 Hello, welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna-Galshwari College, University of Halawad. And it is my email ID lecture will be in bilingual mode and we are discussing nowadays a very important topic under educational psychology that is learning theories of behaviorism. We have talked about which theory we have studied. We have talked about the theory of Thondai theory, that is Thondai theories of learning. We have talked about classical conditioning, that is Pavlov's theory. We have to start operating conditioning, but first we have talked about B.F. Skinner. Because B.F. Skinner had to know so much about him that he had to make a separate video to know a lot of things about him, about operating conditioning separately. And in operating conditioning we have got to know so much that reinforcement is the most important concept of it. It has three levels. The same focal point of reinforcement is the whole operating conditioning. It is based on that, it is based on that. Reinforcement and punishment. These two words are used in operating conditioning in what way and what are their meanings and meanings. I thought that I should talk about it separately. Then I go to operating conditioning. If I understand operating conditioning, it will be easy for me. Otherwise the video of operating conditioning would have been very big to me. So in listening to the lengthy video, it is very important. That is why I have separated it. That is, I have divided operating conditioning into three parts. I have told B.F. Skinner separately. Reinforcement and punishment. I am going to tell it separately. And then I will talk about operating conditioning so that you can understand the concept of operating conditioning very well. And the lecture will be very useful from the beginning. Many questions are asked about Skinner on operating conditioning. Reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement. Positive punishment, negative punishment type of concepts. Skinner has used it in his operating conditioning. So if you understand it once, then it will be easy to understand theory for us. So let's start. Reinforcement and punishment. When we will talk about operating conditioning. So there are some words that we use. We use several words. Convince positive, negative reinforcement and positive, negative punishment in a specialized manner. Operating conditioning. The special thing that I am going to tell you here is why I have made this video. What happens is that we talk about positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. So in the language of layman, in the language of ordinary speech, we also use the word negative. We take negative as something is getting bad, something is getting wrong. But and we associate it with negative reinforcement. That we are going to do something bad to it. What is its meaning, what is its meaning, what is the organism, what is the individual. But we have to understand this in operating conditioning that reinforcement. Whether it is positive or negative, it will do good. It will help it in some way or the other. Negative reinforcement is not punishment. I have made this video to tell you that negative reinforcement is not equivalent to punishment. Even if it is positive or negative, it will punish the individual. And in the same way, whether it is positive or negative, it will reinforce it. It will reward it. The way to reward it is positive and negative. In the same way, we have to take care of this in the way of punishment. So let's understand how punishment in a specialised manner in operating conditioning. Positive and negative conditioning do not mean good or bad. This is what is being said that in operating conditioning, we have written positive and negative conditioning. Sorry, this is a mistake. Reinforcement should be done here. Positive and negative reinforcement do not mean good or bad. Instead, positive means good. What does positive mean? That we are adding something. What does negative reinforcement mean? We are removing something. You are taking something away. And positive means you are adding something. But what is the goal of both of them? That we want to reward the individual. This is how we understand it. Reinforcement means you are increasing a behaviour. Reinforcement means we want the behaviour, the bond, the association, the connection to be strengthened. It means the probability of it being strengthened increases. And punishment means we want the behaviour to decrease, to extinct, to weaken. So, reinforcement and positive negative can be done. Similarly, punishment and positive negative can be done. But all reinforces. All of them will be reinforced. Is it going to be reinforced again? Or is it going to be reinforced again? What will be their work? Increasing their tendency. Increasing the likelihood of a behavioural response. The effect of the behavioural response is increasing. Either we will add something positive or negative. We will remove something and decrease it. Similarly, all punishers. If we are going to give punishment, we will give punishment in any way. Whether we give punishment in a positive way or in a negative way. What will be the goal of both of them? That we want to decrease the likelihood of that behaviour. Understand? The negative reinforcement is not helping the person. It is not giving him punishment. It is helping him. It is not giving him reward. It is not giving him punishment. What is the way? Negative means we will remove something and make it beneficial. And positive reinforcement means we will increase something and make it beneficial. Like you just understood. Reinforcement. The most effective way to teach a person or animal a new behaviour is with positive reinforcement. If you tell your skin and theory of operating conditioning, they have told positive reinforcement in the best way to increase the likelihood of any behaviour. There are punishments. Positive punishment or negative punishment. Sorry. Whether it is positive reinforcement or we can teach them by punishing them. They say that punishment is not a better way to teach. Punishment is not a better way to