 Good morning, John. You are not eating a credit card's worth of microplastics a week. Now, you might not have been worried about that, but a lot of people are. And that makes sense, because a lot of very credible news organizations have run stories saying that you are eating a credit card's worth of microplastics every week. The fact that this definitely untrue statement was spread in so many legitimate news organizations has been quite annoying to me, but it's also been something of a curiosity to me. Like, these places do fact check. They don't just publish whatever comes across their desk itself. Knowing that it is almost always better to lean into curiosity than frustration, I did that, and what I found is remarkable. This was an 11-step process. Step one, the World Wildlife Fund is worried about plastics, and they should be. There are too many, way too many single-use plastics, and we need to stop this. So, step two, the WWF commissioned a study from the University of Newcastle to do a literature review. Basically, look at a bunch of different studies that measured how plastics might enter people and then add all of those sources up. Every study that they reviewed had a different range. They added all those ranges up, and they came to their own range of 0.1 grams to 5 grams of plastic ingested every week. And this isn't useful data to the average person. It's just too imprecise. It's like saying that the average person eats between 1 pound and 50 pounds of food per day. The WWF then did a normal thing. They used the study they commissioned to create a talking point. People could be consuming 5 grams of microplastics per week. This is not a lie, but it's kind of a misrepresentation. It's kind of misleading. All this happened in 2019, and none of it reached very far, because headlines that said you could be eating a credit card of plastic per week is like, well, I could be eating a thousand spiders per night. Tell me when you're sure. No one wrote that people definitely were eating a credit card's worth of plastic per week until 2022. Why? Step number four, scientists at the Medical University of Vienna were among those who were misled. They took the upper bound of the estimate, the 5 grams, and used it as just a background stat in the introduction to their paper. And when they did that, they removed the context of the lower bound. They didn't say 0.1 grams to 5 grams. They just said 5 grams. It didn't have anything to do with their methodology or what they were studying. It was just a background stat, and that's not really what people paid the most attention to when they're doing peer review. So step six, peer review didn't catch it. Step number seven, that publication then got run through the University PR team, which is tasked with presenting research in ways that might be interesting to the average person and to the press. And unsurprisingly, the very first sentence in that press release was, 5 grams of plastic particles on average entered the human gastrointestinal tract per person per week. Because indeed, if that were true, it would be a very interesting statistic, so you're gonna put it at the beginning of your press release. So now we have a press release of a peer reviewed paper that says that people on average eat a credit card's worth of plastic every week. Step number eight, less than a week later, gutnews.com had found that press release and published a headline containing the claim. Step number nine, that article spread fast enough that the very next day, the New York Post published an article with the claim in the headline. Step number 10, legitimate news outlets saw the New York Post article and they were like, well, we can't just publish that because the New York Post lies for a living, but we will do a fact check, and they did. And they found a peer reviewed paper that contained the claim. Peer reviewed article plus a really great headline, that's gonna be good enough for them. Step number 11, it was a really good headline, so lots of people clicked on it and lots of people shared it, meaning it wasn't just published, it spread. When I first saw this headline, I was super lucky because it was in the New York Post, and I know to be skeptical of the New York Post. But if you saw it first at USA Today, or ABC News, or Nautilus, all totally legitimate news organizations, and if you're like primed by this world to believe that everything is as bad as it could possibly be, I totally understand not being skeptical of that headline. It is kind of wild to me how many steps and how many mistakes were made along the way in order for this false fact to get published in mainstream news outlets. Every person in their own way is trying to make sense of the world, and we would like the sense that we make of the world to be based on reality. But even though we've built up many systems for doing that as individuals and as a society, our own very normal biases and the realities of what it takes to capture people's attention these days makes sense making a monster of a challenge. John, I'll see you on Tuesday.