 Section 36. Part 5. Chapter 3 of Atlantis. The Anti-Diluvian World by Ignatius Loyola Donnelly. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Cody2. If we will suppose the civilized, maritime people to have planted colonies in the remote past along the headlands and shores of the Gulf of Mexico setting thence in time to the table-lens of Mexico and to the plains and mountains of New Mexico and Colorado, what would be more natural than that these adventurous navigators passing around the shores of the Gulf should sooner or later discover the mouth of the Mississippi River. And what more certain than that they would enter it, explore it, and plant colonies along its shores wherever they found a fertile soil and a salubrious climate. Their outlying provinces would penetrate even into regions where the severity of the climate would prevent great density of population or development of civilization. The results we have presupposed are precisely those which we find to have existed at one time in the Mississippi Valley. The mound builders of the United States were preeminently a river-people, and their densest settlements and greatest works were near the Mississippi and distributaries. Says Foster. Open Perenn. Prehistoric Races. Page 110. Close Perenn. The navigable streams were the great highways of the mound builders. Mr. Fontaine claims, Open Perenn, how the world was peopled, close Perenn, that this ancient people constructed levies to control and utilize the bayous of the Mississippi for the purpose of agriculture and commerce. The Yazoo River is called Yazoo Okina, the river of ancient ruins. Open quotes. There is no evidence that they had reached the Atlantic coast. No authentic remains of the mound builders are found in the New England states, not even in the state of New York. Open Perenn, North Americans of Antiquity. Page 28. Close Perenn. This would indicate that the civilization of these people advanced up the Mississippi River and spread out over its tributaries, but did not cross the Allegheny. Open Perenn. Sick. Close Perenn. Mountains. They reached, however, far up the Mississippi and Yellowstone Rivers, and then into Oregon. The headwaters of the Missouri become one of the great centers of population, but their chief sites were upon the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. In Wisconsin we find the northern central limit of their work. They seem to have occupied the southern counties of the state and the western shores of Lake Michigan. Their circular mounds are found in Minnesota and Iowa, and some very large ones in Dakota. Illinois and Indiana were densely populated by them. It is believed that the vital center of their colonies was near the juncture of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The chief characteristic of the mound builders was that from which they derived their name, the creation of great structures of earth or stone, not unlike the pyramids of Mexico and Egypt. Between Alton and East St. Louis is the great mound of Cahokia, which may be selected as a type of their works. It rises 97 feet high, while its square sides are 700 and 500 feet respectively. There was a terrace on the south side, 160 feet by 300 feet, reached by a graded way. The summit of the pyramid is flattened, affording a platform 200 by 450 feet. It will thus be seen that the area covered by the mound of Cahokia is about as large as that of the greatest pyramid of Egypt, Cheops, although its height is much less. The number of the monuments left by the mound builders is extraordinarily great. In Ohio alone there are more than 10,000 tumuli, and from 1,000 to 1,500 enclosures. Their mounds were not cone, but four-sided pyramids. Their sides, like those of Egyptian pyramids, corresponding with the cardinal points. The mound builders had attained a considerable degree of civilization. They were able to form, in the construction of their works, perfect circles and perfect squares of great accuracy, carried over the varying surface of the country. One large enclosure comprises exactly 40 acres. At Hopetown, Ohio are two walled figures, one a square the other a circle, each containing precisely 20 acres. They must have possessed regular scales of measurement and the means of determining angles and of computing the area to be enclosed by the square and circle, so that the space enclosed by each might exactly correspond. The most skillful engineer of this day would find it difficult, says Mr. Squire, without the aid of instruments, to lay down an accurate square of the great dimensions above representative measuring as they do more than four-fifths of a mile in circumference. But we not only find accurate squares in perfect circles, but also as we have seen octagons of great dimensions. They also possessed an accurate system of weights. Bracelets of copper on the arms of a skeleton have been found to be of uniform size, measuring each two and nine-tenths inches and each weighing precisely four ounces. They built great military works, surrounded by walls and ditches, with artificial lakes in the center to supply water. One work, Fort Ancient, on the Little Miami River, Ohio, has a circuit of between four and five miles. The embankment was twenty feet high. The fort could have held a garrison of sixty thousand men with their families and provisions. Not only do we find pyramidal structures of earth in the Mississippi Valley very much like the pyramids of Egypt, Mexico, and Peru, but