 Hello everyone, welcome to another podcast broadcast of this week in science twists We are broadcasting live Anything that is said here could be edited out later for the podcast But if you're here with us live you get all of it or if you're watching it on YouTube Twitch or Facebook after the fact you get all of it because we're not going in and editing the video so Opsies are oopsies and they see that way Ah Justin you ready to do a good show? I am You are and for people wondering where Blair is tonight The the clock is ticking. We don't know there's no news so far, but Potentially Bambinino Will be arriving soon, but we don't know we have no news for you on that front So we will just talk about science tonight While you're here make sure you click those likes and share with friends and all those kinds of things so that we can get this Algorithm machine running smoothly. Yeah, you ready? You're nodding your head. Yes fine, okay, please yes starting in three two This is Is Twists this week in science episode number 938 recorded on Wednesday August 9th 2023 what's so super about science? Hey everyone, I'm dr. Kiki and tonight on the show we will fill your heads with superconductors superchemistry and crocodiles but first Disclaimer disclaimer disclaimer the future of the world depends on the people of today not just This today, but all the today's the today's of tomorrow and even the today's that happened yesterday World didn't always depend on humans There was a time when roles were reversed when humans depended on the world for survival Some refer to this as the good old days when mankind confronted nature on a daily basis and intestinal parasites were common While the good old days may be behind most humans of today What comes next is very much up to them Will the modern human Unaccustomed to hard work and self-sacrifice rise to the challenge and reverse global warming or Will the humans choose the path of immediate least resistance Opting to do nothing as the planet irrevocably changes into an inhospitable Wasteland of never-ending storms and ever-increasing heat waves. I think we all know the answer It will be okay As long as we still have this week in science coming up next Every day of the week, there's only one place to go to find the knowledge. I seek And a good science to you too Justin and everyone out there Blair is not with us tonight as she could be going into labor anytime soon So we don't know when we will next see her on the program but we will be sure to let you know how things are progressing and When a little baby is brought into this world, so we're wishing her well and hoping that all is going Exactly a human to be yeah new little human coming into the world. It's very exciting We're so excited for Blair and for Brian, but the wait is on That's what's happening right now. So it's Justin and me like the good old days for a while. So This week we've got a great show ahead full of science. I have news about Some potential superconductivity discovery Some super about that story too. Well, no, I think it's a little bit different actually, but just follows along It's a different kind of thing quantum superchemistry the center of the milky way and The memory of a butterfly What did you bring Justin? Let's see. I have ocean currents are gonna stop doing their job You're gonna they're gonna quite quit Oh, I have a story about room temperature ambient pressure Superconductor discovery maybe maybe maybe a Third lineage Origin of modern humans Maybe Why you should keep your babies away from crocodiles and that humming sound might not be from the refrigerator It could be the galaxy Somehow I want to put the theme song for Star Trek and the love boat together in my head. There's something going on there I don't know why I Could be brilliant You've just broken my brain Everyone now you have a brain earworm that doesn't actually exist All right, well, we're gonna jump into the show and I would love to remind you all that if you're not yet subscribed You can subscribe to our live streaming channels where we live stream on YouTube Facebook and Twitch every Wednesday night at Approximately 8 p.m. Pacific time and we are also on social medias. We're on Mastodon at twist science over It's the universe a dawn soup server. We are also I don't know. We're on Twitter anymore. I don't know the X. I'm not really sure We're on one fake Instagram other places, but look for twist science or Twist or this week in science. Our website is twist.org If you need more information time for the science All right, Justin, what's at the center of the Milky Way galaxy a giant black hole Quasar There is a giant supermassive black hole known as Sagittarius a star thing that asterix Sagittarius a has a mass of about 4.2 million Suns Yeah only 4.2 million of our Suns know Yeah, and it's really close to us In a sense, it's about 27 27,000 light years away. So, you know, we can see it We've been trying to peer through the dust and gas and get an image of what's going on there for a very long time But we've pretty much confirmed that it is a supermassive black hole now and It's only one of two that we have ever observed directly M87 and Sagittarius a being the two that we've looked at now We've been able to figure out how stars move around Sagittarius a in their orbits and the way that the gravitational effects of that mass of Sagittarius a impact the those plant the stars that orbit around the supermassive black hole we've been looking at it for over 20 years now very very long time and There is a big question which is a lot of supermassive black holes are the result of mergers And so is it possible that there's more than one black hole at the center of Is it just How big was it for point two million Suns yes, okay so If you have a tiny black hole, oh say something that's only got a hundred thousand Earth Suns mass Make a big deal compared to how big the Sagittarius a effect is right well It could you could easily see it is because gravity is just gravity. It doesn't care if you're a planet or a black hole So if you have smaller Black holes, I could see them orbiting just like anything else Yeah, so could be orbiting and also potentially sometimes somehow merging, but they're also if they're if they're big Gravitational Masses and they could impact the orbits of those stars that we're looking at around Sagittarius a and so Some researchers just publishing an archive.org so it's not peer reviewed research yet They looked at a star known as s2. It has one of the closest orbits to Sagittarius a it goes around That supermassive black hole in about 16 years So we've actually been looking long enough to see it make a complete orbit And so these researchers were like, hey, is there any evidence of other gravitational? Impacts so if there's more than one black hole that we haven't noticed yet hanging out there in the center It should have had an impact that we could have seen and so they checked it out and they were like all right Let's see if there's some kind of Intermediate-sized black hole that's around the outside the orbit of s2 then it should have impacted it They found no impact. So as of now, there is no other black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy So far so far. We do have no evidence of an in of intermediate mass there might be smaller mass black holes that we haven't seen yet but that is yet up for study and again This is not peer-reviewed research and it's only observing one particular star. So Yeah, we need to look more So it's kind of interesting because it takes what It's a basically the method that we use to discover some of the outer planets. Yes Here's an orbit Something about the orbit doesn't make sense quite What could explain it? Something another planet further out could be we could could make this make sense. Okay Yeah, maybe maybe when you're circling a supermassive black hole those little Pertributions don't make as much of a difference Maybe they're a little less obvious. I don't know but that's what that's what they have to be working on in terms of them of You know the the orbital distance where the stars are is there a star is this a Black hole that's far enough out that there are other stars in between them Like where are things happening within the Milky Way galaxy? But at this point in time this particular study says There's not a an intermediate mass black hole Orbiting Sagittarius a so so far Sagittarius a is alone as far as we can tell but we don't know that for sure So of course researchers will continue to look But when we're looking at something like the center of our Galaxy, we're looking at the past right 27,000 light years away. You have some some news about the past But on this planet right Way, and this is actually This is a bit