 A-biotic factor, the soil, first the contents, soil, soil characteristics, soil as habitat of different animals, effect of soil on the plant and the animal life. So, first the soil, students like other A-biotic factor, soil is also an important A-biotic factor of the ecosystem. Baki A-biotic factors, Baki A-biotic factors are important to us, that is the temperature, that is the water or moisture, that is the light and similarly other factors to us, A-biotic factors may come. Soil is also one of the important A-biotic factors. Soil represents the geology and the biological diversity or biological history of the animals and in that particular environment. Soil reflects that because of this soil, geology means the shape of the earth, such as the crab soil, sandy soil or any other such type of soil, this will make agaosu soil a texture as well, and it will be the shape of geology. Similarly, the type of soil is also the diversity of life and第二 the diversity of life So the soil is actually because most of the animals, they are living on the soil. Animal soil within soil are on the surface of soil. So soil directly or indirectly in both cases it affects the animals. In some cases it will directly affect, in some cases it will indirectly affect. So first, what are the characteristics of the soil? What are the important features of soil? In the characteristics of soil, the important features which directly affect the animal life, the characteristics that affect the animal life, that first one is the texture of soil. What is the texture of soil? Is it a clay soil? Is it a humus soil? Or is it a sandy soil? So the kind of soil, the texture of soil will affect the animal life. Then the amount of organic matter present in the soil. Then the other characteristic is the fertility of soil. Then the other important characteristic is the water holding capacity of the soil. In some soil, the water holding capacity will be more. It means it can support the animals and plants more. And the soil in which the water holding capacity will be less, it can support the animals and plants less. Then the life will be less, it will sustain the diversity of life. So the diversity of life is directly related to the properties of the soil. The properties of soil, in some cases if it has good properties, fertile, water holding capacity is more, a good texture of soil is present, then the diversity of life will be more. More types of plants will be there, more types of animals will be there. So soil is actually the habitat of different types of animals. There are so many animals which are living within the soil. And many of the animals they are living on the soil. So within the soil, if we look at it, many of them are the protozoa. The soil protozoa has a very diverse, rich amount of soil protozoa which are living in moist places. Then nematodes. There are so many nematodes. If we look at the soil, it may carry thousands of nematodes. So it is one of the enriched, very diverse groups. If we look at the density of nematodes, the number of nematodes in the soil is very high. So one of the richest animals in the soil is nematodes. Then the anelids. Anelids are, for example, the earthworms. Earthworms, they live in the soil, similar to the earth reports. Many of the earth reports, insects, there are so many of them which live within the soil. Then many of the vertebrates. The vertebrates are the salamanders, snakes and the molds. The different types of animals, they inhabit the soil, they live within the soil. So if the soil condition is better, the animal will have a better place to live. And if the soil conditions are not good, then the animals, habitat, the animals will not select that particular soil for their habitat. They will not select that particular habitat. The simple conditions, if I tell you, are like scorpions. So scorpions, they prefer to live in sandy soil, or the soil with small stones are present. Where there are small rocks and stones and sand is there, they prefer to live there. Whereas the clay soil or the muddy soil, they prefer not to live there. So it means the condition of soil will determine which type of animals will live there. So what is the effect of soil and plants and animal life? So as we have just talked, the soil, if it is having, it is fertile. If it is fertile, it is having water holding capacity. It has water holding capacity, it has nutrients. So it will support the growth of plants. It will support the growth of plants. And the more plants there are, the more diverse the number of animals will be. The more diverse the number of plants, the more diverse the animals will be there. So this is an indirect feature. If the soil is fertile, then the plants will grow more. And if the plants grow more, what will the animals do? They can survive their habitat.