a very singular structure is repeated in Ohio and Peru. I refer to the double walls or prolonged pyramids, if I may coin an expression, shown in the cut page 375. The mound builders possessed chains of fortifications reaching from the southern line of New York diagonally across the country through central and northern Ohio to the wall bash. It would appear probable, therefore, that while they advanced from the south it was from the northeast the savage races came who drove them south or exterminated them. At Marietta, Ohio, we find a combination of the cross and pyramid. At Newark, Ohio, are extensive and intricate works. They occupy an area two miles square, embraced with an embankment twelve miles long. One of the mounds is a three-fold symbol, like a bird's foot. The central mound is one hundred and fifty-five feet long, and the other two each one hundred and ten feet in length. Is this curious design a reminiscence of Atlantis and a three-pronged trident of Poseidon? Open for end. See fourth figure, page 242, Antti. The mound builders made sun-dried brick mixes with rushes, as the Egyptians made sun-dried bricks mixed with straw. They worked in copper, silver, lead, and there are evidences, as we shall see, that they were even in iron. Copper implements are very numerous in the mounds. Copper axes, spearheads, hollow buttons, bosses for ornaments, bracelets, rings, etc., are found in very many of them strikingly similar to those of the Bronze Age in Europe. In one in Butler County, Ohio, was found a copper fillet around the head of a skeleton, with strange devices marked upon it. Silver ornaments have also been found, but not in such great numbers. They seem to have attached a high value to silver, and it is often found in thin sheets, no thicker than paper, wrapped over copper or stone ornaments, as so neatly as to almost escape detection. The greatest steam in which they hold a metal so intrinsically valueless as silver is another evidence that they must have drawn their superstitions from the same source as the European nations. Copper is often found in this manner plated over stone pipes, presenting an unbroken metallic luster. The overlapping edges so well polished as to be scarcely discoverable. Beads and stars made of shells have sometimes been found doubly plated, first with copper, then with silver. The mound builders also understood the art of casting metals, or they held intercourse with some race who did. A copper axe at, quote-unquote, cast has been found in the state of New York. Open Perenn C. Lubbock's Prehistoric Times, page 254, note. Professor Foster, Open Perenn, Prehistoric Races, page 259, close Perenn, also proves that the ancient people of the Mississippi Valley possessed this art, and he gives us representations of various articles plainly showing the marks of the mold upon them. A rude article in the shape of an axe, composed of pure lead, weighing about half a pound, was found in sinking a well within the trench of the ancient works at Circleville. There can be no doubt it was the production of the mound builders, as Galena has often been found on the altars in the mounds. It has been generally thought, by Mr. Squire and others, that there were no evidence that the mound builders were acquainted with the use of iron, or that their plating was more than a simple overlaying of one metal on another, or on some foreign substance. Some years since, however, a mound has been opened at Marietta, Ohio, which seems to have refuted these opinions. Dr. S. P. Hildreth, in a letter to the American Antiquarian Society, thus speaks of it. Lying immediately over, or on the forehead of the body were found three large circular bosses, or ornaments for a sword-belt or buckler. They are composed of copper overlaid with a thick plate of silver. The fronts are slightly convex, with a depression like a cup in the center, and they measure two inches and a quarter across the face of each. On the backside, opposite the depressed portion, is a copper, rivet, or nail, around which are two separate plates by which they are fastened to the leather. Two small pieces of leather were found lying between the plates of one of the bosses. They resemble the skin of a mummy, and seem to have been preserved by the salts of copper. Near the side of the body was found a plate of silver, which appears to have been the upper part of a sword scabbard. It is six inches in length, two in breadth, and weighs one ounce. It seems to have been fastened to the scabbard by three or four rivets, the holes of which remain in the silver. Two or three pieces of copper tube were also found, filled with iron rust. These pieces, from their appearance, compose the lower end of the scabbard near the point of the sword. No sign of the sword itself were discovered except the rust above mentioned. The mound had every appearance of being as old as any in the neighborhood, and was at the first settlement of Marietta covered with large trees. It seems to have been made for this single personage, as this skeleton alone was discovered. The bones were very much decayed, and many of them crumbled to dust upon exposure to the air. Mr. Squire says, these articles have been critically examined, and it is beyond doubt that the copper bosses were absolutely plated, not simply overlaid, with silver. Between the copper and the silver exists a connection such as, it seems to me, could only be produced by heat, and if it is admitted that these