 CHAPTER V. THE TESTIMONY OF THE SEA Suppose we were to find, in mid-Atlantic, in front of the Mediterranean, in the neighborhood of the Azores, the remains of an immense island sunk beneath the sea, 1,000 miles in width, and 2,000 or 3,000 miles long. Would it not go far to confirm the statement of Plato that, beyond the strait, where you placed the pillars of Hercules, there was an island larger than Asia Minor and Libya combined, called Atlantis? And suppose we found that the Azores were the mountain peaks of the Stroud Island and were torn and rent by tremendous volcanic convulsions, while around them, descending into the sea, were found great strata of lava, and the whole face of the sunken land was covered for thousands of miles with volcanic debris. Would we not be obliged to confess that these facts furnished strong, corroborative proofs of the truth of Plato's statement that, in one day and one fatal night, there came many earthquakes and inundations, which engulfed the mighty people, Atlantis disappeared beneath the sea, and then that sea became inaccessible on account of the quantity of mud which the engulfed island left in its place? And all these things, recent investigations, has proved conclusively. Cape Sea soundings have been made by ships of different nations. The United States ship Dolphin, the German frigate Gazelle, and the British ships Hydra, Porcupine, and Challenger, have mapped out the bottom of the Atlantic, and the result is the revelation of a great elevation, reaching from one point on the coast of the British Isles southward to the coast of South America, at Cape Orange, thence southeastwardly to the coast of Africa, and thence southwardly to Tristan de Ahuna. I give one map showing the profile of this elevation in its front's piece, and another map showing the outlines of the submerged land on page 47. It rises about 9,000 feet above the great Atlantic depths around it, and in the Osora's St. Paul's Rock Ascension and Tristan de Ahuna it reaches the surface of the ocean. Evidence that this elevation was once dry land is found in the fact that the inequalities, the mountains, and valleys of its surface could never have been produced in accordance with any laws for the deposition or sediment nor by submarine elevation, but on the contrary must have been carved by agents acting above the water level, scientific America, July 28, 1877. Mr. J. Stark Gardner, the eminent English geologist, is of the opinion that in the Aocene period a great extension of land existed to the west of Cornwall, referring to the location of the Dolphin and Challenger ridges, he asserts that a great tract of land formally existed where the sea now is, and that Cornwall, the Sicily and Channel Islands, Ireland, and Brittany are the remains of its highest summits. Popular science review, July 1878. Here, then, we have the backbone of the ancient continent which once occupied the whole of the Atlantic Ocean and from whose washings Europe and America were constructed. The deepest parts of the ocean, 3,500 fathoms deep, represent those portions which sunk first to wit the plains to the east and west of the central mountain ranges. Some of the loftiest peaks of this range, the Azores, St. Paul's, Ascension, Tristan de Acumba, are still above the ocean level, and while the great body of Atlantis lies a few hundred fathoms beneath the sea, in these connected rings we see the pathways which were once extended between the New World and the Old, and by means of which the plants and animals of one continent traveled to the other, and by the same avenues, black men found their way, as we will show hereafter, from Africa to America, and red men from America to Africa. And as I have shown, the same great law which gradually depressed the Atlantic continent and raised the lands east and west of it, is still at work. The coast of Greenland, which may be regarded as the northern extremity of the Atlantic continent, is still sinking so rapidly that the ancient buildings on low rock islands are now submerged, and the Greenlander has learned by experience never to build near the water's edge, North Amir of Antique, page 504. The same subsidence is going on along the shore of South Carolina and Georgia, while the north of Europe and the Atlantic coast of South America are rising rapidly. Along the latter raised beaches, 1180 miles long, and from 100 to 1300 feet high have been traced. When these connecting ridges extended from America to Europe and Africa, they shut off the flow of the tropical waters of the ocean to the north. There was then no gulf stream. The land-locked ocean that paved the shores of northern Europe was then intensely cold, and the result was the glacial period. When the barriers of Atlantis sunk efficiently to permit the natural expansion of the heated water of the tropics to the north, the ice and snow which covered Europe gradually disappeared. The gulf stream flowed around Atlantis, and it still retains a circular motion first imparted to it by the presence of the island. The officers of the Challenger found the entire ridge of Atlantis covered with volcanic deposits. These are subsided with mud which, as Plato tells us, rendered the sea impassable after the destruction of the island. It does not follow that, at the time that Atlantis was finally engulfed, the ridges connecting it with America and Africa rose above the water level. These may have gradually subsided into the sea, or have gone down in catacillisms such as are described in the Central American books. The Atlantis of Plato may have been confined to the dolphin ridge of our map. The United States sloop Gettysburg has also made some remarkable discoveries in the neighboring field. I quote from John James Wilde in Nature, March 1, 1877, page 377. The recent announced discovery by Commander Goringe of the United States sloop Gettysburg of a bank of soundings bearing north 85 degrees west and distant 130 miles from Cainst St. Vincent during the last voyage of the vessel across the Atlantic, taken in connection with previous soundings obtained in the same region of the North Atlantic, suggests the probable existence of a submarine ridge or plateau connecting the island of Madeira with the coasts of Portugal and the probable subarial connection in prehistoric times of that island with the southwestern extremity of Europe. These soundings reveal the existence of a channel of an average depth of from 2000 to 3000 fathoms extending in a northeasterly direction from its entrance between Madeira and the Canary Islands towards Cape St. Vincent. Commander Goringe went about 150 miles from the strait of Gibraltar, found that the sounding decreased from 2000 fathoms to 1600 fathoms in the distance of a few miles. The subsist quint soundings five miles apart gave 900, 500, 400, and 100 fathoms and eventually a depth of 32 fathoms was obtained in which the vessel anchored. The bottom was found to be consistent of live pink coral and the position of the bank in latitude 36 degrees 29 minutes north longitude 11 degrees 33 minutes west. The map on page 51 shows the position of these elevations. They must have been originally islands, stepping stones as it were between Atlantis and the coast of Europe. Sir C. Y. Ville Thompson found that the specimens of the fauna of the coast of Brazil brought up in his dredging machine are similar to those of the western coast of southern Europe. This is accounted for by the connecting ridges reaching from Europe to South America. A member of the Challenger staff in a lecture delivered in London, soon after the termination of the expedition, gave it his opinion the great submarine plateau is the remains of the lost Atlantis. End of chapter five. Section seven part one chapter six of Atlantis, the anti-Diluvian world by Ignatius Loyola Donnelly. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information of to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Amy Graymore. Atlantis, the anti-Diluvian world. Chapter six. The testimony of the flora and fauna. Proofs are abundant that there must have been at one time uninterrupted land communication between Europe and America. And the words of a writer upon this subject. When the animals and plants of the old and new world are compared, one cannot but be struck with their identity. All or nearly all belong to the same genre, while many, even of the species, are common to both continents. This is most important in its bearing on our theory, as indicating that they radiated from a common center after the glacial period. The hairy mammoth, woolly haired rhinoceros, the Irish elk, the muskox, the reindeer, the glutton, the lemming, et cetera, more or less accompanied this flora, and their remains are always found in the post-glacial deposits of Europe as low down as the south of France. In the new world, beds of the same age contain similar remains, indicating that they came from a common center and were spread out over both continents alike. Recent discoveries in the fossil beds of the badlands of Nebraska proved that the horse originated in America. Professor Marsh of Yale College has identified the several preceding forms from which it was developed, rising in the course of ages from a creature not larger than a fox, until by successive steps it developed into the true horse. How did the wild horse pass from America to Europe and Asia if there was not continuous land communication between the two continents? He seems to have existed in Europe in a wild state prior to his domestication by man. The fossil remains of the camel are found in India, Africa, South America, and in Kansas. The existing alpacas and llamas of South America are but varieties of the camel family. The cave bear, whose remains are found associated with the horns of the mammoth and the bones and works of man in the caves of Europe, was identical with the grizzly bear of Iraqi mountains. The muskox, whose relics are found in the same deposits, now roams the wilds of Arctic America. The glutton of Northern Europe and the Stone Age is identical with the wolverine of the United States. According to Rudamier, the ancient bison, boss Prescus of Europe, was identical with the existing American buffalo. Every stage between the ancient cave bison and the European oryx can be traced. The Norway elk, now nearly extinct, is identical with the American moose. The service Americanus found in Kentucky was as large as the Irish elk, which it greatly resembled. The legomise or tailless hair of the European eaves is now found in the colder regions of North America. The reindeer, which once occupied Europe as far down as France, was the same as the reindeer of America. Remains of the cave lion of Europe, Felix Spilloway, the larger beast than the largest of the existing species, have been found at Natchez, Mississippi. The European cave wolf was identical with the American wolf. Cattle were domesticated among the people of Switzerland during the earliest part of the Stone Period, that is to say, before the Bronze Age and the Age of Iron. Even at that remote period they had already, by long continued selection, been developed out of wild forms akin to the American buffalo. Monsieur Gervais concludes that the wild race from which our domestic sheep was derived is now extinct. The remains of domestic sheep are found in the debris of the