of a rant that's been building for a while Thank you for the Disclaimer, there's a lock-off point Recent review of a partial skull and jump jawbone found in China has been in the news It is widely being portrayed as a second or third depending on how you consider Origin path of modern humans It is not Just say that it's not a new Third origin of current modern humans, although it could be sort of just not in a way that Will satisfy the Chinese anthropology community or the Chinese government and so doing that Chinese people evolved Separately from the rest of humanity. Wait, is that what the story is saying? No, that's not what the story is saying. I mean, is that what the study is saying? It's not Explicitly what this study is saying, but it is a common theme in all archie archaic Hominid finds hominid finds in China is that they Get tied loosely in the Western version of the study To a separate lineage of the Chinese people closer to home You know, they say oh this hints at in the in you know, and if they've published in nature or something like this Oh, this hints at this could mean Back home. They're like here's evidence We've proved it again So the this find is absolutely positively not going to place the origin of Chinese ancestors Linnages anywhere outside of Africa at least not entirely But they might be a little bit right They might be a little bit right. So I'm gonna skip. I'm skipping the actual story here It's a 300,000 year old hominin with an oddly shaped jaw that could look more current modern human ish Though it lacks a chin and all of the other features are archaic Homo erectus like features and China has a lot of these the headline that accompanies almost every new discovery in China always It's morphological analysis. These are kind of old From kind of old to very old, you know, 300,000 sometimes even older years old but always suggesting that there could have been a another convergent evolution of humans from Homo erectus In China that that started in China It's never backed up with genomics, but that's partly because these are so old Anyway, every a lot of our Archaeological and fossil evidence is more for morphologically based because we don't have that genetic yet. Yeah, but the morphological interpretations you know highlight this this jaw feature which seems Slightly out of place for what they would expect from an archaic even though everything else fits so there's Look, China is the world's Current oldest continuous civilization at around 4,000 years of people occupying land and building on a continuous past But they're not that old Haven't been there that long Okay Separate Separate you're okay Yeah, lots of point. Yeah, okay, so This has been this is the way this is sort of like you've got the right word for a crossword puzzle for the question But you don't have enough spaces to write it Sort of what's been going on Over there. They have tons of these But a homo rectus finds showing some homo rectus evolution pattern in eastern Asia and China So homo rectus is considered to be the first human ancestor to have left Africa And from Africa to reach the far east all the way the islands of Java and Indonesia We know that homo rectus was there and homo rectus may have survived in Southeast Asia Until as recently as around a hundred and eight hundred and ten thousand years ago It's pretty darn recent. So for a while now something has been bugging me about the Denisovans To the point where I no longer think Denisovans existed Not in the way that we consider current modern humans or Neanderthals or even homo rectus to have existed The the reason is the sort of proto Neanderthals leave the Levant they head north they settle in the Caucasus From there they kind of get Separated from north and south Caucasus once to the north they head west That's their path of least resistance. They end up in Europe where they are isolated from other humans For hundreds of thousands of years and we have our classic Neanderthals The southern group likely heads east likely through northern Iran into Asia this group is what is thought to have split off and Evolved into Denisovans, which later can meet up with Western Neanderthals and Denisovan cave and have a few hybrids here and there, right, right So, but I don't think that's what the Denisovans are anymore. I think what we're calling Denisovans Is really late surviving homo rectus Neanderthal hybrids and that there isn't a good picture of an isolated Denisovan population Separate from this merging event and everything is braided stream as we talked about many many times on the show human hominin evolution is a series of some isolated evolution and then a Conjoining and then some isolated evolution and more conjoining and there's a lot of sharing of What we've learned along the way in terms of genomes But a lot of think what we're calling Denisovan DNA even May actually belong to homo rectus for whom we have no Isolated definable genome to compare to anything else yet. We don't have any we say this genome was derived from Homo erectus and now we know what Homo erectus look like And so some of the reasons I've come to this is all the Denisovans we find seem to be hybrids with Neanderthal Sure that that could happen that should happen But why is it like all of them and almost no matter where we found this DNA? the next Areas with the highest Denisovan DNA Southeast Asia Oceana We have no Denisovan finds fossil record wise, but this is where you find The fossils of the late Homo erectus This is where they last their last stand is is where Denisovan DNA has the greatest signal that sort of southern Denisovan and Sort of that then there's also the current modern humans in East Asia They have higher percentages of Neanderthal DNA than the the current modern humans of Europe So There are no Neanderthal. There's no we're not finding Neanderthal remains in the east Which means they could have and this is the current theory. They could have Had those intermingling merging events take place like somewhere in the caucuses Right leaving Africa leaving the line and then running in Neanderthals and intermixing and then heading out Heading out east But it's also possible that the Neanderthals had already head out east headed out east intermixed with Homo erectus Defined loosely in sliding scale as Denisovan and then the current modern humans show up because we've are one of our earliest out of Africa signs No, we have we have the Australians, but we also have Oceana and I think it's in Cambodia where they found a Cave that they think was current modern human occupied about 80,000 years ago Which is suggesting that not following the sea line, but following rivers Through Asia could have gotten humans there if they got there and there's already Neanderthal DNA There to mingle with as opposed to bringing it with them Paint a very different picture. Anyway, it's easy to speculate the future Finds will solve these puzzles and if I wasn't a betting man, I'd be rich right now But it looks to me like the evidence for Denisovan genomes is better explained by Homo erectus influence on Neanderthal hybrids then and separate sort of evolutionary divergence of Of a Neanderthal turning into a Denisovan and then Having and it would be a very confusing thing to look at too because we are also Related to Homo erectus. This is more likely our ancestor and That's when it starts to also get interesting like but we need the the whole thing comes down to the fact that we are really just looking at morphological data and we you know We're looking at measurements of skulls limited numbers of skulls and We don't have and we we don't have enough genetic information that goes back far enough And that's where our limitations are for the braided stream and for figuring out like much more. I mean we've got Mutations and some genetic variants that seem like it's like, okay We've got Denisovans over here and we've got Homo erectus. We got Neanderthals. We've got and maybe some mystery Homo species that are out there, but so and that's what I think Yeah, and it's where I think the Homo erectus also comes in. I think some of that mystery archaic is going to be Homo erectus But I think that some of that like there's also these weird signals like there's a signal from from a Neanderthal in The cave where they found the Denisovans that suggests there was a current modern human around three or four hundred thousand years ago that mixed well or or Current modern humans share some DNA with Homo erectus Yeah, that didn't right that that hasn't didn't diverge With the Western or didn't stay the same in the Western Neanderthal Which means that current modern human could also be a signal that's showing up in places Like it within the Denisovan especially if they have