are genuine relics of the mound builders, it must, at the same time, be admitted that they possessed the difficult art of plating one metal upon another. There is but one alternative, viz, that they had occasional or constant intercourse with the people advanced in the arts, from whom these articles were obtained. Again, if Dr. Hildreth is not mistaken, oxidized iron, or steel, was also discovered in connection with the above remains, from which also follows the extraordinary conclusion that the mound builders were acquainted with the use of iron, the conclusion being, of course, subject to the improbable alternative already mentioned. In connection with this subject, we would refer to the interesting evidence that the copper mines of the shore of Lake Superior had been at some very remote period worked by the mound builders. There were found deep excavations with rude ladders, huge masses of rock broken off, also numerous stone tools, and all the evidences of extensive and long-continued labor. It is even said that the great Antonagon mass of pure copper, which is now in Washington, was excavated by these ancient miners, and that when first found, its surface showed numerous marks of their tools. There seems to be no doubt, then, that the mound builders were familiar with the use of copper, silver, and lead, and in all probability, of iron. They possessed various mechanical contrivances. They were very probably acquainted with the lathe. Beads of shell had been found looking very much like ivory, and showing the circular striatea, identical with those produced by turning in a lathe. An amount on the Shaioto River was found around the neck of a skeleton, triple rows of beads, made of marine shells and the tusks of some animal. Several of these, Sisquire, still retained their polish, and bare marks, which seemed to indicate that they were turned in some machine instead of being carved or rubbed into shape by hand. Not among the least interesting and remarkable relics, continues the same author. Obtained from the mound are the stone tubes. They were all carved from fine-grained materials, capable of receiving a polish, and being made ornamental as well as useful. The finest specimen yet discovered, in which can scarcely be surpassed in the delicacy of its workmanship, was found in a mound in the immediate vicinity of Chillicoth. It is composed of a compact variety of slate. The stone cuts with great clearness, and receives a fine, though not glaring polish. The tube, under notice, is thirteen inches long by one and one-tenth in diameter. One end swells slightly, and the other terminates in a broad, flattened, triangular mouthpiece of fine proportions, which is carved with mathematical precision. It is drilled throughout. The bore is seven-tenths of an inch in diameter at the cylindrical end of the tube, and retains that caliber until it reaches the point where the cylinder subsides into the mouthpiece, when it contracts gradually to one-tenth of an inch. The inner surface of the tube is perfectly smooth, till within a short distance of the point of contraction. For the remaining distance, the circular striatea, formed by the drill and boring, are distinctly marked. The carving upon it is very fine. That they possessed saws is proved by the fact that on some fossil teeth found in the mound, the striatea of the teeth of the saw could be distinctly perceived. When we consider that some of their porphyry carvings will turn the edge of the best tempered knife, we are forced to conclude that they possessed the singular process known to the Mexicans and Peruvians of tempering copper to the hardness of steel. We find in the mounds, adzes, similar in shape to our own, with the edges beveled from the inside. Drills and gravers of copper have also been found, with chisel-shaped edges or sharp points. It is not impossible, says Square, but on the contrary very probable, from a close inspection of the mound pottery, that the ancient people possessed a simple approximation toward the potter's wheel, and the polish which some of the finer vessels possesses due to other causes than vitrification. Their sculptures show a considerable degree of progress. They consist of figures of birds, animals, reptiles on the faces of men, carved from the various kinds of stones, upon the bowls of pipes, upon toys, upon rings, and in distinct and separate figures. We give the opinions of those who have examined them. Mr. Squire observes. The heads here represented, intended to represent the eagle, are far superior in point of finish, spirit, and truthfulness to any miniature carvings, ancient or modern, which have fallen under the notice of the authors. The peculiar, defiant expression of the king of birds is admirably preserved in the carving, which in this respect, more than any other, displays the skill of the artist. Traces of cloth, with open quotes, doubled and twisted fiber, close quotes, have been found in the mounds, also matting, also shuttle-like tablets, used in weaving. They have also been found in numerous musical pipes, with mouthpieces and stops, lover's pipes curiously and delicately carved, reminding us of Bryant's lines. Open quotes, till twilight came, and lovers walked and wooed, in a forgotten language and old tunes, from instruments of unremembered forms, gave the soft winds a voice. Close quotes. There is evidence which goes to prove that the mound builders had relations with the people of a semi-tropical region