Swiss lake dwellings during the Stone Age. The domestic horse, ass, lion, and goat also date back to alike great antiquity. We have historical records seven thousand years old, and during that time no similar domestication of a wild animal has been made. This fact speaks volumes as to the vast period of time during which man must have lived in a civilized state to effect the domestication of so many and such useful animals. And when we turn from the fauna to the flora, we find the same state of things. An examination of the fossil beds of Switzerland of the Myocene Age reveals the remains of more than 800 different species of flower-bearing plants, besides mosses, ferns, etc. The total number of fossil plants cataloged from those beds, cryptogamous as well as phenogamous, is upward of three thousand. The majority of these species have migrated to America. There were others that passed into Asia, Africa, and even to Australia. The American types are however in the largest proportion. The analogues of the flora of the Myocene Age of Europe now grow in the forests of Virginia, northern South Carolina, and Florida. They include such familiar examples as magnolias, tulip trees, evergreen oaks, maples, plain trees, robinas, sequoias, etc. It would seem to be impossible that these trees could have migrated from Switzerland to America, unless there was unbroken land communication between the two continents. It is a still more remarkable fact that a comparison of the flora of the old world and new goes to show that not only was there communication by land, over which the plants of one continent could extend to another, but that man must have existed and have helped this transmigration, in the case of certain plants that were incapable of making the journey unaided. Otto Kuntz, a distinguished German botanist who has spent many years in the tropics, announced his conclusion that, in America and in Asia, the principal domesticated tropical plants are represented by the same species. He insists the Menehote Utilacema, whose roots yield a fine flower, the taro, Colocasia Escolenta, the Spanish or red pepper, the tomato, the bamboo, the guava, the mango fruit, and especially the banana. He denies that the American origin of tobacco, maize, and the coconut is proved. He refers to the Puritea Matiliasum, a malacious plant, hardly noticed by Europeans, but very highly prized by the natives of the tropics, and cultivated everywhere in the East and West Indies. It supplies to the natives of these regions so far apart their ropes and cordage. It is always seedless in a cultivated state. It existed in America before the arrival of Columbus. But Professor Kuntz pays a special attention to the banana or planting. The banana is seedless. It is found throughout tropical Asia and Africa. Professor Kuntz asks, in what way was this plant, which cannot stand a voyage through the temperate zone, carried to America? And yet it was generally cultivated in America before 1492. Says Professor Kuntz, it must be remembered that the plankton is a tree-like herbaceous plant, possessing no easily transportable bulbs, like the potato or the dahlia, nor propagable by cuttings like the willow or the poplar. It is only a perennial root, which once planted, needs hardly any care, and yet produces the most abundant crop of any known tropical plant. He then proceeds to discuss how it could have passed from Asia to America. He admits that the roots must have been transported from one country to the other by civilized man. He argues that it could not have crossed the Pacific from Asia to America because the Pacific is nearly thrice or four times as wide as the Atlantic. The only way he can account for the plankton reaching America is to suppose that it was carried there, when the North Pole had a tropical climate. Is there any proof that civilized man existed at the North Pole when it possessed the climate of Africa? Is it not more reasonable to suppose that the plankton, or banana, was cultivated by the people of Atlantis, and carried by their civilized agricultural colonies to the East and the West? Do we not find a confirmation of this view in the fact alluded to by Professor Kuntz in these words? The cultivated plant, which does not possess seeds, must have been under culture for a very long period. We have not in Europe a single exclusively seedless, very bearing cultivated plant, and hence it is perhaps fair to infer that these plants were cultivated as early as the beginning of the middle of the Deluvian period. Is it possible that a plant of this kind could have been cultivated for this immense period of time in both Asia and America? Where are the two nations, agricultural and highly civilized, on those continents, by whom it was so cultivated? What has become of them? Where are the traces of their civilization? All the civilizations of Europe, Asia, and Africa, radiated from the Mediterranean. The Hindu Arians advanced from the Northwest. They were kindred to the Persians, who were next door neighbors to the Arabians, cousins of the Phoenicians, and who lived alongside of the Egyptians, who had in turn derived their civilization from the Phoenicians. It would be a marvel of marvels if one nation, on one continent, had cultivated the banana for such a vast period of time until it became seedless. The nation retaining a peaceful, continuous agricultural civilization during all that time, but to suppose that two nations could have cultivated the same plant under the same circumstances on two different continents for the same unparalleled laps of time, is supposing an impossibility. We find just such a civilization as was necessary, according to Plato, and under just such a climate in Atlantis and nowhere else. We have found it reaching by its contiguous islands with 150 miles of the coast of Europe on the one side, and almost touching the West India Islands on the other, while by its connecting ridges, it bound together Brazil and Africa. But it may be said these animals and plants may have passed from Asia to America across the Pacific by the continent of Lemuria, or there may have been continuous land communication at one time at Bering Strait. True, but an examination of the flora of the Pacific States shows that very many of the trees and plants common to Europe and the Atlantic States are not to be seen west of the Rocky Mountains. The magnificent magnolias, the tulip trees, the plain trees, etc., which were found existing in the Myocene Age in Switzerland, and are found at the present day in the United States are altogether lacking on the Pacific coast. The sources of supply of that region seem to have been far inferior to the sources of supply of the Atlantic States. Professor Asa Gray tells us that out of the 66th genera and 155 species found in the forests east of the Rocky Mountains, only 31 genera and 78 species are found west of the mountains. The Pacific coast possesses no pawpaw, no linden or basswood, no locus trees, no cherry tree large enough for a timber tree, no gum trees, no sorrel tree, no calmia, no persimmon trees, not a holly, only one ash that may be called a timber tree, no catalpa or sassafras, not a single elmer hackberry, not a mulberry, not a hickory, not a hickory, or a beech, or a true chestnut. These facts would seem to indicate that the forest flora of North America entered it from the east, and that the Pacific States possess only those fragments of it that were able to struggle over or around the great dividing mountain chain. We thus see that the flora and fauna of America and Europe testify not only to the existence of Atlantis, but to the fact that in an earlier age it must have extended from the shores of one continent to those of the other, and by this bridge of land the plants and animals of one region pass to the other. The cultivation of the cotton plant and the manufacture of its product was known to both the old and new world. Herodotus describes it as the tree of India that bears a fleece more beautiful than that of the sheep. Columbus found the natives of the West Indies using cotton cloth. It was also found in Mexico and Peru. It is a significant fact that the cotton plant has been found growing wild in many parts of America, but never in the old world. This would seem to indicate that the plant was a native of America, and this is confirmed by the superiority of American cotton, and the further fact that the plants taken from America to India constantly degenerate, while those taken from India to America as constantly improve. There is a question whether the potato maize and tobacco were not cultivated in China, ages before Columbus discovered America. A recent traveler says, the interior of China along the course of the Yangtzei Kuyang is a land full of wonders. In one place, pisca cultural nurseries line the banks for nearly 50 miles. All sorts of inventions, the cotton gin included, claimed by Uruk Peans and Americans, are to be found there 40 centuries old. Plants yielding drugs of great value without number. The familiar tobacco and potato maize, white and yellow corn, and other plants believed to be indigenous to America, have been cultivated there from time immemorial. Boniface attributes a European or Asiatic origin to maize. The word maize is derived from Mahis or Mahis. The name of the plant in the language of the island of Haiti. And yet strange to many, in the Lettich and Livonian languages in the north of Europe, maize signifies bread. In Irish, maize is food, and in Old High German, maize is meat. May not likewise, the Spanish maize have anti-dated the time of Columbus, and borne testimony to early intercommunication between people of the old and new worlds. Is it to Atlantis we must look for the origin of nearly all our valuable plants? Darwin says, it has often been remarked that we do not owe a single useful plant to Australia. Or the Cape of Good Hope, countries abounding to an unparalleled degree with endemic species. Watch New Zealand, or to America south of the Plata, and according to some authors, not to America north of Mexico. In other words, the domesticated plants are only found within the limits of what I shall show hereafter was the Empire of Atlantis in its colonies. For only here was to be found an ancient, long-continuing civilization capable of developing from a wild state those plants which were valuable to man, including all the cereals on which today civilized man depends for subsistence. Monsieur Alphonse de Condole tells us that we owe 33 useful plants to Mexico, Peru, and Chile. According to the same high authority of 157 valuable cultivated plants, 85 can be traced back to their wild state. As to 40, there is doubt as to their origin, while 32 are utterly unknown in their aboriginal condition. Certain roses, the imperial lily, the tuberose, and the lilac are said to have been cultivated from such a vast antiquity that they are not known in their wild state. And these facts are the more remarkable because, as de Condole has shown, all the plants historically known to have been first cultivated in Europe still exist there in the wild state. The inference is strong that the great cereals, wheat, oats, barley, rye, and maize must have been first domesticated in a vast antiquity or in some continent which has since disappeared, carrying the original wild plants with it. Cereals