anyway It's gonna be really fascinating Development to watch going into the future Yeah Might not be completely completely wrong even though they're completely wrong and where They want it to be and it's a problem whenever you have a gender or whenever you're trying to use anthropology and archaeology To say something you want it to the history of anthropology and archaeology and built on Proving everyone wrong about their origin stories. That's what it's done over and over and over again nobody's origin story Actually matches the archaeological record and and this won't either. However Maybe a little bit of truth into that and I'm starting to think The Denisophan's never existed Wow Okay, big statements from Justin today and we'll see where that goes you have been right about some things in the past And so you could be right about this as well Have it always been wrong Lightning's gonna strike twice somewhere doesn't it? Okay, all right. Hello chat room. Thank you for being here and chatting with us. I have a story about social distancing in Trees not in people but in trees Why do trees end up? Distributed the way that they do for a very long time the idea behind the spatial distribution of trees has been seed dispersal that you have pollen you have seeds you have animals who eat the seeds and then poop the seeds and you got all the great, you know seed dispersal and there's a certain distance away from a tree that Researchers have expected this seed dispersal to work. However when researchers from the University of Texas at Austin looked at a particular species of tree They they were looking at the purple blooming Dipterics oliephora on Barrow, Colorado Island in Panama They found that the distance between an adult tree and its nearest neighbors is Not what it's expected to be 5.5 times farther than expected based on where a seed would fall where it would go and Trees don't have the kinds of neighbors close in that you would kind of expect them to have they're not there They're not close in and so You're seeing these tree Dispersal patterns Happening at greater distances than all the things that researchers ecologists of trees would understand Related to forest ecology and how seeds would disperse and all of these kinds of things So they're like why is there this huge distance between these adult trees and others other adults of Their same species So we we don't really know the answer this but they've used computational models and so they They determined that what's probably happening is that there are resources necessary for the Sustainability of a particular tree and a particular tree doesn't want necessarily competition from its offspring and So there are other Things that happen in the real forest and how a forest actually works to Shape the forest and to lead the forest to be differently distributed than we would think it should be Is it is it gonna be I mean the first thing I think of when you were saying this would have been The the microbes in the soil if if the parent tree or the adult tree has somehow recruited The beneficial bacteria from a certain range We buy it through its root system over to towards it and left a sort of barren area out beyond Except that one seems a little fissure. It almost would be like they would have to recruit Unbeneficial bacteria at a perimeter For or something that the tree could withstand but a sapling might not be able to But I would I would first look to the soil and study that soil around those trees to see what's going on there Yeah, so one idea is that it's not necessarily resource competition but more survival from pathogens and that by having greater distribution between parent tree and an offspring that the pathogens around trees are actually part of the system of making room That you don't that that a tree doesn't necessarily want its offspring nearby in case there's a Pathogen that's going to take take one of its kind down if there's something nasty around you don't want it to Effect the entire community Yeah Yeah Anyway, that's some high-level thinking for a tree. I mean I I Appreciate all living trees. They're slow life. Yeah slow life that doesn't run away from a predator, right? But they have to they've made adaptations For the fact that they are more or less stationary in their lives Yeah Good So this is one of the things that invasive plants for instance are capable of doing Which is that they alter the microbial or they come with a different microbial soil Yeah, in case what happens is you have your native plants who as these invasive plants are growing They're creating this radius of a different biome in the soil Very possible native plant can't survive it And so as you see an invasive plant take over it might not be the plant is like such a fast rower And it outgrows the other plants it could be that it's affecting the soil in such a way And we do it can't take advantage of it Yeah And we do know that there are certain plants that you shouldn't plant together because one plant does actually kind of Release signals or change the soil in a way that impacts the soil around it so that other plants can't survive there are definite relationships between Various plants within ecosystems and so this is coming to that looking at kind of this larger not just your garden kind of Perspective but Large forests how ecosystems work how if one tree is in a particular place and it Allows other trees to grow around it, but its own kind to go farther away Maybe that is beneficial to its survival and maybe it does You know, maybe there is something going on with the microbiome. We don't I don't know that that's not what this study got Got to but but it sounds like it would it's going through a change where it's affecting it over time and The initial conditions it needs to grow don't match its later conditions. That's what it sounds like Yeah, so how does this impact species diversity in an ecosystem? How does it impact if you get rid of certain plants or trees through? selective logging or other impacts What is going to happen to the forest ecosystem as a whole? And so these are questions that this kind of research is going to help us potentially answer. So, yeah Understand what the trees want to live like speak to the trees not for them What do you want to talk about next Justin Well, I got a paper titled the first room temperature ambient pressure Superconductor Which it wasn't yeah, well, it might be South Korea's quantum energy research center made the claim via a archive pre-print of discovering room temperature superconductivity Working at ambient pressure with a modified lead appetite the now nerd famous LK99 material You this is This is a huge huge leap forward in material science and in electronics and computer passion all sorts of things would be affected by this But you have to look past apparently a sloppy pre-print paper a lack of reproducibility already like a dozen attempts To recreate this with different research and institutions and the fact that some authors didn't agree with the release of the paper Something which South Korea apparently is investigating and just skip past all that and just believe the future of Superconductivity has arrived to social media To social media Really gonna be happening apparently it's where the all the Physicists and material scientists have been hiding all this time Apparently though there aren't some problems with the basic physics that haven't pointed out This is from an article in science by Adrian Cho Michael Norman the theorist at Argon National Laboratory says they don't know much about superconductivity And the way they've presented some of the data is fishy You never want never want your peers That's a hit That's not like that's the kindest way I think you can say that you don't know much about what they're talking about and their data is fishy Goes on Michael goes on to say that copper and lead atoms are similar enough that substitute and copper atoms for some of the lead atoms and lead appetite Shouldn't affect the materials electrical properties. He says you have a rock and after the Doping process they reported and affecting the material you have a rock, but after You should still end up with a rock You ended up started with a rock you'll end with a rock Nadia Mason a condensed matter physicist at University of Illinois, Illinois rebonded champagne says The data seems a bit sloppy For example when viewed in detail key voltage versus current graphs do not show the Telltale plunge straight to zero which would indicate vanishing resistance paper also shows identical magnetic data in plots With incommensurate axes, so I Don't know how lazy you have to be to have a paper where you're reusing your graph your data in graphs But you see this quite a bit you see this