strengthen the likelihood of a response. They say that reinforcement is better. How do we tell positive reinforcement in reinforcement? Positive reinforcement, a desirable stimulus is added to increase behaviour. The desirable stimulus, which we want to increase the probability of it, we have to increase it. And we have to reduce it in negative. Like you just understood. Think of it as negative reinforcement. If the child has done a good job, you have clapped him, you have given him chocolate, you have increased him, you have given him pressure, you have given him pressure, you have given him pressure. What is positive reinforcement? But how can we give negative reinforcement? It means that there is something that is a problem for the child. We will remove that problem. When we remove the problem, we will actually help him. Suppose that your student, your child is scared of darkness. What will we do? We will not let it be dark. We will let the light shine. We will not let it be completely dark. There will be light in the middle. So we will remove the things that we are afraid of. The things that are in pain, we will remove the things that we are afraid of. If the child is making a visit to the dark, or is making a problem, if we remove the child from the dark, then we will be afraid of it. If a problem arises, then we will be afraid of it. So what are we doing here as well? We are increasing the probability of that behaviour. We are not giving it back. The only way is that we will increase the probability of adding some things in the positive. we will increase its price and in the negative we will remove it, we will remove the thing that is causing the problem, we will make it the thing that is giving happiness. He likes sweets and it is very good that you said that today we will not give him any sweets, we will give him some of his favorite food, we will give him chocolate, we will make his favorite food. This positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement means that he will not like it, he will not make it. This also happened in his head, we understand this way, we want to understand. Whether the reinforcement is positive or negative, he will only help him. In this positive, we have to increase something and give its reinforcement and in the negative, the thing that gives it trouble, it gives it pain, it gives it pain, it removes it and gives it reinforcement. This is the basic answer, but we do not have to compare the negative reinforcement with the punishment. We do not have to take any punishment from the negative reinforcement, but generally, we take the negative connotation of the negative word in the head that something is wrong. That is why we consider the negative reinforcement as a punishment, it is not like that. And punishment is positive, we can understand that if the punishment is positive, then something is good or not. Punishment is a punishment, whether it is given in a positive or a negative way. Punishment, punishment always decreases the behavior. Punishment also means that the behavior is bad, we do not want it to be desirable, it is undesirable behavior. That is why we want to decrease it. So what will happen in positive punishment? In positive punishment, you add an undesirable stimulus to decrease the behavior. Positive punishment means their add-ons, negative means removing it, this is the reinforcement, this is the punishment. If there is a positive punishment, it means we are increasing something that does not like it. It does not want it. For example, the student's toy should be removed, he does not like it at all, so what will we do? We will remove the toy in front of many people. Or negative punishment, you remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease the behavior. That means the stimulus that makes it peace, when it gets happiness, we will remove it. That is a negative punishment. Positive punishment will create a problem and increase the problem. Do you understand? Positive means increasing the stimulus, negative means removing the stimulus. In reinforcement, positive means increasing the good things, negative means removing the problem. So positive and negative means removing the good and bad things in the sense of bad and decrease. One more thing is that negative reinforcement is not equivalent to punishment, we do not remember that. Let's comparison. Is this reinforcement or punishment? Sorry. Is this positive or negative? In positive, if there is a positive reinforcement, then something is added to increase the likelihood of behavior. In reinforcement, what is the likelihood of behavior? Increase the likelihood, increase the likelihood. Similarly, in punishment, decrease the likelihood, decrease the likelihood. In punishment, whether it is positive or negative, what is its main goal? Decrease the likelihood. In reinforcement, whether it is positive or negative, what does it mean? Increase the likelihood. The method is changing. Okay, I think. Now you have understood. I did not want to tell you this in operant conditioning because it itself is there to tell you so many things. So this becomes an additional add-on. Think of it differently, that two concepts are very important in operant conditioning. Reinforcement or punishment. They say that after effect, the consequence that we get of any incident or any kind of behavior, it indicates whether that behavior will be repeated or not. If we get reinforcement, then the behavior is repeated. If we do not get it, then it is not repeated or it is over. So reinforcement is two types of positive and negative. Punishment is two types of positive and negative. In positive, we will add good things. In negative, we will remove bad things. When we are giving reinforcement. Similarly, in punishment, in positive, we will increase bad things. Why? Because the things that we have created, undesirable stimulus. And in negative punishment, we will remove the things that we like. That's it. If we pay attention, we will be able to answer the right questions. Okay, thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe. My channel Explore Education. Thank you from my side.