 So, yes, I am also going to talk about, like, just indeed, e in sumthu and I am going to talk about a in here and what is it doing. So, just, you know, introduction, what is, I mean, primarily I analyzed it as middle suffix in here and there, so there are two semantic features of middle suffix. So, the initiative is the affected entity. And low degree of elaboration of events. So, there are two main semantic features of middle suffix given by Khmer. And we already know that middle suffix tend to be intransitive and thought to be a de-transitiveization process, which is not, you know, fully true in for the case of here. As we will see examples later on. And non-active middle suffix typically has several functions, which can be, you know, I have given some examples. One number one example in one is taken from Khmer as here does not have any anti-causative construction. So, anti-causative experiential or psychic verbs we have, we can found in here, like so B-required and the suffix A, which is B-required is intransitive, you can see. And with the very suffix we can have a transitive verb. So, when I liked her or wanted her, I send letters to her. Reflexive very common also marks A marks the reflexive, like khairatis or shape, myself, oneself. Number four indirect reflexives are auto-benefectives. So, right for ourselves. So, reciprocals, this positional middles, that's, you know, like English examples, this book reads well, you don't find those here. Most of the static verbs are, you know, they do not take the middle suffix A, but some of them has like hale, thirsty. And I can think of another one, d-way, be hungry. And you can also derive static verbs from transitive counterparts, like tomes, follow. For tomes, you know, be accompanied, like the example in 8, nankanankinitame alaykhya. So, we'll be escorted back by you. Okay, so the aims of this talk too is to identify the functional tomes of the suffix A. And I'll argue that not all of the semantic classes of middle verbs given by camera are found in here, are not likely to have the A suffix, which is called middle. Demonstrate that the A suffix cannot be treated as a valence-decreasing process, because it also, if we see in that way, it also increases the valence and the function, finally, of the suffix A. Just to give a little bit of background, here, which means chin, so some people, I have heard some people saying, here chin. So, here the word itself means chin. So, for example, like to call themselves, like to here, so like to chin. So, the word means chin, it's spoken in the south, so there are two varieties, like to and con to, but most of the data here come from the like to variety, it's spoken in the guṃlūpāra of Bāntavana district in the Chiravu hill tracks. So, I have, first in C, I have given, for your understanding, if you can go to page number three, structure of the verb complex, I have also provided an example in nine. Depending on the meaning, of course, the contribution to the semantics of the verb A and al, they kind of, you know, complete with each other, which one is the closest one. For example, chet is go, so if you want to have the verb, we turn chet al. So, al comes first, so A cannot be there, so you cannot say chet al. Then the meaning of the verb will change, it will mean, so chet al means walk back. Again, chet al A would mean return oneself. So, here in this section, I will try to go through the semantic classes of middle verbs and check whether A is truly the middle marking suffix or not. First, direct reflexives are marked by A suffix in here. So, it is quite common. Like, my son-in-law covered his face himself, kune, and reflexive verbs are, they take stem 2, by themselves. Verb would be reciprocals, pange al, chet al, so after embracing each other again, here pange means embrace. So, embrace is kind of reciprocal action. So, it, by default it comes with the verb pange, so you cannot say pange, so you have to say pange. Deponents, they also take the A suffix by default, and deponents are middle verbs that do not have any unmarked, but they do not have any active transitive or in transitive opposition. They will only find them in, with A suffix, lexicalized to them. In 12th century, the A suffix was used by the A suffix by the A suffix. So, in 12th century, the A suffix was used by the A suffix. Next slide, I have given one example byte, so now way, it's lexicalized under deponent verb in here. So, the tiger will really byte me now way. Ok, grooming verbs, so according to commerce classification, grooming verbs are middle verbs and they are supposed to get the middle suffix by default, but you know by only the verb means that you shave or you do the action on another person not yourself so it's kind of you have to make it reflexive so A here it's reflexive like khae shape oneself body posture and action verbs they also are not they do not by default take the suffix A lie down sit down stand up but some action verbs in here they take a suffix but when they are you know they the actor do does the action involuntarily so you have the A which means sneeze but you can also use the word share to mean sneeze it's evident from the example in 13 that you know it's not lexicalized because when you use the applicative logarithic applicative knuck so you he sneezed on me purpose not involuntary for non translational verbs so movement of body without change of location so like blink cap A is some middle verb as according to the you know classification given by middle verb and there are other examples like khae is kneel pack jump pack A is jump from one place to another there are also some translational verbs but not all the translational verbs given by can be classified as middle so like chatty chain and okay these are translational verbs and also take the middle suffix A but you know like chat pipe go fly and fall these are not middle verbs okay positional verbs they are not also marked by the suffix A by default in here however it's a one variance of the positional verbs marked by the A suffix expresses a state of meaning so for example I have given you one example in 15 say aya pankhacha paisha