quite a bit I guess if you're too lazy to do the science you're still too lazy to Write the paper The fake paper they wrote the paper still There's a chance that they've done it After all if I had created a super to conductivity at room temperature I might hesitate in publishing a paper and explain to everyone exactly how I managed it I might head down to the patent office first Make some some deals with some big companies electronic companies for the for that But then if I haven't published a paper, what am I what are they believing? When I when I'm trying to make these these patent offices and these deals like so I Don't know. I think if it was if I was not going to publish I wouldn't publish a fake version of the paper For sure But it could not be if it could be the real thing. It's just turns out it was never that hard Interestingly it doesn't labs have tried to reproduce and Almost all of them have said we're not getting this effect When is there's a Chinese group that said wow we got superconductivity with this at Negative 100 Kelvin, which is not room temperature Temperature yeah, you know even when they're talking high temperature you can be at negative 100 degrees the most recent Other study related to room temperature superconductivity room temperature was still in the in the series Negative Kelvin's it wasn't really room temperature. Yeah Yeah, and also like the the the the last time because we also discovered ambient Superconductivity at ultra high pressures and that paper Also, I think has been retracted because it turned out perhaps a lot of the day That's true actually. Yep. Yeah, so or misinterpreted Well, yeah Yeah, it could be it could just be misinterpreted or it could be they did it as well, but want to keep it a secret Stop I'm starting to get this this tabletop fusion vibe with I mean it could happen eventually it's going we're gonna figure it out eventually I didn't actually I didn't bring this story last week specifically because I Thought it might be fishy and I wanted to wait until there was more input on what had actually happened and Added that to the fact that it hadn't been peer reviewed and published in a major journal It was on the archive preprint server. So it wasn't even a paper that had been You know Peer reviewed and published yet and now that the peers are Weighing in we're seeing that it isn't adding up It so far rules out superconductivity for this material Potentially, there's still more work to be done to see what the properties of the material are and to see what can actually come out of it, right? Yeah, I mean if you believe the Researchers they have created something that can levitate magnetically that is not It's a property of superconductivity materials that can do that little levitation trick thing But you can also get that without being superconductive There's other you know, so it's not they don't roll together No, so maybe they found the one and then Somebody decided somebody on the team decided. Hey, that's enough To get really famous with for a minute But there's other authors on the study who apparently are saying we did not Approved mission to publish. Yeah, so somebody got a problem Somebody hit the submit button a little early. That's probably someone got excited Published without all I'd be first. What if somebody else catches a and then we're not the first and then we don't get the Nobel Prize Yeah Pretty learn it is and also what would come from superconductivity at room temperature or higher temperatures is you know, you could have better batteries no energy loss in Energy transmission across the country, you know, you have Lots of applications that it could be used in currently we use superconducting magnets and the large hay-dron collider, but there's lots of potential for how it could change the way that we create the Components of the technology that we use that consumes energy and transmits energy today Yeah, the first thing you want to do is is use this material to convert all of the power lines In the world because we of the energy that we produce that is contributing heavily to global warming Half of it is lost before it gets used before it gets to a house. It's all that resistance We can cut our emissions from energy. It's like almost in half Just with the material Yeah, so there's another study that's out this week that has actually been peer reviewed and published in physical review letters This is not a discovery of room temperature Superconductivity, but it is work in that direction into understanding how we might get there and even to Higher temperature superconductivity and so they have identified a mechanism that they report in this paper for Oscillating superconductivity that's called pair density waves and in this they discovered according to the researcher Louise Santos from Emory University They discovered structures known as van hobb Singularities that produce the modulating Oscillating states of superconductivity and because of this discovery They now have a new theoretical framework that they can work forward from to understand How the oscillations occur why they occur because that's the important part in the quantum Interactions in the superconductive materials is that they start kind of behaving in a way that's not like classical physics but also that they work they form the oscillate together so that the electrons are kind of Working in this this stabilized Oscillation Insynchrony and it's the collective state that works to lead toward the superconductivity and that's the important part So the researchers they're like they're not saying that they've you know discovered all sorts of stuff here but they're theoretical Physicists and so they're trying to figure out how they can predict and classify the behavior so that Applied physicists can lead toward stuff that has technological relevance so, you know, it's not It's not The holy grail yet, but it's researchers are still working in different directions They're explaining the mechanisms once we understand things better that can lead us to making Actual superconductivity at room just important safety tip important safety tip if you do discover the holy grail We know that's the arc of the coming. That's the arc of the coming. Don't open the open it We know that oh open the box. Oh Indy Indy didn't open it though Let's see and my last story for this first part of the show University of Chicago researchers just published in Nature Physics their work into something called Quantum super chemistry Sounds pretty crazy, huh? Anyway quantum super chemistry is a phenomenon where Particles are in the same quantum state and that allows them to undergo accelerated reactions, so kind of like a catalyst in a molecular Reaction can speed up the reaction time that takes place The fact that molecules or atoms are in the same quantum state can accelerate the speed of the reaction as well In their work, they were able to Cool down some cesium atoms and put them all in the same quantum state and then look at them try to become molecules by binding to each other and they found that they would collide and normally Chemists can understand kind of like the the thermodynamics of a situation to be able to give a Probability of how many molecules of a certain how many molecules will Result in a certain amount of time if you have all of them in a particular normal state However, when they have them in this quantum state where they're all kind of doing the spinning together in the same way It's a similar kind of thing to the Superconductivity which I thought was very interesting It's more collective and they they discovered that The more atoms in a system the faster it happens even and it's even better when you have like three Atoms cesium atoms running into each other because it's like the third one is left all by itself But it somehow helps speed up the formation of a molecule by the other two atoms so Because it's it's stepping back. Oh you two look great together. It's like yeah, it's yenta, right? That's why you have a quantum quantum chemical yenta in there So here what they're saying is that with the technique of using quantum states and producing a system where atoms are in a similar quantum state you can steer the molecules that are produced into reacting in a particular way and in a faster amount of time So they think it's gonna Hopefully allow Researchers to handle larger more complex molecules if they can figure out how to quantum engineer the molecules into similar states maybe this can be used in quantum computers quantum Interformation processing the understanding the laws of how these fundamental interactions take place at the Quantum level is This new area Quantum super chemistry Fantastic, it's super, you know You sat there quietly. I was