made here are, let's say, correct and valid during the operation. So usually based on these assumptions, we define some, let's say, surveillance activities or some replacement activities, so we have to check that, okay, what we think that the aging degradation will be, so we have to check if it's valid because it can happen that the equipment will be in, let's say, nice, normal conditions for all the time, so perhaps it can survive a little bit longer. Or on the other hand, the conditions might be worse than we expected and then perhaps the qualified life of this specific equipment will be shorter. So it's important thing to be able to, let's say, evaluate and to check that these assumptions are still valid. So let's say some summary, the aging management, together with, let's say, equipment qualification program, let's say, basically improve the reliability of the plant systems. So it's clear that, okay, if the equipment survives different external conditions, so it's more reliable, so it has impact on the plant's safety. But as I have mentioned and I repeat it many times, I'm sorry for that, but it's repeated also in the IA documentation in many places and it's repeated everywhere, but still it's, let's say, a major source of the problems, according to my experience at plant, that we have to, this reliability is achieved not only from the initial qualification, but also using, let's say, preventive maintenance, which can be prescribed by the qualification, some condition monitoring, so we have to check under which condition or one, let's say, the equipment is operating and we have to be able to correct if something is, for example, if the equipment is, for example, degraded much more than we expect, so we have to be able to, let's say, replace or, let's say, fix it. So, and as I have mentioned, information from the maintenance, let's say, monitoring of the equipment, surveillance of the equipment can be used for, let's say, increase or decrease the qualified life of the component, in both ways. You learned that, for example, for reactor vessel, that usually the trend is to, let's say, extend the life, so let's say the stressors are perhaps less significant than it was expected, for example, in before, but there could be both ways. Some equipment can be, let's say, the designed life could be decreased as well. Okay, so I think this is the last slide. What is important? The qualification process, as we have seen, is very complex. There are many different, let's say, companies or many different stakeholders and many very broad spectrum of activities, so qualification is, let's say, the impact of qualification is during the design, manufacturing, procurement, engineering, installation, maintenance, priority testing, so everything has to be, let's say, under quality assurance. We have to, let's say, describe how it works. We have to be sure that all these people, all these groups are able to talk to each other to share the information, because as we have seen, it has impact, so from the design or the initial qualification, it can be some impact on maintenance or installation, during the priority testing, we can find something which can have impact on the, for example, production quality and things like that for the spare parts and so on. So the quality assurance is very important. It's everywhere and for the equipment qualification is very important part of the process. Okay, so at the end, this is just for information, there is some list of references you can use to get more details. It's very broad topic. And that's it.