 Okay, so We'll come to this part that talks about semantic interoperability The second part will be about ontology. I am Mustafa Jarrar from Birzett University in Palestine I am specialized in semantic technologies and interoperability and data integration Well, what is semantic interoperability? What is semantic? Semantics means meaning and interoperability means you know operation and then inter operation which means operation among Organizations and the ability which is the ability to make operations among or between or across Organizations or ministries if we talk about the government so semantic interoperability means how meaningful can we do? interoperations between organizations, so well, what does it mean then? operations between Organizations is that especially in the in the e-government domain that we have to exchange We need to exchange data between ministries or organizations so suppose organization a want to send the data message to Organization b and inside the data message there is data now and now Where what we need to to achieve is that the meaning The semantics of the data have to be clear to bow to the receiver Take an example. So suppose we want Organization a want to send a data message that includes data about a person and his companies and his associations, etc to organization b Well, then there is information that about this person and Suppose there is something called for example if name birth date salary Address and List of companies that this guy owns. What does it mean if name father name? first name Family name we don't know so we have to call the sender of the this this data to ask him Yeah, what what does it mean salary also before tax after tax? Oh, then the list of the companies What does it mean this company is it shareholding company is it non-shareholding company? Is it an NGO? So all of these things are not really understood by the receiver until there is an explanation somehow By the sender so when we say semantic interoperability a framework we mean that a Framework that enable the receiver to understand the meaning of the data that is being sent Well, not exactly or not only the meaning by the way, what about naming of Variables so when we say a data message we mean through a web service we mean there is a like a wisdom this which is specification of web services so This data message or this this data in the was there and now the names Includes names of variables not only the meaning of the variables, but also the names of the variables so Well, we have naming we have meaning of the data Naming I mean of variables meaning of the variables and we have another thing we have to address Which is the structure of the data when we send information about address some people Say well, I want to organize the address information as first I put the building name and then the Street name and then the postcode and in the country But maybe others will put another structure. So there are different types of structures that People have to agree. So there are challenges when we talk about semantic interoperability We have to agree about these things and do any framework that talk about semantic interoperability Have to provide a framework a way that Messages data messages are really understood and In the second part of this talk I will talk about ontologies, which is kind of a semantic reference That we where we describe the semantics Another issue with the semantic interoperability sometimes with the services themselves the name of the service, you know the Itself the code of the service itself So all of the things that are related to the meaning of things naming of things Structure of the data have to be agreed. This is the challenge of semantic interoperability in When we have organizations and if you want to see the challenge even more I don't have in mind only two organizations try to have in mind 30 50 100 500 organizations and that these organizations they don't need to Call each other to understand the meaning of things so any framework we should provide should Enable us to understand things without asking the center of the information in the government. We talk about Ministries and local governments for example of municipalities banks that who are they are that they interoperate in a country Among each other there are different types of Semantic interoperability frameworks Build in the world Myself I was involved in building a semantic interoperability For Palestine called Zenar if you look it up Zenar dot P and a dot P s and there are also there is the European Commission has also built Something like a vocabulary space so that people When they exchange information that they can use the the this type of Standardized let's call them or the fact of standards Vocabularies so this is the main Semantic interoperability issues and this is what does it mean and the next in the next part of this talk? We will talk about or what is an ontology and how ontologies actually provide a framework for Semantic interoperability and by the way, let me let mention last thing is Semantic interoperability also includes coding classifications of things for example Country codes so every country should have a code. We don't exchange the names of countries We don't exchange names of cities. We exchange names of codes of cities. We don't exchange Jindar codes and male female, etc Whatever information people when they exchange they bought codes so these type of codes have to have to be also agreed We call them entities They have to be agreed and standardized and and shared among the organizations that are They want to enter over