of the age of stone in Europe. Darwin quotes approvingly the opinion of Mr. Bentham. As the result of all the most reliable evidence that none of the cerealia, wheat, rye, barley, and oats exist or have existed truly wild in their present state. In the Stone Age of Europe, five varieties of wheat and three of barley were cultivated. He says that it may be inferred from the presence in the lake habitations of Switzerland of a variety of wheat known as the Egyptian wheat, and from the nature of the weeds that grew among their crops, that the lake inhabitants either still kept up commercial intercourse with some southern people or had originally proceeded as colonists from the south. I should argue that they were colonists from the land where wheat and barley were first domesticated, to wit Atlantis. When the Bronze Age came, we find oats and rye making their appearance with the weapons of bronze, together with a peculiar kind of pea. Darwin concludes that wheat, barley, rye, and oats were either descended from ten or fifteen distinct species, most of which are now unknown or extinct, or from four or eight species closely resembling our present forms, or so widely different as to escape identification, and which latter case he says. Man must have cultivated the cereals at an enormously remote period, and at that time practiced some degree of selection. Rawlinson expresses the opinion that the ancient Assyrians possessed the pineapple. The representation on the monuments is so exact that I can scarcely doubt the pineapple being intended. The pineapple, Bermilia, and a NASA is supposed to be of American origin, and unknown to Europe before the time of Columbus, and yet, apart from the revelations of the Assyria monuments, there has been some dispute upon this point. Ancient Irish Pipes It is not even certain that the use of tobacco was not known to the colonists from Atlanta settled in Ireland in an age long ago to Sir Walter Raleigh. Great numbers of pipes have been found in the Wraths and the Tumulai of Ireland, which, there is every reason to believe, were placed there by men of the prehistoric period. The illustration on page 63 represents some of the so-called Dane's Pipes, now in the collection of the Royal Irish Academy. The Dane's entered Ireland many centuries before the time of Columbus, and if the pipes are theirs, they must have used tobacco or some substitute for it at this early period. It is probable, however, that the Tumulai of Ireland antidates the Dane's thousands of years. Ancient Indian Pipes, New Jersey Compare these pipes from the ancient mountains of Ireland with the accompanying picture of an Indian pipe of the Stone Age of New Jersey. Recent Portuguese travelers have found the most remote tribes of savage Negroes in Africa, holding no commercial intercourse with Europeans, using strangely shaped pipes in which they smoked a plant of the country. Investigations in America leads the conclusion that tobacco was first burned as an incense to the gods, the priests alone using the pipe, and from this beginning the extraordinary practice spread to the people and thence over all the world. It may have crossed the Atlantic in a remote age and have subsequently disappeared with the failure of retrograding colonists to raise the tobacco plant. Section 8 of Atlantis, The Antediluvian World, by Ignatius Loyola Donnelly This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org, recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Atlantis, The Antediluvian World, by Ignatius Loyola Donnelly. Section 8 Part 2, The Deluge, Chapter 1, The Destruction of Atlantis, Described in the Deluge Legends Having demonstrated, as we think successfully, that there is no improbability in the statement of Plato that a large island, almost a continent, existed in the past in the Atlantic ocean, nay more that it is a geological certainty that it did exist, and having further shown that it is not improbable but very possibly that it may have sunk beneath the sea in the manner described by Plato. We come now to the next question. Is the memory of this gigantic catastrophe preserved among the traditions of mankind? We think there can be no doubt that an affirmative answer must be given to this question. An event which in a few hours destroyed amid horrible convulsions, an entire country with all its vast population, that population, the ancestors of the great races of both continents, and they themselves, the custodians of the civilization of their age, could not fail to impress with terrible force the minds of men, and to project its gloomy shadow over all human history. And hence, whether we turn to the Hebrews, the Aryans, the Phoenicians, the Greeks, the Kushites, or the inhabitants of America, we find everywhere traditions of the Deluge, and we shall see that all these traditions point unmistakably to the destruction of Atlantis. François Lennermont says, contemporary review, November 1879. The result authorizes us to affirm the story of the Deluge to a universal tradition among all branches of the human race, with the one exception, however, of the black. Now a recollection thus precise and concordant cannot be a myth voluntarily invented. No religious or cosmogonic myth presents this character of universality. It must arise from the reminiscence of a real and terrible event, so powerfully impressing the imagination of the first ancestors of our race, as never to have been forgotten by their descendants. This cataclysm must have occurred near the first cradle of mankind, and before the dispersion of the families from which the principal races were to spring. For it would be at once improbable and uncritical to admit that, at as many different points of the globe as we should have to assume in order to explain the widespread of these traditions, local phenomena so exactly alike should have occurred, their memory having assumed an identical form, and presenting circumstances that need not necessarily have occurred to the mind in such cases. Let us observe, however, that probably the Deluvian tradition is not primitive but imported in America, that it undoubtedly wears the aspect of an importation among the rare populations of the yellow race where it is found, and lastly that it is doubtful among the Polynesians of Oceania. There will still remain three great races to which it is undoubtedly peculiar, who have not borrowed it from each other, but among whom the tradition is primitive, and goes back to the most ancient times, and these three races are precisely the only ones of which the Bible speaks as being descended from Noah, those of which it gives the ethnic affiliation in the 10th chapter of Genesis. This observation which I hold to be undeniable attaches a singularly historic and exact value to the tradition as recorded by the sacred book, even if, on the other hand, it may lead to giving it a more limited geographical and ethnological significance. But as the case now stands, we do not hesitate to declare that, far from being a myth, the biblical deluge is a real and historical fact, having, to say the least, left its impress on the ancestors of three races, Arian or Indo-European, Semitic or Syro-Arabian, Chemitic or Cushite, that is to say, on the three great civilized races of the ancient world, those which constitute the higher humanity before the ancestors of those races had as yet separated, and in the part of Asia they together inhabited. Such profound scholars and sincere Christians as M. Shvobel, Paris, 1858 and M. Omeylius Daloi, Brussels, 1866 deny the universality of the deluge and claim that, quote, it extended only to the principal center of humanity to those who remained near its primitive cradle without reaching the scattered tribes who had already spread themselves far away in almost desert regions. It is certain that the Bible narrative commences by relating facts common to the whole human species, confining itself subsequently to the annals of the race peculiarly chosen by the designs of Providence. End quote, Lennermand and Chevalier, Ancient History of the East, page 44. This theory is supported by that eminent authority on anthropology, M. de Katrefage, as well as by Cuvier. The reverend R. P. Bellingk, S. J., admits that it has nothing expressly opposed to orthodoxy. Plato identifies, quote, the great deluge of all, end quote, with the destruction of Atlantis. The priest of Sice told Solon that before, quote, the great deluge of all, end quote, Athens possessed a noble race who performed many noble deeds, the last and greatest of which was resisting the attempts of Atlantis to subjugate them. And after this came the destruction of Atlantis and the great convulsion which overwhelmed that island destroyed a number of the Greeks so that the Egyptians who possessed the memory of many partial deluges regarded this as, quote, the great deluge of all, end quote. End of part two, chapter one. End of section eight. Section nine, part two, chapter two of Atlantis, the antediluvian world by Ignatius Loyola Donnelly. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org, recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Atlantis, the antediluvian world by Ignatius Loyola Donnelly. Section nine, chapter two, the deluge of the Bible. We give first the Bible history of the deluge, as found in Genesis, chapter six to chapter eight. And it came to pass when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, that the sons of God saw the daughters of men, that they were fair, and they took them wives of all which they chose. And the Lord said, My spirit shall not always strive with man, for he also is flesh. Yet his days shall be a hundred and twenty years. There were giants in the earth in those days, and also after that, when the sons of God came in, none to the daughters of men, and they bear children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown. And God saw the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually, and it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart. And the Lord said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth, both man and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air, for it repenteth me that I have made them. But Noah found grace in the eyes of the Lord. These are the generations of Noah. Noah was a just man and perfect in his generations, and Noah walked with God, and Noah begat three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. The earth also was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence, and God looked upon the earth, and behold, it was corrupt, for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth, and God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me, for the earth is filled with violence through them, and behold, I will destroy them with the earth. Make thee an ark of gopher wood, rooms thou shalt make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch, and this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of. The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits. A window shalt thou make to the ark, and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above, and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof. With lower, second, and third stories shalt thou make it, and behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life from under heaven, and everything that is in the earth shall die. But with thee will I establish my covenant, and thou shalt come into the ark, thou and thy sons and thy wife and thy sons' wives with thee. And of every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep them alive with thee. They shall be male and female, of fowls after their kind, and of cattle after their kind. Of every creeping thing of the earth after its kind, two of every sort shall come unto thee, to keep them alive, and take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten, and thou shalt gather it to thee, and it shall be for food for thee and for them. Thus did Noah, according to all that God commanded him, so did he, and the Lord said unto Noah, Come thou and all thy house into the ark, for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation. Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens, the male and his female, and of beasts that are not clean by two, the male and his female, of fowls also of the air, by sevens, the male and the female, to keep seed alive upon the face of all the earth. For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth, forty days and forty nights, and every living substance that I have made will I destroy from off the face of the earth. And Noah did, according unto all that the Lord commanded him, and Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth. And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him, into the ark, because of the waters of the flood, of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls, and of everything that creepeth upon the earth. There went in two and two unto Noah into the ark, the male and the female, as God had commanded Noah. And it came to pass after seven days that the waters of the flood were upon the earth. In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened, and the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights, in the self-same day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons with him, into the ark. They and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort. And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, and they that went in went in male and female of all flesh, as God had commanded him, and the Lord shut him in. And the flood was forty days upon the earth, and the waters increased and bare upon the ark, and it was lifted up above the earth, and the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth, and the ark went upon the face of the waters, and the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth, and all the high hills that were under the whole heaven were covered. Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail, and the mountains were covered, and all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl and of cattle and of beast, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man, all in whose nostrils was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry land, died, and every living substance was destroyed, which was upon the face of the ground, both man and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven, and they were destroyed from the earth, and Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark, and the waters prevailed upon the earth a hundred and fifty days, and God remembered Noah, and every living thing, and all the cattle that was with him in the ark, and God made a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters assuaged. The fountains also of the deep, and the windows of heaven were stopped, and the rain from heaven was restrained, and the waters returned from off the earth continually, and after the end of the hundred and fifty days, and the ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat, and the waters decreased continually until the tenth month, in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, were the tops of the mountain scene, and it came to pass at the end of forty days that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made, and he sent forth a raven which went forth to and fro until the waters were dried up from off the earth, and also he sent forth a dove from him to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground, but the dove found no rest for the soul of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, for the waters were on the face of the whole earth, then he put forth his hand, and took her, and pulled her in unto him into the ark, and he stayed yet other seven days, and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark, and the dove came into him in the evening, and lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf plucked off, so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth, and he stayed yet other seven days, and sent forth the dove which returned not again unto him any more, and it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from off the earth, and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and behold, the face of the ground was dry, and in the second month, on the seventh and twentieth day of the month, was the earth dried, and God spake unto Noah saying, Go forth of the ark, thou and thy wife, and thy sons, and thy sons' wives with thee, bring forth with thee every living thing that is with thee, of all flesh both of fowl and of cattle, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth, that they may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful and multiply upon the earth, and Noah went forth, and his sons and his wife, and his sons' wives with him, every beast, every creeping thing, and every fowl and whatsoever creepeth upon the earth, after their kinds, went forth out of the ark, and Noah buildeth an altar unto the Lord, and took of every clean beast, and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt offerings on the altar, and the Lord smelled a sweet savor, and the Lord said in his heart, I will not again curse the ground anymore for man's sake, for the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth, neither will I again smite any more every thing living as I have done, while the earth remaineth seed, time, and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease. Let us briefly consider this record. It shows, taken in connection with the opening chapters of Genesis 1, that the land destroyed by water was the country in which the civilization of the human race originated. Adam was at first naked, Genesis chapter 3, 7, then he clothed himself in leaves, then in the skins of animals, chapter 3, 21. He was the first that tilled the earth, having emerged from a more primitive condition in which he lived upon the fruits of the forest, chapter 2, 16. His son Abel was the first of those that kept flocks of sheep, chapter 4, 2. His son Cain was the builder of the first city, chapter 4, 17. His descendant, Tubel Cain, was the first metallurgist, chapter 4, 22. Jabel was the first that erected tents, and kept cattle, chapter 4, 20. Jubel was the first that made musical instruments. We have here the successive steps by which a savage race advances to civilization. We will see here after that the Atlanteans passed through precisely similar stages of development. 2. The Bible agrees with Plato in the statement that these antediluvians had reached great populousness and wickedness, and that it was on account of their wickedness, God resolved to destroy them. 3. In both cases, the inhabitants of the doomed land were destroyed in a great catastrophe by the agency of water. They were drowned. 4. The Bible tells us that in an earlier age, before their destruction, mankind had dwelt in a happy, peaceful, sinless condition in a garden of Eden. Plato tells us the same thing of the earlier ages of the Atlanteans. 5. In both the Bible history and Plato's story, the destruction of the people was largely caused by the intermarriage of the superior or divine race, the sons of God, with an inferior stock, the children of men, whereby they were degraded, and rendered wicked. We will see here after that the Hebrews and their flood legend are closely connected with the Phoenicians, whose connection with Atlantis is established in many ways. It is now conceded by scholars that the genealogical table given in the Bible, Genesis chapter 10, is not intended to include the true Negro races, or the Chinese, the Japanese, the Finns or Laps, the Australians, or the American Red Men. It refers altogether to the Mediterranean races, the Aryans, the Kushites, the Phoenicians, the Hebrews, and the Egyptians. The sons of Ham were not true Negroes, but the dark brown races, C. Winchel's Pre-Adomites, chapter 7. If these races, the Chinese, Australians, Americans, etc., are not descended from Noah, they could not have been included in the deluge. If neither China, Japan, America, Northern Europe, nor Australia were depopulated by the deluge, the deluge could not have been universal. But as it is alleged that it did destroy a country and drowned all the people thereof except Noah and his family, the country so destroyed could not have been Europe, Asia, Africa, America, or Australia. For there has been no universal destruction of the people of those regions, or, if there had been, how can we account for the existence today of people of all those countries whose descent Genesis does not trace back to Noah, and in fact, about whom the writer of Genesis seems to have known nothing? We are thus driven to one of two alternative conclusions. Either the deluge record of the Bible is altogether fabulous, or it relates to some land other than Europe, Asia, Africa, or Australia, some land that was destroyed by water. It is not fabulous, and the land it refers to is not Europe, Asia, Africa, or Australia, but Atlantis. No other land is known to history or tradition that was overthrown in a great catastrophe by the agency of water that was civilized, populace, powerful, and given over to wickedness. That high and orthodox authority, Francois Lennermond says, quote, ancient history of the East, volume one page 64, the descendants of Shem, Ham, and Japheth, so admirably cataloged by Moses, include one only of the races of humanity, the white race, whose three chief divisions he gives us as now recognized by anthropologists. The other three races, yellow, black, and red, have no place in the Bible list of nations sprung from Noah, end quote. As therefore the deluge of the Bible destroyed only the land and people of Noah, it could not have been universal. The religious world does not pretend to fix the location of the Garden of Eden. The Reverend George Leo Hadock says, quote, the precise situation cannot be ascertained how great might be its extent, we do not know, and we will see hereafter that the unwritten traditions of the Church pointed to a region in the West, beyond the ocean which bounds Europe in that direction, as the locality in which, quote, mankind dwelt before the deluge, end quote. It will be more and more evident as we proceed in the consideration of the flood legends of other nations that the antediluvian world was none other than Atlantis. End of part two, chapter two. End of section nine. Section ten, part two, chapter three of Atlantis, the antediluvian world by Ignatius Loyola Donnelly. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org, recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Atlantis, the antediluvian world by Ignatius Loyola Donnelly. Section ten, chapter three, the deluge of the Chaldeans. We have two versions of the Chaldean story unequally developed indeed, but exhibiting a remarkable agreement. The one most anciently known, and also the shorter, is that which Beresus took from the sacred books of Babylon and introduced into the history that he wrote for the use of the Greeks. After speaking of the last nine antediluvian kings, the Chaldean priest continues thus, Obartis el Baratutu, being dead, his son Xissothros Chassisatra, reigned 18 Saris, 64,800 years. It was under him that the great deluge took place, the history of which is told in the sacred documents as follows. Cronos, Ea, appeared to him in his sleep, and announced that on the fifteenth of the month of Diceos, the Assyrian month Sivan, a little before the summer solstice, all men should perish by a flood. He therefore commanded him to take the beginning, the middle, and the end of whatever was consigned to writing, and to bury it in the city of the sun at Sipara, and to build a vessel, and to enter it with his family and dearest friends, to place in this vessel provisions to eat and drink, and to cause animals, birds, and quadrupeds to enter it. Lastly, to prepare everything for navigation, and when Xissothros inquired in what direction he should steer his bark, he was answered, toward the gods, and enjoined to pray that good might come of it for men. Xissothros obeyed, and constructed a vessel five stadia long, and five broad. He collected all that had been prescribed to him, and embarked his wife, his children, and his intimate friends. The deluge having come, and soon going down, Xissothros loosed some of the birds. These, finding no food nor placed a light on, returned to the ship. A few days later, Xissothros again let them free, but they returned again to the vessel, their feet full of mud. Finally, loosed the third time. The birds came no more back. Then Xissothros understood that the earth was bare. He made an opening in the roof of the ship, and saw that it had grounded on the top of a mountain. He then descended with his wife, his children, and his pilot, who worshipped the earth, raised an altar, and there sacrificed to the gods, at the same moment he vanished with those who accompanied him. Meanwhile, those who had remained in the vessel, not seeing Xissothros return, descended to, and began to seek him, calling him by name. They saw Xissothros no more, but a voice from heaven was heard commanding them, piety toward the gods, that he indeed was receiving the reward of his piety, in being carried away to dwell thenceforth, in the midst of the gods, and that his wife, his daughter, and the pilot of the ship, shared the same honor. The voice further said that they were to return to Babylon, and conformably, to the decrees of fate, dissenter the writings buried at Sipara, in order to transmit them to men. It added that the country in which they found themselves was Armenia. These then, having heard the voice, sacrificed to the gods, and returned on foot to Babylon. Of the vessel of Xissothros, which had finally landed in Armenia, a portion is still to be found in the Gordian mountains in Armenia, and pilgrims bring thence asphalt, that they have scraped from its fragments. It is used to keep off the influence of witchcraft. As to the companions of Xissothros, they came to Babylon, dissenter the writings left at Sipara, founded numerous cities, built temples, and restored Babylon. By the side of this version says Lenormon, which, interesting though it be, is after all second hand, we are now able to place an original Chaldeo-Babylonian edition, which the lamented George Smith was the first to decipher on the cuneiform tablets exhumed at Nineveh, and now in the British Museum. Here the narrative of the deluge appears as an episode in the eleventh tablet, or eleventh chant of the great epic of the town of Uruk. The hero of this poem, a kind of Hercules, whose name has not as yet been made out with certainty, being attacked by disease, a kind of leprosy, goes with a view to its cure, to consult the patriarch saved from the deluge, Xissothro, in the distant land to which the gods have transported him, there to enjoy eternal felicity. He asks Xissothro to reveal the secret of the events which led to his obtaining the privilege of immortality, and thus the patriarch is induced to relate the cataclysm. By a comparison of the three copies of the poem that the library of the palace of Nineveh contained, it has been possible to restore the narrative with hardly any breaks. These three copies were, by order of the king of Assyria, Ashurbanabal, made in the 8th century BC from a very ancient specimen in the sacerdotal library of the town of Uruk, founded by the monarchs of the First Chaldean Empire. It is difficult precisely to fix the date of the original, copied by Assyrian scribes, but it goes back to the ancient empire, 17 centuries at least, before our era, and even probably beyond. It was therefore much anterior to Moses, and nearly contemporaneous with Abraham. The variations presented by the three existing copies prove that the original was in the primitive mode of writing called the Hieratic, a character which must have already become difficult to decipher in the 8th century BC, as the copyists had differed as to the interpretation to be given to certain signs, and in other cases have simply reproduced exactly the forms of such as they did not understand. Finally, it results from a comparison of these variations that the original, transcribed by order of Ashurbanabal, must itself have been a copy of some still more ancient manuscript, it which the original text had already received interlinear comments. Some of the copyists have introduced these into their text, others have omitted them. With these preliminary observations, I proceed to give integrally the narrative ascribed in the poem to Khasi Satra. I will reveal to thee always to Bar, the history of my preservation, and tell to thee the decision of the gods. The town of Shuripak, a town which thou knowest, is situated on the Euphrates. It was ancient, and in it men did not honour the gods. I alone, I was their servant, to the great gods. The gods took counsel on the appeal of An, a deluge was proposed by Bell, and approved by Nabon, Nergal, and Adar. And the god Aya, the immutable lord, repeated this command in a dream. I listened to the decree of fate that he announced, and he said to me, Man of Shuripak, son of Ubaratutu, thou build a vessel and finish it quickly. By a deluge I will destroy substance and life, cause thou to go up into the vessel the substance of all that has life. The vessel thou shall build, 600 cubits shall be the measure of its length, and 60 cubits the amount of its breadth, and of its height. Launch it thus on the ocean, and cover it with a roof. I understood, and I said to Aya my lord, the vessel that thou commandest me to build thus, when I shall do it, young and old shall laugh at me. Aya opened his mouth and spoke, he said to me, his servant, if they laugh at thee, thou shalt say to them, shall be punished he who has insulted me, for the protection of the gods is over me, like to caverns. I will exercise my judgment on that which is on high, and that which is below. Close the vessel at a given moment that I shall cause thee to know, enter into it, and draw the door of the ship toward thee. Within it thy grains, thy furniture, thy provisions, thy riches, thy men servants, and thy maid servants, and thy young people, the cattle of the field, and the wild beasts of the plain, that I will assemble, and that I will send thee, shall be kept behind thy door. Chassisatra opened his mouth and spoke, he said to Aya his lord, no one has made such a ship, on the prow I will fix, I shall see, and the vessel, the vessel thou commandest me to build thus which in. On the fifth day the two sides of the bark were raised, in its covering fourteen and all were its rafters, fourteen and all did it count above, I placed its roof, and I covered it, I embarked in it on the sixth day, I divided its floors on the seventh, I divided the interior compartments on the eighth, I stopped up the chinks through which the water entered in, I visited the chinks, and added what was wanting, I poured on the exterior three times three thousand six hundred measures of asphalt, and three times three thousand six hundred measures of asphalt within, three times three thousand six hundred men, porters brought on their beads the chests of provisions, I kept three thousand six hundred chests for the nourishment of my family, and the mariners divided among themselves twice three thousand six hundred chests, for provisioning I had oxen slain, I instituted rations for each day, in anticipation of the need of drinks of barrels and of wine, I collected in quantity like to the waters of a river, of provisions in quantity like the dust of the earth, to arrange them in the chests I set my hand to, of the sun, the vessel was completed, strong, and I carried above and below the furniture of the ship, the lading filled the two thirds, all that I possessed I gathered together, all I possessed of silver I gathered together, all I possessed of gold I gathered, all that I possessed of the substance of life of every kind I gathered together, I made all ascend into the vessel, my servants male and female, the cattle of the fields, the wild beasts of the plains, and the sons of the people, I made them all ascend, shamash the sun made the moment determined, and he announced it in these terms, in the evening I will cause it to rain abundantly from heaven, enter into the vessel and close the door, the fixed moment had arrived, when he announced in these terms, in the evening I will cause it to rain abundantly from heaven, when the evening of that day arrived, I was afraid, I entered into the vessel and shut my door, in shutting the vessel to Buzur Shadi Rabi the pilot, I confided this dwelling, with all that it contained, Musheri Inanamari rose from the foundations of heaven in a black cloud, Raman, thundered in the midst of the cloud, and Nabon and Sharru marched before, they marched devastating the mountain and the plain, Nergal the powerful dragged chastisements after him, Adar advanced overthrowing before him, the archangels of the abyss brought destruction, in their terrors they agitated the earth, the inundation of Raman swelled up the sky, and the earth became without luster, was changed into a desert, they broke of the surface of the earth like, they destroyed the living beings of the surface of the earth, the terrible deluge on men swelled up to heaven, the brother no longer saw his brother, men no longer knew each other, in heaven the gods became afraid of the waterspout, and sought a refuge, they mounted up to the heaven of Anu, the gods were stretched out motionless, pressing one against another like dogs, Ishtar wailed like a child, the great goddess pronounced her discourse, here is humanity returned into mud, and this is the misfortune that I have announced in the presence of the gods, so I announced the misfortune in the presence of the gods, for the evil I announced the terrible chastisement of men who are mine, I am the mother who gave birth to men, and like to the race of fishes, there they are filling the sea, and the gods