like, I'm gonna go This is a period where everything got started getting called quantum something Was it not? Oh, we got a quantum This quantum that okay, and now superconductivity was in the news and so they're like, oh, we'll call ours super Anyway, yeah go on to there. We have a super quantum break. We have to take I think here and then we're right Come back from more It is super. We're super glad you're here We hope that you are a measure all measurable quanta of human beings We hope that your quantum state is oscillating in time with ours Thank you for being with us for this episode of this weekend science If you are enjoying the show, please head over to twist org and click on the patreon Button that will take you to our patreon community. We are listener supported over at patreon You can choose your level of support ten dollars and more a month and you will be thanked on air at the end of the show One of the producers executive producers of the show. Thanks to you. We can do the show And also if you like the show share it with others click that share button right now. Tell some other people about twists We really can't do this show without you. Thank you for your support Coming on back right now. We're gonna go into Blair That favorite part of the show everybody loves Justin Justin. Yeah, okay. What you got Justin? Like just like it's always been always forever and ever I have a lesson from the animal corner that should be taught to children everywhere Researchers at the University of Leone Visited a zoo in Morocco with more than 300 Nile crocodiles Clarify the Nile crocodiles were already at the zoo. They didn't The researchers from Leone did not bring them to the zoo Nile crocodiles the Nile crocodiles were already at the zoo in Morocco I feel like that might have been able to go by without explaining It's like from that Monty Python Monty Python search for the Holy Grail is Already This is the research they do crocodile research and they bring 300 crocodiles with them just in various places See what happens. No, no, this is a zoo in Morocco. They have 300 Nile crocodiles The researchers set up loudspeakers alongside four of these big ponds where at any given moment You can look out and see a few dozen crocodiles sunbathing Waiting for a hapless zoo goers to fall into the enclosure The speakers that were set up Blared out a series of cries from chimpanzee bonobo and human infants The researchers wanted to observe Then the reactions of the crocodiles would they turn their heads would they just blink their eyes In acknowledgement would they acknowledge the sounds in any way Many of the crocs did respond Rapidly seeking out the source of the cries sometimes trying to bite the loudspeakers. What? the response the number of crocodiles that they got to investigate Depended on the characteristics of the distress cries Crocs were more likely to respond to recordings with highly upset infants Than those that were just mildly upset so Only one in five of the crocodiles responded to recordings of human infants experiencing low levels of distress So you've got a whiny kid. Let him know only one out of five crocodiles We're gonna come looking for you If you keep that up, but happy babies don't get eaten by crocodiles, honey Yeah, that rose to one-third of the crocodiles if the cries were of severely distressed human babies now These are louder though, right? Well, so so what's interesting? This is kind of an interesting aspect. It wasn't volume and When human they did this side piece where they had humans listen to the cries and humans almost Immediately Associated the level of distress with the pitch so the higher pitch it was the more distressful humans rated it but the there's Dispirate patterns That were that the crocodiles were picking up on that was separate from the pitch that is actually more Identifiable as distress, so they are actually better at hearing distress in a human infant than most humans so one-third because distressed human infants at the edge of the waterways are from I mean, I Don't know. This is I mean You're stuck in the mud. You're crying. You're upset. Where's my mother? I don't know and so then it's like Oh easy pickings Yeah, if you were severe if they were severely distressed if they're throwing a fit, so okay, so they played Now third respond to the cries of severely stressed distressed human babies now these recordings are made of children At bath time or while getting vaccinated. So that's a normal course of everyday human baby life. So they weren't dangling babies over the side of the enclosure to get them distressed you said you said they yeah, you said they were Loud speakers that they had speakers in there. That's music. No actual babies So even so if there is a Crocodile in your area Maybe one looking under the bed. Maybe one hiding in the closet Throwing a tantrum is a sure way to get their attention Quiet child as Kiki is pointing out is an uneaten by crocodile child And I think that's what the chart of the studies trying to tell us Although to be fair though Well, it's possible that crocodiles have attuned their hearing to the distress calls of other species infants Now crocodile mothers do respond to distress calls from their own young So a future research could look into the possibility that the crocodiles were actually racing to the loudspeakers out of concern and Biting them with their massive jaws is how crocodiles communicate care Here little baby crocodile run inside my mouth Don't they sometimes hold their babies in the house. Oh, yeah, they do I mean, this is that's a real thing. It could just be a bunch of Crocodile well, except it was it was both male and female. I don't know how the Rules, I think the male crocodiles the one that raises the young up. I'm not mistaken Yeah, so what we'd want to do is check this on different species of crocodiles. We'd want to maybe I Don't know you have to figure out how to How to determine how to differentiate between whether or not this is maternal paternal care or Attacking something that is in distress because it's an easy target. All right, that's I think that's Yeah, but it's interesting I like the the frequency in the pitch aspect to this and that this is something that they're listening crocodilians go back a Really really long time and that we know they have all sorts of complex behaviors. So I Don't you don't know need more study More study, but a good story also to keep the kids in line Children need to know that they're attracting crocodiles when you're near the water Human children are actually as noisy as they are And we've survived it just shows that we've been an apex predator for a long enough time because I don't think that sort of behavior We're smart enough for the parents to They're there not necessarily it's the apex predator part It's just smart enough to get away in time or to protect ourselves or there's lots of things that are in there I am giving us the benefit of the doubt by kind of but I shouldn't because we're gonna leave the animal corner now and You want to talk about something What have we done to the planet? Justin got ruined. So This is a State finds current ocean currents that redistribute heat cold and precipitation between the tropics and the northern most part of the Atlantic region I think we call this the conveyor belt Atlantic conveyor belt It's going to shut down around the year 2060 Maybe 2057 Still stop working This is suggesting a colder future may be in store for those unlucky enough to live in northern Europe. Oh Gosh wait, that's where I am right now Oh The conclusion is based on new calculations of the University Copenhagen that contradicts the latest report from the IPCC Saying yes, this is this is very likely very likely to happen in the new study researchers from University Copenhagen's Niels Bohr Institute and Department of Mathematical Sciences predicted the system of ocean currents which currently Distribute cold and heat between North Atlantic regions and tropics will completely stop If we continue to emit the same level of greenhouse gases as we do today Using advanced statistical tools, which I'm glad they're using because the instead of the old statistical The the very like retro not advanced like reverse evolution kind of statistics Yeah With the advanced ones And ocean temperature data from the last 150 years researchers calculated that the ocean current known as here is the thermo-hailing circulation of the Atlantic original overturning circulation amok will collapse with 95% certainty between 2025 and 2095 With this most likely occurring the peak statistic advanced statistical prediction being about 34 years or 2057 and could result in major Challenges that's put it lightly particularly Okay fair yeah increased Storminess