but here so so ba is the stem to which means hang to hang someone something and the form to form one is bought so you have to if you use A with that so it kind of give you you know kind of state of meaning so be hung so the seven hand carrying bags were hung there bought it here stem one similarly okay B stuck from O lock copy tie with bamboo B clown from cope tie with bamboo to stem to form okay emotion verbs this these verbs are really you know it seems that when the suffix A is added to the root it means intense you know intensification for example I have given like cap is cry but copy is you know weeping pure is rejoice and pure is be happy these are oppositional verbs but they are also non-oppositional forms like do a hali nahi lowe way okay the common emotion verbs get love hate be angry do not fall under the class of middle verbs in here okay cognition verbs so there is a difference between you know taking the suffix A and not taking the suffix A so the difference is the when the actor is more affected then it takes the suffix A and when it's not affected the actor is not affected it doesn't take A so it depends based on the context whether you know you will have the suffix A or not I have given you an example 16 Pomiya krangla ini kale hiya khaane so by the thinking that he thinks that the people will envy him for taking her on lap so it's kind of same you know taking her his wife among people and go back so the thinking itself the process affects the actor so that's why you have the suffix A added to the verb think okay but in 17s if he assumes things like you are sleeping he will roam around again for sure you can see that here khan the same verb is not marked by the suffix A because by the action of thinking here or assuming the actor is not affected okay K perception verbs they also take the A suffix so Chuu niyei pe hiya lau having pain he lied down okay so they are indirect reflexives or auto-benefactives those also take the A suffix the verbs here I have the example so by the action of dividing the wild pig they have hunted the killed they are benefitted but same here we have A this doesn't mean doesn't give you the meaning of benefitted rather it's reflexive so depending on the context you can get different meaning of the suffix A depends on the context whether it will be self-benefactive auto-benefactive or reflexive okay derived status so A is seems to be you know you can derive stative verbs from intransitive forms like from hyang hyang a bd is well organized from scatter to the form is create b scatter okay A as a derivational suffix I have already given examples but this is a kind of repetitive so you can both derive intransitive and transitive verbs from intransitive counterparts so in 21 from intransitive to intransitive like from chet goh you have chetei which is also an intransitive verb wak from transitive to intransitive from tom to tomay so tom is follow and tomay is be accompanied from transitive to transitive so tom is follow and tomay you have thus from two verb here or stem two verb here is accompanied I have given some examples list of derived verbs but a suffix A you know so om is sit om is get married I don't know you know whether there is a relation or not but you have this you know weird kind of derived verbs with the A in here like chetei poe is good poe is beautiful thoni is happen thoni is become chon is run choni is roam around ba is slap ba A is applaud so it's kind of reflexive situation for ba and ba so ba for slap you need you know a different participant to slap maybe and ba A is applaud so you have to use your own hands so that the same recipient so receiving the action yourself so kind of reflexive situation here ba A okay f is kind of interesting I'm not sure but I have to check in you know three four textual examples show that A can be used as an inverse marker in here but you know I have to check the data so I have given one example here so chel poe la noe ni poe la the A here T hew la the A here T so the normal verb is do is to strike and do A here it doesn't refer to any reflexive meaning so only way of thinking and I'll explain I can think of explaining this is kind of reverse situation of you know human and non-human so third person acting on third person non-human acting on third person human kind of position we already have in inverse you know person hierarchy in here but where we have first person second person in the same position which is bigger than third person right but here we have third person acting on third person and we see that by A it might be an inverse situation maybe marking an inverse situation okay so far the examples I have given that shows the stem variance with suffix A and I have just summarized that so for reflexive verbs they take stem two from reciprocal stem one derived middle can take both stem one stem two passive derived stem derived state if they must be you know they must take stem one form of verb some observations whether reflexive or dependence verb derived middle the suffix seems to you know A in course the actors affectedness dubbing verbs which are generally marked by the middle suffix cross-linguously does not take the suffix A in here the marking of the A suffix is not consistent with the semantic classes of middle verbs mentioned in common so where we expect that we will have the suffix A for middle verbs or middle situation we do not have the suffix verbs like k, bow, k, a, nil, hak, dribble, hake, snatch, peck jump or leap peck a jump from one place to another it is difficult to explain considering middle as the function of the suffix you know we can only assume that there might be a greater degree of effectiveness so what is the difference I mean jump in one place you know peck a but you from if you from here to there it is peck so what kind of you know semantic difference do you have I mean what's A in coding here right so you jump in one place it's peck a so it takes the suffix A but jump from one place to another it doesn't so it's really difficult to come up with any kind of you know conclusive remark that what is it doing and how about bow bowing and kneeling