 Thank you for having me here speaking. My name is Ali-Ce Woogie, and I'm PhD student. My supervisor is Misha Alessa Alexander. My project is inserted in a german multidisciplinary project. And the aim of my research is to better describe Social, economic and demographic changes happened through changes in regimes v Cicili v 13. in 16. century A.D. Včetno včetno imam zelo prezent na preliminari desa karboni in nitrogeni stabilizovati analizi vzelo na ljudi, življeni in planti. Ale imam zelo na ljudi, življeni in življeni. Zelo, da imamo počet, Zvom od 1. century, when Sicily was ruled by the Byzantines. In then, during the 17th century, the Arab population started to raid the island from the western part, so from Mazara. And then by the 9th century, they occupy mainly all the islands, and they are replaced by the Normans, that comes down around the 11th, 12th century, and they are a Christian, French-speaking population. Then the last transition is Norman to Zvebian, where the Zvebian are a German-speaking Christian population. So I try to make sense of the days I have so far, dividing them in these three different categories, so Byzantine rule, Islamic rule, and Christian rule. As some of the speakers have said today, one of the important things to take into account to say something about agriculture is that Sicily, during Roman and Byzantine times, had extensive areas of lasifundia, and the Arab conquest introduced new crops and the new irrigation system. And that brought the agriculture to be more productive, the population to grow, and the society changed accordingly. So Watson explained this theory about Arab agriculture revolution, claiming that the Arabs introduced new crops to the places they colonized, and many of these crops are seaford plants, the consumption of which can be dissected by stabilizatopsanalysis. So stabilizatopsanalysis can help clarifying at least the diffusion of these crops in Sicily, analyzing human and animal remains, and this we are linking with the archaeobotanic evidences. The broad research questions of my PhD are if in general the stabilizatops days can indicate a change in regimes from Byzantine to Swabian, the form of these shifts, and how the different food sources played a role in the diet of the different populations. If we can clarify this agriculture revolution, so in terms of agriculture and husbandry practices, and also if these can fit in the description of Sicilian society with particular features in terms of society agriculture and culture. So a brief reminder of what is stabilizatopsanalysis. So they are basically an ecological tool that allows us to have a chemical signature of the food sources. So here we have different food sources, like meat, different cereals, and fish, and these have particular delta 15 and delta 13c signature. That then when during metabolic and other biological processes they are incorporated into the human body, they go through what we call fractionation, which is an enrichment in the delta 15n values and delta 13c values. And this allows us to use the collagen as an indication of the prosaic parts of the diet of this individual. While the hybonate, so the mineral part, gives us more overall indication of diet. So stabilizatops have become in general very used in the field of archeology, because they allow us to draw consideration on the society structure, and as well clarifying relationship between people and say something about agriculture and how the animals were kept. So during the first phase of my PhD I obtained collagen and value for the delta 13c and delta 15n of humans and animals in order to assess the diet of individuals from different sites and presenting different religious background at different periods of the occupation of Sicily by the Arabs. So in this slide I'm showing the results from a previous study from Alexander in 2014 and I think it's important because it shows a similar context. In fact in this study they study Christian and Muslim population in late Medieval Spain between the 13th and 16th centuries, and this study was able to show statistical differences in the values of the delta 13c and delta 15n. And so they were able to sort of characterize and divide Christian and Muslim population, and overall the Muslim individuals show enriched values both for carbon and for nitrogen. And this was attributed to the consumption or C4 crops or animals fed by C4 crops. So these are the sites that I have samples from at the moment. In this first year I extracted samples from the northwest and southwest part of the island. The one in blue are the sites where I have animal samples from and I still have to extract and run the samples from the southeast of the island. That can be very interesting if they show some differences because the area that was colonized more by the Arabs is the northwest part. So in total I have 152 human samples and I have extracted and analyzed 87 of them. The overall state of preservation was good with the situ and ratio of 3.1, 3.2 and rate of success for collagen extraction between 96 to 100% for every site of time. For the animals I have a total of 126 and I've analyzed so far around 60. So these are how the data looks like. The crocs are the animals and the circles are the humans. Before going into the saline to the groups I just wanted to outline that I need potentially to have more food sources to analyze in particular fish and of course to work more on the archaebotanic part as well. Because every of these circles, so C3, C4, fish and freshwater fish may have an impact in the isotopic signature of the humans. These are the animals data. So I'm presenting here three different sites. We have Palermo, Mazzaria del Vallo that you just saw with Gironomo, and Agligento. So here you can see that there are differences both in Delta 15N and in Delta 13C. So we may imply that there were differences in husband in the animals management at different locations. In particular, the values for the pigs have a wide range in Delta 15N. So we go from very low Delta 15N taking Palermo like around 4 to around 9 of these animals. So this may indicate a difference in animal management. So these pigs may be wide or free range pigs and this one may be more farmed sort of omnivorous pigs. The animals from Agligento overall have compared to the other two are a little bit more enriched in Delta 15N. So it's possible, so it's a theory that maybe they were costal grazing but any suggestion is welcome. And then looking in particular at the values for the chickens in Mazzaria we can see potentially a difference in husbandry practice between phase one which is a 10th, 11th AD under Islamic rule to phase two, 13th AD under Christian rule. I received these results when I was back after a break so I didn't have time to really think about them. This is one of the most interesting things that I can see and is the Byzantine rule diet in different locations. So in blue you see individuals from Agrigento which is in the southwest of the island and in yellow Palermo and Trappany. So the population in Agrigento of the individuals have shown enriched Delta 13C values and this may be due to different things, to different reasons. One can be the consumption of C4 crops as we saw for the other population. The problem is this is under Byzantine rule and these are Christian individuals or it can be done more likely, possibly, to see for the consumption. So this is a comparison between individuals that were found in different burial rites and you can see that there is no big differences between them so they are all grouped together. This is Palermo through time so at different time it is difficult to resolve different groups and this is a comparison between Contrada Santargata which is a Byzantine Christian site in the countryside and in general the Delta 15 values for the females individuals are higher than the one for males and compared to Palermo under Islamic rule and for Islamic burial rites the trend is completely the opposite so we need to increase the number of samples that we have in order to make more safe discussions. So in summary, so far I couldn't see direct evidences of C4 crops during or after Arab conquest but I want to carry out more analysis on that. I have already done carbonates on the agrigento population and I am planning to do compound specific of the amino acid for the animals and the humans at agrigento. We can see an enrichment in Delta 13c in the individuals from agrigento under Byzantine rule and we want to understand if this is due to a C4 component or a C4 component. We can see different strategies in animal management at different locations and possibly a shift from the 10th to the 13th century in the management of the chicken. We can see that there are differences in management of pigs so some are wild, free range and others are omnivorous so very likely farmed and animal values for agrigento are different from the other sites so they are enriched in Delta 15n and so we may emphasize cost of grazing for these animals. Thank you.