in the direction of Atlantis. Among their sculptures, in Ohio, we find accurate representations of the Lamentine, Manatee, or Seacow, found today on the shores of Florida, Brazil, and Central America, and of the Toucan, a tropical and almost exclusively South American bird. Seashells from the Gulf, pearls from the Atlantic, and obsidian from Mexico, have also been found side-by-side in their mounds. The antiquity of their works is now generally conceited. From the ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, says Mr. Glidden, we have bones of at least 2,500 years old, from the pyramids and from the catacombs of Egypt, both mummified and unmummified crania, have been taken of still higher antiquity, in perfect preservation. Nevertheless, the skeletons deposited in our Indian mounds, from the lakes to the Gulf, are crumbling into dust, through age alone. All the evidence points to the conclusion that civilized or semi-civilized man has dwelt on the western continent from a vast antiquity. Maze, tobacco, quinoa, and the Mandiko plants have been cultivated so long that their wild originals have quite disappeared. The only species of palm cultivated by the South American Indians, that known as the Galenmia speciosa, has lost through that culture its original nut-like seed, and is dependent on the hands of its cultivators for its life. Alluding to the above-named plants, Dr. Brinton, Open Perenn, Myths of the New World, page 37, Clisperen, remarks, several are sure to perish, unless fostered by human care. What numberless ages does this suggest? How many centuries elapsed? Airmen thought of cultivating Indian corn. How many more air had it spread over a nearly 100 degrees of latitude and lost all resemblance to its original form? In the animal kingdom, certain animals were domesticated by the aborigines from so remote a period that scarcely any of their species, as in the case of the Llama of Peru, were to be found in a state of unrestrained freedom at the advent of the Spaniards. Open Perenn, Shorts North Americans of Antiquity, page 11, Clisperen. The most ancient remains of man found in Europe are distinguished by a flattening of the tibia, and this peculiarity is found to be present in an exaggerated form in some of the American mounds. This also points to a high antiquity. Open Quotes None of the works, mounds, or enclosures are found on the lowest form of the river terraces which mark the subsidence of the streams, and as there is no good reason why their builders should have avoided erecting them on the terrace while they raised them promiscuously on all the others, it follows not unreasonably that this terrace has been formed since the works were erected. Open Perenn, Baldwin's Ancient America, page 47, Clisperen. We have given some illustrations, showing the similarity between the works of the mound builders and those of the stone and bronze age in Europe. Open Perenn, C pages 251, 260, 261, 262, 265, 266, anti-clisperen. The mound builders retreated southward toward Mexico, and probably arrived there sometime between AD 29 and AD 231 under the name of Nahuas. They called the region they left in the Mississippi Valley Hue Hue Tlapalan, the old red land, in illusion probably to the red clay soil of part of the country. In the mounds we find many works of copper, but none of bronze. This may indicate one of two things. Either the colonies which settled the Mississippi Valley may have left a land as prior to the discovery of the art of manufacturing bronze, by mixing one part of tin with nine parts of copper, or, which is more probable, the manufacturers of the mound builders may have been made on the spot, and as they had no tin within their territory, they used copper alone, except it may be for such tools as were needed to carve stone, and these perhaps were hardened with tin. It is known that the Mexicans possessed the art of manufacturing true bronze, and the intercourse which evidently existed between Mexico and the Mississippi Valley, as proved by the presence of implements of obsidian in the mounds of Ohio, renders it probable that the same commerce which brought them obsidian brought them also small quantities of tin, or tin hardened copper implements necessary for their sculptures. The proofs, then, of the connection of the mound builders with Atlantis are, one, their race identity with the nations of Central America who possessed flood legends, and whose traditions all point to an eastern over the sea origin, while the many evidences of their race identity with the ancient Peruvians indicated they were part of one great movement of the human race extending from the Andes to Lake Superior and, as I believe, from Atlantis to India. Two, the similarity of their civilization and their works of stone and bronze with the civilization of the Bronze Age of Europe. Three, the presence of great truncated mounds, kindred to the pyramids of Central America, Mexico, Egypt, and India. Four, the representation of tropical animals which point to an intercourse with the regions around the Gulf of Mexico where the Atlanteans were colonized. Five, the fact that the settlements of the mound builders were confined to a valley of the Mississippi, and were apparently densest at those points where a population advancing up that stream would first reach high healthy infertile lands. Six, the hostile nations which attacked them came from the north, and when the mound builders could no longer hold the