in cold in the North Atlantic region, which no thanks. It's already pretty plenty stormy here But Maybe summer would be would be cooler. You wouldn't be so hot in your apartment Wouldn't need a sea anymore. I guess I guess that's possible if it does stay cooler that could be Okay, silver lining. I guess I feel like there's gonna be ramifications further like oh, yeah Yeah, the temperature will be fine, but the jet stream is gonna move down to ground level and it'll be a Hundred and forty mile an hour wind 24-7 yeah, it won't be so there's gonna be okay. So meanwhile all that heat That normally exchanges its way up in earth will likely remain in the tropics with warmer waters in the tropics More hurricanes maybe Yeah So I it's so it's morning eight hurricanes higher intensity certainly much more moisture That can be redistributed to what was once Florida and along the eastern seaboard of the United States Yeah, so other reporting on this story that I've heard since it came out of many climatologists and researchers into atmospheric Effects they have Wanted to really make sure that this is going to potentially affect The amok the Atlantic meridian Meridional overturning current but not necessarily the Gulf Stream There's gonna be heating down there, but it's not gonna like potentially like really upset or change the Gulf Stream So that like you said the jet stream that might change but because of the cooling, but yeah No, we don't but we don't know the only thing that right now This is is just okay is going to be colder that could have impacts in cooling and Potential like yeah cooling effects over in Europe northern Europe But In the other aspect of this is that the media has jumped on the 2025 which is like, you know a year and a half away And that's not the likelihood it is like that's the outside edge of the error Possibilities and so like you repeated multiple times. This is late, this is later this century, but not with not much later Not that much later when originally researchers had and the IPCC have been like probably after 2100 so This is a shift this should Should elicit a shift in the way that we think about things. I don't know if it's going to because of human psychology, but But yeah, it's not gonna be like next year, but Things are things are shifting because we keep making the oceans Hotter we keep making the the atmosphere have more carbon dioxide make it hotter PHs are changing in the ocean Things are shifting We got to do something So the thing to remember too is that this is a Do you remember the winter Olympics that was held in Scotland? No, no, no, no, no, however Glasgow Glasgow, how is it is? Scotland far north is Calgary Yes, where were there was a winter Olympics? Yes. Yes London I think is equivalent to Juneau, Alaska in terms of how far north it is and Denmark yeah, it's hard to the way that things are projection mapped right and smushed on a map It's hard to actually if you look at it in a map you can see it right away It's actually not that hard if you have a map laid out, but with the latitude lines that you're looking at Yeah, if you follow the lines, it makes sense. It's not a mystery The earth is round, but you can still see how far north things are, but we're not used to Conceptualizing things we I think at least I am guilty of this conceptualizing things That are colder as being further north places. They're colder must be further north. That's how you get colder but the the whole European north Atlantic Northern Northwestern European coastline is Very far north. It's just not that cold because of these ocean currents because of this circulation because of this And so that stops The Vikings are gonna come back and the Vikings are gonna like you know Just the Vikings with the furs and the horns and spears and the fighting that that's gonna happen Yeah, well, it might be before the Vikings because the last time I I'm aware of at least that this happened was when we hit a Kind of mini ice age. I think that was is I think that was Yeah, yeah, yeah, 8,000 10,000 12,000 years ago or so 12,000 Is that created a new one of the you know, big New York extinction events But it was there was a so maybe you know, this is hey Maybe we found the the path of least resistance solution to global warming Which is if you do nothing it ruins the ocean currents Snowball Earth for a little while for dry thousand years. I don't like that one. I don't like that Choose your own adventure. I I'm going to Dog ear that page go back to where I'm gonna try the other option What was that one? It's the one where we actually do something and fix things and use our technology for the betterment and What about all the rest of the sustainable resilient systems We certainly do that you and I but what about the rest of humans? We still have to account for them. Don't we? Yeah, planet Earth equals science island at some point hopefully But we're all swimming in a sea of waves We've talked about gravitational waves before Justin you wanted to talk about gravitational waves some more tonight Really, I wanted to bring the story to talk about but because I don't know where I've oh here we go So yeah, this is okay, so that sound that you've been hearing is not your tinnitus And it's not the refrigerator humming apparently That they're that that background hum in the Milky Way Could be coming from binary black hole systems there is This gravitational low-level gravitational waves That apparently they find permeating our galaxy They think this is a okay, so this is a Researcher you see Berkeley Kelly, where's Kelly's first name? Oh, I've lost it Okay, I'm gonna jump into their quote first and I'll figure out who's a miss Luke Zoltan Kelly There we go fantastic name. I Guess the elephant in the room is that we're not a hundred percent sure it's produced by supermassive black hole binaries Okay That is definitely our best guest and it's fully consistent with the data But we're not positive if it is binaries then it's the first time that we've actually confirmed that supermassive black hole binaries exist Which has been a huge puzzle for more than 50 years now, so And you know Where would we expect this to be? Where would they where would our best chance for having supermassive black hole binary systems be? Sagittarius a wouldn't it right we talked about that Look there. He didn't find it there. So it has to be somewhere else in the galaxy So now like if you have these radiating Gravity waves the sort of low-level creating this background hum. I Can't wait now for the scientists to figure out how to use that as a mapping system because now you have something that is Pinging if you can if you can find sources if you can identify where the sources are and they're pinging you may be able to get a map of our of our galaxy Through those gravitational waves, I don't know It's fascinating interesting stuff though to learn that even in the vast emptiness of space You can still hear the refrigerator humming in the background Did I lose key key there? I'm here. Okay But that was it. That's all I got from the story is making a humming sound could be Could be supermassive black holes in a binary system found for the first time Might not be But we need to do more study but the exciting part of this is that they've used pulsars to do this as opposed to just the The linear arrays that they have so far here on the on our planet It's allowed us to see more and have better resolution Actually, the pulsars as a detection device. Yes Which is so exciting now our instruments are becoming the galaxy. Yeah Yeah, so they've got yeah Galactic timers The oscillations We're in the waves now, man swimming aves But now that we have to navigate Through our own universe We always look back home to our own home planet to little tiny things like butterflies. Oh Little Flutterby's And we want to know hey butterflies What you doing over there? How you doing over there? What's going on and in this particular research published in nature? communications this past week Research or actually no published a while ago. Oh, oh July 7th researchers have determined butterflies Can navigate and they can remember the location of food sources And I actually love this story because I've noticed In my backyard sitting outside sometimes or as I'm looking out the window at certain times a day There is a particular yellow and black butterfly It seems to fly through our yard at very specific times of day every day And I found that very fascinating. I was like, wow, we're on like a butterfly little path There's like a little butterfly hiking path right here and that's what's going on And I was like that's interesting. And so to see this study come out. I think is really quite interesting because these researchers were looking