by reason of that which the archangels of the Abyss are doing, weep with me, the gods on their seats were seated in tears, and they held their lips closed, revolving future things, six days and as many nights passed, the wind, the waterspout, and the diluvian rain were in all their strength, at the approach of the seventh day, the diluvian rain grew weaker, the terrible waterspout, which had assailed after the fashion of an earthquake, grew calm, the sea inclined to dry up, and the wind and the waterspout came to an end, I looked at the sea, attentively observing, and the whole of humanity had returned to mud, like unto seaweeds the corpses floated, I opened the window, and the light smote on my face, I was seized with sadness, I sat down, and I wept, and my tears came over my face, I looked at the regions bounding the sea, toward the twelve points of the horizon, not any continent, the vessel was born over the land of Nisir, the mountains of Nisir arrested the vessel, and did not permit it to pass over, a day, and a second day, the mountain of Nisir arrested the vessel, and did not permit it to pass over, the third and fourth day, the mountain of Nisir arrested the vessel, and did not permit it to pass over, the fifth and sixth day, the mountain of Nisir arrested the vessel, and did not permit it to pass over, at the approach of the seventh day, I sent out and loosed a dove, the dove went, turned, and found no place to light on, and it came back, I sent out and loosed a swallow, the swallow went, turned, and found no place to light on, and it came back, I sent out and loosed a raven, the raven went and saw the corpses on the waters, it ate, rested, turned, and came not back, I then sent out what was in the vessel, to ward the four winds, and I offered a sacrifice, I raised the pile of my burnt offering on the peak of the mountain, seven by seven, I disposed the measured vases, and beneath I spread rushes, cedar, and juniper wood, the gods were seized with the desire of it, the gods were seized with a benevolent desire of it, and the gods assembled like flies over the master of the sacrifice, from afar, in approaching, the great goddess raised the great zones that Anu had made for their glory, the gods, these gods, luminous crystal before me, I will never leave them, in that day I pray that I might never leave them, let the gods come to my sacrificial pile, but never may bell come to my sacrificial pile, for he did not master himself, and he has made the water spout for the deluge, and he has numbered my men for the pit, from far, in drawing near, bell saw the vessel, and bell stopped, he was filled with anger against the gods, and the celestial archangels, no one shall come out alive, no man shall be preserved from the abyss, Adar opened his mouth and said, he said to the warrior bell, what other than Ea should have formed this resolution, for Ea possesses knowledge, and he foresees all, Ea opened his mouth and spake, he said to the warrior bell, O thou, herald of the gods, warrior, as thou didst not master thyself, thou hast made the water spout of the deluge, let the sinner carry the weight of his sins, the blasphemer, the weight of his blasphemy, please thyself with this good pleasure, and it shall never be infringed, faith in it never shall be violated, instead of thy making a new deluge, let lions appear and reduce the number of men, instead of thy making a new deluge, let hyenas appear and reduce the number of men, instead of thy making a new deluge, let there be famine, and let the earth be devastated, instead of thy making a new deluge, let dibbara appear and let men be moaned down, I have not revealed the decision of the great gods, it is chasy satra who interpreted a dream, and comprehended what the gods had decided. Then, when his resolve was arrested, bell entered into the vessel, he took my hand, and made me rise, he made my wife rise, and made her place herself at my side, he turned around us, and stopped short, he approached our group, until now chasy satra has made part of perishable humanity, but lo, now chasy satra and his wife are going to be carried away to live like the gods, and chasy satra will reside afar at the mouth of the rivers, they carried me away, and established me in a remote place at the mouth of the streams. This narrative says Lenormand follows with great exactness the same course as that, or rather as those of Genesis, and the analogies are, on both sides, striking. When we consider these two forms of the same legend, we see many points, wherein the story points directly to Atlantis. One, in the first place, Beresus tells us that the god who gave warning of the coming of the Deluge was Cronos. Cronos, it is well known, was the same as Saturn. Saturn was the ancient king of Italy, who, far anterior to the founding of Rome, introduced civilization from some other country to the Italians. He established industry and social order, filled the land with plenty, and created the golden age of Italy. He was suddenly removed to the abodes of the gods. His name is connected in the mythological legends with a great Saturnian continent in the Atlantic Ocean, and a great kingdom which, in the remote ages, embraced northern Africa, and the European coast of the Mediterranean, as far as the peninsula of Italy, and, quote, certain islands in the sea, end quote, agreeing in this respect with the story of Plato as to the dominions of Atlantis. The Romans called the Atlantic Ocean Cronium mare, the sea of Cronos, thus identifying Cronos with that ocean. The pillars of Hercules were also called by the ancients, quote, the pillars of Cronos, end quote. Here then, we have convincing testimony that the country referred to in the Chaldean legends was the land of Cronos or Saturn, the ocean world, the dominion of Atlantis. Two, Heia or Eia, the god of the Nineveh tablets, was a fish god. He was represented in the Chaldean monuments as half man and half fish. He was described as the god, not of the rivers and seas, but of, quote, the abyss, end quote, to wit the ocean. He it was who was said to have brought civilization and letters to the ancestors of the Assyrians. He clearly represented an ancient maritime, civilized nation. He came from the ocean and was associated with some land and people that had been destroyed by rain and inundations. The fact that the scene of the deluge is located on the Euphrates proves nothing, for we will see hereafter that almost every nation had its a special mountain on which, according to its traditions, the ark rested, just as every Greek tribe had its own particular mountain of Olympus. The god Bell of the legend was the ball of the Phoenicians who, as we shall show, were of Atlantean origin. Bell or ball was worshiped on the western and northern coasts of Europe and gave his name to the Baltic, the Great and Little Belt, Balisbaugan, Balistranden, etc., and to many localities in the British Isles, as, for instance, Belen and the Ball Hills in Yorkshire. Three, in those respects, were in the Chaldean legend. Evidently the older form of the tradition differs from the biblical record. We see that in each instance we approach nearer to Atlantis. The account given in Genesis is the form of the tradition that would be natural to an inland people. Although there is an allusion to, quote, the breaking up of the fountains of the Great Deep, end quote, about which I will speak more fully hereafter, the principal destruction seems to have been accomplished by rain, hence the greater period allowed for the deluge to give time enough for the rain to fall and subsequently drain off from the land. A people dwelling in the midst of a continent could not conceive the possibility of a whole world sinking beneath the sea. They therefore suppose the destruction to have been caused by a continuous downpour of rain for 40 days and 40 nights. In the Chaldean legend, on the contrary, the rain lasted but seven days. We see that the writer had a glimpse of the fact that the destruction occurred in the midst of or near the sea. The Ark of Genesis, Tay Ba, was simply a chest, a coffer, a big box, such as might be imagined by an inland people. The Ark of the Chaldeans was a veritable ship. It had a prow, a helm, and a pilot, and men to manage it, and it navigated, quote, the sea, end quote. For the Chaldean legend represents not a mere rainstorm, but a tremendous cataclysm. There was rain, it is true, but there was also thunder, lightning, earthquakes, wind, a water spout, and a devastation of mountain and land by the war of the elements. All the dreadful forces of nature were fighting together over the doomed land, quote, the Archangel of the Abyss brought destruction. The water rose to the sky. The brother no longer saw his brother. Men no longer knew each other, end quote. The men, quote, filled the sea like fishes, end quote. The sea was filled with mud, end quote. The corpses floated like seaweed, end quote. When the storm abated, the land had totally disappeared. There was no longer, quote, any continent, end quote. Does not all this accord with, quote, the dreadful day and night, end quote, described by Plato? Five. In the original it appears that Isthubar, when he started to find the deified Chasisatra, traveled first for nine days journey to the sea, then secured the services of a boatman, and entering a ship sailed for fifteen days before finding the Chaldean Noah. This would show that Chasisatra dwelt in a far country, one only attainable by crossing the water, and this too seemed like a reminiscence of the real site of Atlantis. The sea which a sailing vessel required fifteen days to cross must have been a very large body of water, in fact, an ocean, end of part two chapter three, end of section ten. Atlantis, the anti-Diluvian world by Ignatius Loyola Donnelly. Chapter four. The Deluge Legends of Other Nations. A collection of the Deluge Legends of Other Nations will throw light upon the biblical and Chaldean records of that great event. The author of the treatise On the Syrian Goddess acquaints us with the Diluvian tradition of the Aramaans, directly derived from that of Chaldea as it was narrated in the celebrated sanctuary of Heriopolis, or Bembeis. The generality of people, he says, tells us that the founder of the temple was Dukalian Cicethes, that Dukalian in whose time the great indentation occurred. I have also heard the account given by the Greeks themselves of Dukalion. The myth runs thus. The actual race of men is not the first, for there was a previous one, all the members of which perished. We belong to a second race, descended from Dukalion, and multiplied in the course of time. As to the former men, they are said to have been full of insolence and pride, committing many crimes, disregarding their oath, neglecting the rights of hospitality, unsparing disciplines. Accordingly, they were punished by an immense disaster. All on a sudden enormous volumes of water issued from the earth and rains of extraordinary abundance began to fall. The rivers left their beds and the sea overflowed its shores. The whole earth was covered with water, and all men perished. Dukalian alone, because of his virtue and piety, was preserved alive to give birth to a new race. This is how he was saved. He placed himself, his children and his wives, in a great coffer that he had, in which