you know maybe by kneeling you have to you know be more affected and dribble and snatching you know so dribbling is kind of how do you how do I describe the action dribbling you know with the football like dribbling right you kind of don't give the ball to someone else you just dribble and take their way and snatch also is kind of taking away the some stuff right so I'm not sure whether we know what's better when it's sat more intense I think intense yeah it's like kneeling which is like bowing plus everything too yeah I think I mean like after that you've got cry and weep I'm not sure what what's the difference between crying and weeping so I would say weeping is like maybe my transition in that maybe it's so I what I meant to say it's like longer period of crying so when you like someone died you're like more so you cry more for longer period of time crying is not like you know just maybe for minute one minute or two it goes away but because the other thing I was looking at was so there's this sort of verb suffix pretty much lexical suffix in both means yeah so which I think I mentioned and I kind of dumped that because it doesn't really fit very well in some do but you do get things like so sort of to to raise animals is moide and to adopt a child is moizade so you add this sa and it makes it sort of more either for your benefit or for profit or sort of more committed or more you know there's some additional outcome or additional factor to it that kind of covers a lot of senses of self and it's not productive it can do lexical as you can so to to get to be interested in something is say your mind enters moizade sort of to enter and inhabit and become involved it's got this sense of doing the verb and engaging fully or something like that it's quite hard to generalize about but it feels a little bit like that doesn't it but it's not always you know lexical as you can have the like you have to for you know for natural reciprocal you have that lexicalized you know but for non-natural reciprocal you have to add A like embracing or quarrelling if you want to say quarrel is you know you need the A so it comes with the verb like she she is quarrelling but it comes from the fight so she she is the from one so she is fight but she is kind of sorry she is fight and she is kind of quarrel so kind of what the difference from quarrelling and fighting you know so yeah as you were saying what did you say like engaging fully so quarrel so it depends the English maybe need not doing justice to it maybe quarrelling is like just all out yelling stream of media because most of these if you go through these the fully engaging works for a lot so lots of them except like sit and get married I mean maybe there's so I have I have one I have one explanation for that I don't know whether it fits or not you know so in in our part of you know the word girls gets you know girls sit to marry you know they are like guys marry takes like so I mean they're kind of in from my you know in in Bangla we said that may not be a bossy so bossy is like sit they sit to get married but guys take you know the girl to marry so it's kind of I don't know if there is any relation certainly it's like remaining somewhere and getting married it's like to be forever stuck in this there you go so I'm still entertaining that these are highlighted to high and only for me would make sense if A was a committed applicative yeah that's what I was thinking only I only exist yeah yeah so other than you know the opponents there are certain warps you know transitive middles that also take like loki so you cannot say only look so loki so you don't have any you know in transitive opposition of loki loki so loki has to be loki so play and yeah like the state of warps they don't necessarily take you know they have to take the suffix A but you can derive the state is from transitive counterparts so if middle is a process of balance decreasing either semantic or syntactic then the suffix A cannot be regarded as a middle marking suffix in it can be used to derive both in transitive and transitive warps from the intransitive counterparts like from example number 2 you see that blue is be necessary be required but blue is want so pang is to speak loudly for getting someone's attention but pang is called someone so kind of transitive sense so I don't know I mean given the functions of A7 it seems that you know it's it cannot be I mean I though I have you know label it as middle in here but you know kind of from the sense of less transitive area and more transitive area but it does both ways it acts both ways right so like Helga said that it she calls it agent orientation so you can you have the A marker on even though it's you know without it you have reflexive meaning or kind of middle meaning but you can also use A and without A it's also okay so it's really hard to you know it can be quite light that's unhelpful isn't it so I think you know I am so I'm working on light too now so I will after finishing the you know full analysis I'll maybe with sum to data also we can have some clear idea but maybe by comparing we can classify the browser maybe make some you know semantic classes or get something see what you say for like to commit suicide or just stab oneself well you can commit suicide in many ways right so in here I don't have the one suicide maybe you should say you know kill himself okay so with oneself has a separate like NP like with oneself being a separate like nominal kind of stuff before the birth yeah it's like two separate words oneself kill yeah once you kill yourself yes so you cannot say like kill and well you are killing because you are also you know that's a translate construction like so you have to use I mean not in you know because it's kind of a spitting here so he if it's that person so a la took a he killed himself yeah if you don't want to have a life and have we have to have the marker on the bar for that person yeah that's it so you know if you have more questions I think we have a lot to discuss on middle we only have another people I think like so it's not really discussed in southern languages that way