at the fact that these Helicone in the butterflies Helicone in the Heliconeus that that they actually can learn all sorts of spatial stuff and that their neural systems are Really big enough and active enough to be able to them to learn the locations of various Food sources and they tested it a number of ways one Just kind of giving them an array that was like a square meter across with a bunch of little fake flowers that they were like Do you know where the pollen is and the butterflies are like And I'm gonna go back to the flowers with pollen and that's great And so then the researchers said, okay, we'll give you a bigger space and we're gonna give you like a Y maze. So at the end of two arms, there are gonna be two different sets of fake flowers that we've grouped with pollen or no pollen and see which one you can go to and the butterflies were like I got this no problem three square meters Y maze. I know what you're doing here I can remember all of this stuff. And so the butterflies were remembering where that food was and then the the researchers also Took a look at a much larger Space to see how how they were able to learn and they this I love this. It's the metatron in southern France This was a 60 meter wide T maze And they looked and they was where outdoor cages not indoors and it represented foraging between the localities and approaching the scales that they think these Heliconeus butterflies might actually be foraging in in the real world and That the da the Heliconeus butterflies were like I got this no problems. I could totally do this I know what you're up to. I can remember these things and so Now they're looking at You know more long-term Aspects how long they can remember the information and the butterflies are actually able to remember very, you know over a fairly decent eight day over a week period of time which is very exciting and Looking at the spatial structures That exist within the brain of the butterfly They they say that there are definitely neural pathways and structures that are larger than they might be in other non pollen feeding butterflies or non or butterflies that don't do the same kind of Spatial behaviors that these Heliconeus do So the exciting part of this is that We know bees can do all sorts of cool spatial stuff We know hummingbirds can we know mammals can but now this is the first species of butterfly that has been shown to have some kind of Spatial memory and learning that is not just basic, but a little bit more complex Okay, pushback. Yes, please do back on this story. Okay painted ladies Yes, there are the and Butterflies that migrate, right? So they're butterflies that migrate and what's wild about those migrations is that they will summer in the south of France and winter in some places Central Africa and that yearly migration of Going to the same places that have the same plants that they can that they can eat and have the same pollen. What have you? When when a butterfly migrates over a year, yeah, that's not just memory Well, so generational Yeah, so that's what that is in five six seven eight generations of Butterflies the ones that that summer in France are not the ones wintering in Africa, right? So so there's something I would love Yes, I was gonna say this so this is different. So this is a shorter term memory. This isn't nest. This isn't That instinctual drive to go a particular direction and you know end up in a particular place for mating This is even more They even more than just specifically honing in on a particular looking flower. This is Yeah, more. This is a more complex shorter term Survival based foraging strata. There's a foraging strategy for sure but they're showing that there is memory and Learning taking place. So it's probably more than instinct They have a lot more tests that they need to do to understand how the butterflies are doing it and what they're doing But when you say something's more than instinct and you're talking about something that is a globe trotter They find the same locations. I mean, that's so what but what I'm curious though is because the you know What I would call genetic memory You're calling instinct. I'm calling genetic memory in the painted ladies fair enough. I Wonder what I wonder if that is taking place at all with these butterflies like if you took then the offspring of these butterflies and Showed them those tests for the first time showed them those enclosures for the first time Oh, I would be fascinated to see whether or not they figured it out right away or had to relearn it Yeah, and I think that's it. I think that's a great question Because this is of course just looking at one generation of the butterflies but what they suggest from the study is that There is an expansion of the visual processing areas in these butterflies and this coincides with a good long-term memory and they also think that this is what they would call selection for behavioral innovation, which would not be genetic memory necessarily or instinct But the ability to adapt to new situations for foraging and to be able to learn what's going on in there So of course there's gonna be genetics in there somewhere. Yeah, that are some individuals are gonna be better than others, but the Yeah, the question as to You know, what's going on in the brain how much is being remembered what they're looking at specifically What it you know, what's going on? Wait a second. Yeah, you know what this unlocks We can we can now like we've talked about in the past Start a butterfly circus We can train them come to my butterfly circus. Yes, my butterflies Will remember the food Jump through hoops Terrible jumpers, but they're great flyers, you know Do they tag butterflies? I think if they have small enough tags and big enough butterflies they can I'm not exactly sure about that Le Motin I am that's a very interesting question because that could also allow for more naturalistic Investigations to take place so that they're not in a lab or in a you know cage situation with with these kinds of questions a lot of things to open up about what and How the insect brain works my last story for the night comes out of a university Hebrew University of Jerusalem With groups from H. U. J. I. Wiseman and IST Austria Researchers have published in the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences their work Looking at how nuclear spin so the up for the down nuclear spin of an Adam or you know, we we we talk about particular nuclear nuclear spin when a Magnetic resonance technology is in place for brain scanning or for organ scanning Nuclear resin magnetic resonance technology is in use when we have certain polar We can cause polarization of water molecules or oxygen Molecules or isotopes so that they're all kind of oriented in one direction or another and that allows us to see how Blood flows through an organ or how cells are placed it allows us to do some really interesting imaging work At at small scales these researchers Ask the question whether or not that spin of an atom impacts how it interacts with biological structures and biological functions and so the idea being how does say Oxygen with a spin because it's a particular isotope oxygen 16 17 or 18 Is this been different enough because of the fact that it has a slightly different mass at its center Is that difference enough to change the way that say oxygen interacts with a pore in a cell membrane? Or with another molecule that is doing a metabolic function How does nuclear spin of an atom impact biological functions the researchers say that they showed specifically that these stable oxygen isotopes that they looked at oxygen 16 17 and 18 That they the nuclear spin is slightly different and Yes, they interact with stuff differently They say their research demonstrates that nuclear spin plays a crucial role in biological processes Suggesting that manipulation could lead to different applications in biotechnology quantum biology could revolutionize Fields like nuclear magnetic Resonance technology for our imaging. There's all sorts of stuff researchers have been studying kind of strange behaviors of particles in living things and trying to figure out why they work particular thing particular ways and They say that this link between chirality or their spin and the mechanics the quantum mechanics That chiral molecules can be spinning differently interact differently and That it can change the way that biological processes occur the weird we were all quantum beings all along we didn't hear We could be Yeah, it could be a new way to treat illnesses But the the the one thing that I think is Strage is this does influence how water behaves in cells And so does this mean that the people who have been talking about their like special Ionized water or whatever and the health benefits of it. I still have no idea Is it kind of right in a certain way like does it impact the way that water enters a cell or that it That it impacts molecules and the different chiro molecule molecules involved. I'm not saying it does I am not supporting this because the research has not been done, but it opens up a lot of questions in there Quantum yes Spin I'm spinning out of control. I think we're spinning towards the end of the show. Have we done it? Yeah? I think we got a tight 90 That's how you do it We've made it to the end you've made it to the end with us Thank you for joining us for another episode of this week in science It's time now for me to say thank you to all of you in the chat room over you over there in our discord Hey, oh, thanks for talking. Thanks for your comments. Thanks for your questions and input I love the fact that the conversation can happen while we're doing the show. 