pigs, horses, lions, serpents, and all other terrestrial animals came to seek refuge with him. He received them all, and while they were in the coffer, Zeus inspired them with reciprocal amity, which prevented their devouring one another. In this manner, shut up within one single coffer they floated as long as the waters remained in force, such as the account given by the Greeks of Dukalion. But to this, which they equally tell, the people of Heriopolis add a marvellous narrative that in their country a great chasm opened into which all the waters of the Deluge poured. Then Dukalion raised an altar and dedicated a temple to Hera, at Arcatis, close to this very chasm. I have seen it, it is very narrow and situated under the temple. Whether it was once large and has now shrunk I do not know, but I have seen it, and it is quite small. In memory of the event the following is the rite accomplished. Twice a year sea water is brought to the temple. This is not only done by the priests, but numerous pilgrims come from the whole of Syria and Arabia, and even from beyond the Udfrates, bringing water. It is poured out in the temple and goes into the cleft, which, narrow as it is, follows up a considerable quantity. This is said to be in virtue of religious law instituted by Dukalion to preserve the memory of the catastrophe, and of the benefits that he received from the gods. Such is the ancient tradition of the temple. It appears to me difficult, says Lenor Montt, to recognize an echo of fables popular in all Semitic countries about this chasm of Heriopolis, and the part it played in the Deluge, in the enigmatic expressions of the Qur'an respecting the oven, Tanor, which began to bubble in disgorged water all around at the commencement of the Deluge. We know that this Tanor has been the occasion of most grotesque imaginings of Muslim commentators, who had lost the tradition of the story to which Muhammad made illusion. And moreover, the Qur'an formally states that the waters of the Deluge were absorbed in the bosom of the earth. Here the Zisuthros of Barassus becomes Dukalion's Sysithes. The animals are not collected together by Dukalion, as in the case of Noah and Cassis Satra, but they crowded into the vessel of their own accord, driven by the terror with which the storm had inspired them. As in great calamities, the creatures of the forest have been known to seek refuge in the houses of men. India affords us an account of the Deluge which, by its poverty, strikingly contrasts with that of the Bible and the Chaldeans. Its most simple and ancient form is found in the Satapatha Brahmana of the Rig Veda. It has been translated for the first time by Max Müller. One morning water for washing was brought to Manu and when he had washed himself a fish remained in his hands and it addressed these words to him, Protect me and I will save thee. From what built thou save me? A Deluge will sweep all creatures away. It is from that I will save thee. How shall I protect thee? The fish replied, While we are small we run great dangers for fish swallow fish. Keep me at first in a vase. When I become too large for it dig a basin to put me in. When I shall have grown still more, throw me into the ocean, then I shall be preserved from destruction. Soon it grew a large fish. It said to Manu, The very year I shall have reached my full growth the Deluge will happen. Then build a vessel and worship me. When the waters rise enter the vessel and I will save thee. After keeping him thus Manu carried the fish to the sea. In the year indicated Manu built a vessel and worshiped the fish and when the Deluge came he entered the vessel. Then the fish came swimming up to him and man fastened the cable of the ship to the horn of the fish by which means the latter made it pass over the mountain of the north. The fish said, I have saved thee. Fasten the vessel to a tree that the water may not sweep it away while thou art on the mountain and in proportion as the waters decrease thou shalt descend. Manu descended with the waters and this is what is called the descent of Manu on the mountain of the north. The Deluge had carried away all creatures and Manu remained alone. There is another form of the Hindu legend in the Puranas. Lenormand says, We must also remark that in the Puranas it is no longer Manu Vaivisata that the divine fish saves from the Deluge, but a different personage. The king of the Dastas, i.e. Fisher, Satiravata, the man who loves justice and truth, is strikingly corresponding to the Kaldian Kasisatra. Nor is the Puranic version of the legend of the Deluge to be despised, though it be of recent date, and full of fantastic and often purile details. In certain aspects it is less Aryanized than that of the Ramana or than the Mahabharata, and above all it gives some circumstances omitted in these earlier versions which must yet have belonged to the original foundation since they appear in the Babylonian legend. A circumstance preserved no doubt by the oral tradition, popular and not Brahmanic, with which the Puranas are so deeply imbued. This has already been observed by Pictit, who lays due stress on the following passage of the Bhagavata Puranas. In seven days, said Vishnu to Satiravata, the three worlds shall be submerged. There is nothing like this in the Brahmana nor the Mahabharata, but in Genesis the Lord said to Noah, Yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth, and a little farther we read, after seven days the waters of the flood were upon the earth. Nor must we pay less attention to the directions given by the Fish God to Satiravata for the placing of the sacred scriptures in a safe place, in order to preserve them from the Hayagriva, a marine horse dwelling in the Abyss. We recognize in it under an Indian garb the very tradition of the interment of the sacred writings at Sipara by Cassisatra, such as we have seen it in the fragment of Borosis. The references to the three worlds and the Fish God in these legends point to Atlantis. The three worlds probably refers to the great empire of Atlantis, described by Plato, to Witt, the western continent of America, the eastern continent Europe and Africa, considered as one, and the island of Atlantis. As we have seen, Poseidon, the founder of the civilization of Atlantis, is identical with Neptune, who was always represented riding a dolphin, bearing a trident or three prong symbol in his hand, emblematic probably of the triple kingdom. He is thus a Sea God or Fish God, and he comes to save the representative of his country. And we have also a new and singular form of the legend in the following. Lenormant says, Among the Iranians in the sacred books containing the fundamental Zoroastrian doctrines, and dating very far back, we meet with the tradition, which must assuredly be looked upon as a variety of that of the deluge, though possessing a special character and diverging in some essential particulars from those we have been examining. It relates how Yema, who in the original and primitive conception was the father of the human race, was warned by a Hurra Mazda, the good deity, of the earth being about to be a devastated by a flood. The God ordered Yema to construct a refuge, a square garden, vada, protected by an enclosure, and to cause the germs of men, beasts, and plants to enter it in order to escape annihilation. Accordingly, when the inundation occurred, the garden of Yema, with all that it contained, was alone spared, and the message of safety was brought thither by the bird Karshipta, the envoy of a Hurra Mazda. Venuded, volume two, page 46. This clearly signifies that prior to the destruction of Atlantis, a colony had been sent out to some neighboring country. These immigrants built a walled town and brought to it the grains and domestic animals of the mother country, and when the island of Atlantis sunk in the ocean, a messenger brought the terrible tidings to them in a ship. The Greeks had two principal legends as to the cataclysm by which primitive humanity was destroyed. The first was connected with the name of Ogigus, the most ancient of the kings of Boeisha or Attica, a quite mythical personage lost in the night of ages, his very name seemingly derived from one signifying Deluge in Arian idioms in Sanskrit, Anga. It is said that in his time the whole land was covered by a flood whose waters reached the sky and from which he, together with some companions, escaped in a vessel. The second tradition is the Thessalian legend of Dukalian. Zeus, having worked to destroy the men of the age of bronze with whose crimes he was wroth, Dukalian, by the advice of Prometheus, his father, constructed a coffer in which he took refuge with his wife Pyrrha. The Deluge came, the chest or coffer floated at the mercy of the waves for nine days and nine nights, and was finally stranded on Mount Parnassus. Dukalian and Pyrrha leave it, offer sacrifice, and according to the command of Zeus, re-people the world by throwing behind them the bones of the earth, namely stones, which change into men. This Deluge of Dukalian is in Grecian tradition what most resembles a universal Deluge. Many authors affirmed that it extended to the whole earth and that the whole human race perished. At Athens, in memory of the event, and to appease the mains of its victims, a ceremony called Hydrophoria was observed, having so close a resemblance to that in use at Heriopolis, in Syria, that we can hardly fail to look upon it as a serophonation importation, and the result of an assimilation established in remote antiquity between the Deluge of Dukalian and that of Cassisatra, as described by the author of the treatise on the Syrian goddess. Close to the temple of the Olympian Zeus, a fissure in the soil was shown in length but one qubit, through which it was said the waters of the Deluge had been swallowed up. Thus every year on the third day of the festival of Enthisteria, a day of mourning consecrated to the dead, that is on the thirteenth of the month of Enthisterian, toward the beginning of March, it was customary, as at Bambis, took poor water into the fissure, together with flour mixed with honey, poured also into the trench dug to the west of the tomb in the funeral sacrifices of the Athenians. In this legend also there are passages which point to Atlantis. We will see hereafter that the Greek god Zeus was one of the kings of Atlantis. The man of the age of bronze indicates the civilization of the doomed people. They were the great metallurgists of their day, who, as we will see, were probably the source of the great number of implements and weapons of bronze found all over Europe. Here also, while no length of time is assigned to the duration of the storm, we find that the ark floated but nine days and nights. Noah was one year and ten days in the ark. Cassisatra was not half that time, while Ducalion was afloat only nine days. At Megara, in Greece, it was the eponym of the city Megaros, son of Zeus and one of the nymphs, Sithnides, who, governed by the cry of cranes of the imminence of the danger of the coming flood, took refuge on Mount Geranian. Again, there was the Thessalian Sarambos, who was said to have escaped the flood by rising into the Aeron wings given him by the nymphs, and it was Perorus, son of Aeolus, that Zeus Nios had preserved at Dodona. For the inhabitants of the Isle of Coase, the hero of the Deluge was Merops, son of Hius, who there assembled under his rule the remnant of humanity preserved with him. The traditions of Rhodes only supposed to tell Chines, those of Crete's Cezion, to have escaped the Cataclysm. In Samothratia, the same character was attributed to Sion, said to be the son of Zeus or of Hermes. It will be observed that in all these legends the name of Zeus, King of Atlantis, reappears. It would appear probable that many parties had escaped from the catastrophe, and had landed at the different points named in the traditions, or else that colonies had already been established by the Atlanteans at those places. It would appear impossible that a maritime people could be totally destroyed. Doubtless many were on ship-board in the harbors, and others going and coming on distant voyages. The Invasion of the East, says Baldwin, prehistoric nations, page 396, to which the story of Atlantis refers, seems to have given rise to the Panathenae, the oldest, greatest, and most splendid festivals in honor of Athena celebrated in Attica. These festivals are said to have been established by Eric Thonus in the most ancient times remembered by the historical traditions of Athens. Book says of them in his commentary on Plato. In the greater Panathenae there was carried in procession a peplum of Minerva, representing the war with the giants and the victory of the gods of Olympus. In the lesser Panathenae they carried another peplum, covered with symbolic devices, which showed how the Athenians, supported by Minerva, had the advantage in the war with the Atlantis. Ascolia, quoted from Proclus by Humboldt and Burke, says, the historians who speak of the islands of the exterior sea tell us that in their time there were seven islands consecrated to prosopene, and three others of immense extent of which the first was consecrated to Pluto, the second to Ammon, and the third to Neptune. The inhabitants of the latter had preserved a recollection, transmitted to them by their ancestors, of the island of Atlantis which was extremely large, and for a long time held sway over all the islands of the Atlantic Ocean. Atlantis was also consecrated to Neptune. C. Humboldt's Histoire de la Géographie de Nouveau Continon, Vol. 1 No one can read these legends, and doubt that the flood was an historical reality. It is impossible that in two different places in the Old World, remote from each other, religious ceremonies should have been established and perpetuated from age to age in memory of an event which never occurred. We've seen that it was Athens and Heriopolis in Syria. Pilgrims came from a distance to appease the god of the earthquake by pouring offerings into fishers of the earth, said to have been made at the time Atlantis was destroyed. More than this, we know from Plato's history that the Athenians long preserved in their books the memory of a victory won over the Atlanteans in the early ages, and celebrated it by national festivals, with processions and religious ceremonies. It is too much to ask us to believe that Biblical history, Chaldean, Iranian, and Greek legends signify nothing, and that even religious pilgrimages and national festivities were based upon a myth. I would call attention to the farther fact that in the deluge legend of the Isle of Kos, the hero of the affair was Maraps. Now we have seen that according to Theopompus, one of the names of the people of Atlantis was Marapes. But we have not reached the end of our flood legends. The Persian Magi possessed a tradition in which the waters issued from the oven of an old woman. Muhammad borrowed this story, and in the Quran he refers to the deluge as coming from an oven. All men were drowned, saved Noah and his family, and then God said, O earth, swallow up thy waters, and thou O heaven withhold thy reign, and immediately the waters abated. In the bardic poems of Wales we have a tradition of the deluge which, although recent, under the concise forms of the triads, is still deserving of attention. As usual the legend is localised in the country, and the deluge counts among three terrible catastrophes of the island of Pridian, or Britain, the other two consisting of devastation by fire and by drought. The first of these events, it is said, was the eruption of Jinjilion, or the lake of waves, and the inundation, Bavd, of the whole country, by which all mankind was drowned with the exception of Dvifam and Dvifach, who saved themselves in a vessel without rigging, and it was by them that the island of Pridian was repealed. Picked it, here observes, although the triads in their actual form hardly date farther than the 13th or 14th century, some of them are undoubtedly connected with very ancient traditions, and nothing here points to a borrowing from Genesis. But it is not so, perhaps, with another triad, speaking of the vessel Nefidnaf Nefion, which at the time of the overthrow of Zhiyun Zhiyun bore a pair of all living creatures, and rather too much resembles the Ark of Noah. The very name of the patriarch may have suggested this triple epithet, obscure as to its meaning, but evidently formed on the principle of simric alliteration. In the same triad we have the enigmatic story of the horned oxen, Uchain Benol, of Hu the mighty, who drew out of Zhiyun Zhiyun the avanc, beaver or crocodile, in order that the lake should not overflow. The meaning of these enigmas could only be hoped from deciphering the chaos of barbaric monuments of the Welsh middle age, but meanwhile we cannot doubt that the Simri possessed an indigenous tradition of the Deluge. We also find a vestige of the same tradition in the Scandinavian Ealdah. Here the story is combined with a cosmogonic myth. The three sons of Bohr, Otin, Vili, and Ve, grandsons of Bohri, the first man, Slay Ymir, the father of the Hrmthursa, or ice giants, and his body serves them for the construction of the world. Blood flows from his wounds in such abundance that all the race of giants is drowned in it, except Bergolomir, who saves himself with his wife in a boat and reproduces the race. In the Edda of Zumund, the Vala's prophecy, we seem to catch a traditional glimpse of a terrible catastrophe which reminds us of the Chaldean legend. Then trembles Yggdrasil's ash yet standing, groans that ancient tree, and the Yurten Loki is loosed. The shadows groan on the ways of hell, the goddess of death, until the fire of sort has consumed the tree. Hrm steers from the east, the waters rise, the mundane snake is coiled in Yurten rage. The worm beats the water and the eagle screams, the pale of beak tears carcasses, the ship Nalgfar is loosed. Surt from the south comes with flickering flame, shines from his sword the valgod sun. The stony hills are dashed together, the giantus is totter, men tread the path of hell, and heaven is cloven. The sun darkens, earth and ocean sinks, fall from heaven the bright stars, fire's breath assails the all-nourishing, towering fire plays against heaven itself. Egypt does not contain a single illusion to the flood. Lenormand says, While the tradition of the Deluge holds so considerable a place in the legendary memories of all branches of the Aryan race, the monuments and original texts of Egypt, with their many cosmogonic speculations, have not afforded one even distant illusion to this cataclysm. When the Greeks told the Egyptian priests of the Deluge of Dukalion their reply was that they had been preserved from it as well as from the conflagration produced by Phaethon. They even added that the Hellenace were childish in attaching so much importance to that event, as there had been several other local catastrophes resembling it. According to a passage in Manetho, much suspected, however, of being an interpolation, Thoth, or Hermes Trismegistus, had himself before the cataclysm inscribed on Stelae in hieroglyphical and sacred language the principles of all knowledge. After it, the second Thoth translated into the vulgar tongue the contents of the Stelae. This would be the only Egyptian mention of the Deluge, the same Manetho not speaking of it in what remains to us of his dynasties, his only complete authentic work. The silence of all other myths of the pharaonic religion on this head render it very likely that the above is merely a foreign tradition recently introduced, and no doubt of Asiatic and Chaldean origin. To my mind, the explanation of this singular omission is very plain. The Egyptians had preserved in their annals the precise history of the destruction of Atlantis out of which the flood legends grew, and as they told the Greeks there had been no universal flood but only local catastrophes. Possessing the real history of the local catastrophe which destroyed Atlantis, they did not indulge in any myths about a universal Deluge covering the mountaintops of all the world. They had no error at in their neighborhood. The traditions of the early Christian ages touching the Deluge pointed to the quarter of the world in which Atlantis was situated. There was a quaint old monk named Cosmos who about one thousand years ago published a book, Topographia Cristiana, accompanied by a map in which he gives his view of the world as it was then understood. It was a body surrounded by water and resting on nothing. The earth, says Cosmos, presses downward, but the igneous parts tend upward, and between the conflicting forces the earth hangs suspended, like Muhammad's coffin in the old story. The accompanying illustration, page 95, represents the earth surrounded by the ocean, and beyond this ocean was the land where men dwelt before the Deluge. He then gives us a more accurate map in detail of the known world of his day. I copy this map not to show how much more we know than poor Cosmos, but because he taught that all around this habitable world there was yet another world, adhering closely on all sides to the circumscribing walls of heaven. Upon the eastern side of this transmarine land he judges man was created, and that there the Paradise of Gladness was located, such as here on the eastern edges described, where it received our first parents driven out of Paradise, to that extreme point of land on the seashore. Hence, upon the coming of the Deluge, Noah and his sons were born by the ark to the earth we now inhabit. The four rivers he supposes to be gushing up the spouts of Paradise. They are depicted on the above map. O is the Mediterranean Sea, P the Arabian Gulf, L the Caspian Sea, Q the Tigris, M the River Pizon, and J the land where men dwelt before the flood. It will be observed that while he locates Paradise in the east he places the scene of the Deluge in the west, and he supposes that Noah came from the scene of the Deluge to Europe. This shows that the traditions in the time of Cosmos look to the west as the place of the Deluge, and that after the Deluge, Noah came to the shores of the Mediterranean. The fact, too, that there was land in the west beyond the ocean is recognized by Cosmos, and is probably a dim echo from Atlantean times. The following rude cut from Cosmos represents the high mountain in the north behind which the sun hid himself at night, thus producing the alterations of day and night. His solar majesty is just getting behind the mountain while Luna looks calmly on with the operation. The mountain is as crooked as Kul Huakan, the crooked mountain of Utslan, described by the Aztecs.