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I'm not I'm actually sure You could do that. You can sign up for it for sure. You can also contact us directly. You can email me kirsten at Thisweekinscience.com Justin at twist minion at gmail.com or Blair at Blair baz at twist.org Or just put or actually no, uh, you need to you actually need to put twists in the subject line So your email doesn't get spam filtered into a binary black hole where maybe we can't even Find it because it doesn't even exist at the center of our galaxy We love your feedback If there's a subject you would like us to cover or address a suggestion for an interview haiku that comes due tonight Please let us know And we'll be back here next week We hope that you will join us again for more great science news And if you've learned anything from the show remember It's all in your head This week in science This week in science This week in science This week in science. It's the end of the world. So i'm setting up a shop got my banner unfurled It says the scientist is in i'm gonna sell my advice Show them how to stop the robot with a simple device I'll reverse the warming with a wave of my hand and all it'll cost you is a couple of grids coming your way So everybody listen to what I say. I use the scientist this week in science science science This week in science this week in science This week in science science science science. I've got one disclaimer and it shouldn't be news That's what I say and it is the after show everyone. Thank you for joining us for the whole show You're welcome gary ell for all the new stuff in your head Justin did hand signals that I think meant stay here. Don't go. He's coming back That's what I interpreted it as isn't it wonderful that um That's how a human communication probably started many many many eons ago ah And yes lawn conig Yes, and now we return to baby watch 2023 All my thoughts right now are on blare and whether or not She's doing well. I hope she's doing well things are Yeah in process But if anybody has ever been through the process, you know, it's unpredictable And sometimes it goes really fast. Sometimes it's very slow Sometimes you're like sitting around waiting and you're like, maybe I need to eat another spicy pizza or go for a really really long walk Or I don't know. Maybe I like trampolines. No, do I that was not serious at all Yes, vote baby 2023 I'm checking my phone. Yeah, no no text messages Nothing specifically from blare related to Any information just her text today saying don't count on me tonight. We don't know what's going on. So We want her to be comfortable. We want her to be happy and um I'm so excited for her. I'm gonna miss her while she is on her baby leave, but Babies gotta gotta spend time with the babies. Don't you? You have the baby you spend time with the baby Ah, just in this back Okay, I am back. I wanted to cover something that happened right at the top of the show Uh chat room Yeah, that's a long time ago asking about this is david nevin and chat room says, uh, he's had this question for a while Why does the posting for this podcast say it begins at 10 p.m? It doesn't give a time zone, but it says 10 p.m. My guess Where if if is is if you have a vpn Your vpn Could be in a different time zone, but then everything all of your shows would be at a different 8 p.m. Pacific time would be, uh, what? 10 p.m Central time Yes, um Yeah, uh, also, I don't think we've ever done the show. He says he's in the eastern time zone And the podcast actually begins at 11 p.m. That's why I was wondering if there's a vpn involved Yeah, that's a good question. I don't know where it's 10 p.m. It's 10 p.m. Somewhere, but and it it depends on where it starts at 5 a.m on thursday here, so It also depends on where you're looking because I think there are places on the internet where I have not updated This this time that we started at 10 p.m. Ever No, never we have never started the show at 10 p.m. No, we started it I think we did it at 7 p.m. At one time a long time ago. So maybe that is uh, Something that needs to be changed on the back end. Oh, which would be 10 p.m. Uh Eastern time. Yeah Good detective work. So may it it's either gonna be your vpn or it's gonna be I'm not good at catching all the details I really try I really really try Yeah, I don't know it probably does still say I mean I know our um Our promo video on our youtube channel still says that it's thursdays Hey Or something it's it's like the wrong day in the wrong time, but we don't have a new promo video I think that's that was it. I guess that was the only thing that I had there Well, that's fine Ooh season finale of strange new worlds. I would like to watch strange new worlds. I don't know if I haven't watched the musical episode yet. So look that one I have left strange new worlds It's a star trek show. It's very I like it a lot. I don't know. I don't have access to any of the Media channels. Yeah, yeah We're currently watching stuff We're currently watching star trek enterprise with kai and he's enjoying that Oh, thank you, david nevin. Okay, so it comes up on youtube. So I will look into that and see See where it says it and See if I can fix things But the lives the live stream not using a VPN Yeah, but the live stream thing where it's like this will stream live at whatever time that should that should say 11 p.m. Eastern 10 p.m. Central Uh eight p.m. Pacific. That's what it should say Yeah, okay Oh, you got covid paul. I'm so sorry Yeah, not a fan. It's it's making it. It's making the rounds right now because everybody's like We've been vaccinated. We've been out. We're doing things I'm sorry. I hope I hope that you recover quickly and easily. I mean Yeah, I don't think it is an easy thing to have For most I don't some people it's very easy other people Not great. No fun. I don't know you don't know yet It didn't happen to me I don't know if I've gotten it or not. I've Never tested positive But I've had instances of like, who is this it? But I've never tested positive So I could also be one of those weird mutant people who just is like a carrier Uh, it doesn't tell so there's two possibilities One or three possibilities one. You just never encountered it. It's I I'm sure I've encountered it two is You're just naturally Natural immunity to it. Like you said, I I I am Neanderthal-ish three You've never encountered it and you're not immune to it. And if you do get it, you'll die immediately I've been vaccinated. I don't like that one. No I'm always trying to find the silver lining Over the main bit of one day didn't yeah lingering effects okay, well You know, Paul you should go to bed. I'll be up so late. The sense of smell is the most overrated sense anyway If I if you could choose one not to have that's the one I would not have If you had to smell impacts taste of food and then you can't taste you can't taste as well if you have It's fine. It's all together It's fine. You don't have to you don't have to smell things anymore well I have my Star Trek loveboat theme song in my head And I also have the starship enterprise theme song in my head, which apparently was written by rod steward I don't know but it is a cheesy song that I never expected to hear at the beginning of a star trek program and Yeah Do we need to go? Yeah, I gotta go. I have a little people Little people. I'm yep. I'm seeing I'm seeing hand waves By yanna being visited Yes, you should be visited The little people the little people rule everything in your lives once you have one All right all disney We love you. You can't be be well. All right, uh say good morning, Justin Uh good morning Justin. All right Good night, kiki And I hope everyone stays well stays safe stays healthy stays curious and lucky We'll see you again next week Hey, let me tell you about crocodiles Be a good be a good boy