country, or when Atlantis sank in the sea, they retreated in the direction whence they came and fell back upon their kindred races in Central America as the Roman troops in Gaul and Britain drew southward upon the destruction of Rome. Seven, the Naches Indians who were supposed to have descended from the mound builders kept a perpetual fire burning before an altar, washed by old men who were sort of a priesthood as in Europe. Eight, if the tablet said to have been found in a mound near Davenport, Iowa is genuine, which appears probable, the mound builders must have either possessed an alphabet or have held intercourse with some people who did. Open Perenn, see North Americans of Antiquity, page 38, close Perenn. This singular relic exhibits what appears to be a sacrificial mound with a fire upon it. Over it are the Sun, Moon, and Stars, and above these a mass of hieroglyphics which bear some resemblance to the letters of European alphabets, especially to that unknown alphabet which appears upon the inscribed bronze salt found near Rome. Open Perenn, see page 258 of this work, close Perenn. For instance, one of the letters on the salt is this. Token Symbol. On the Davenport Tablet we find this sign. Token Symbol. On the Selt we have Token Symbol. On the Tablet, Token Symbol. On the Selt we have Token Symbol. And on the Tablet, Token Symbol. End of Chapter 3, Recording by Cody 2, in sunny eastern North Carolina. Section 37, Part 5, Chapter 4, of Atlantis, the Antedilevian World, by Ignatius Loyola Denley. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by I. M. Clifford, Atlantis, the Antedilevian World, by Ignatius Loyola Denley. Chapter 4, At the farthest point in the past to which human knowledge extends, a race called Iberian inhabited the entire peninsula of Spain from the Mediterranean to the Pyrenees. They also extended over the southern part of Gaul as far as the Rhon. It is thought that the Iberians from Atlantis and the northwest part of Africa, says Wynchel, settled in the southwest of Europe at a period earlier than the settlement of the Egyptians in the northeast of Africa. The Iberians spread themselves over Spain, Gaul, and the British islands as early as 4000 or 5000 B.C. The fourth dynasty of the Egyptians, according to Brugge, dates from about 3500 B.C. At this time the Iberians had become sufficiently powerful to attempt the conquest of the known world. Pre-Atomites, page 443 The Libyan Amazons of Diodorus, that is to say the Libyans of the Iberian race, must be identified with the Libyans with brown and grizzly skin, of whom Brugge has already pointed out the representations figured on the Egyptian monuments of the fourth dynasty. Ibed The Iberians known as Sikhanes, colonized Sicily in the ancient days. They were the original settlers in Italy and Sardinia. They are probably the source of the dark-haired stock in Norway and Sweden. Vadasan claims that the Iberians embraced the Ligurians, Cantabrians, Esturians, and Aquitanians. Strabo says, speaking of the Turduli and Turdatani, they are the most cultivated of all the Iberians. They employ the art of writing and have written books containing memorials of ancient times and also poems and laws set in verse, for which they claim an antiquity of 6000 years. Strabo, Lib, III, page 139 The Iberians are represented today by the Basques. The Basques are a middle-sized, compactly-built, robust and agile, of a darker complexion than the Spaniards with gray eyes and black hair. They are simple but proud, impetuous, merry and hospitable. The women are beautiful, skillful in performing men's work, and remarkable for their vivacity and grace. The Basques are much attached to dancing and are very fond of the music of the bagpipe. New American Cyclopedia, Art Basques According to Paul Broca, their language stands quite alone or has mere analogies with the American type. Of all Europeans, we must provisionally hold the Basques to the oldest inhabitants of our quarter of the world. Pechal, Races of Men, page 501 The Basque language, the Yuskara, has some common traits with the Magyar, Asmanli, and other dialects of the Altai family, as for instance with the Finica and the Old Continent, as well as the Algonquin Lenape language and some others in America. New American Cyclopedia, Art Basques Duponseau says of the Basque tongue, This language, preserved in a corner of Europe by a few thousand mountaineers, is the sole remaining fragment of perhaps a hundred dialects constructed on the same plan, which probably existed and were universally spoken at a remote period in that quarter of the world. Like the bones of the mammoth, it remains a monument of the destruction produced by a succession of ages. It stands single and alone of its kind, surrounded by idioms that have no affinity with it. We have seen them settling in the earliest ages in Ireland. They also formed the base of the dark-haired population of England and Scotland. They seem to have race affinities with the Berbers on the Mediterranean coast of Africa. Dr. Botteshawn, for fifteen years a surgeon in Algiers says, Persons who have inhabited Brittany and then go to Algeria are struck with the resemblance between the ancient Américans, the Britons, and the Cabales of Algiers. In fact, the moral and physical character is identical. The Britain of pure blood has a long head, light yellow complexion of bister tinge, eyes black or brown, stature short, and the black hair of the Cabal. Like him, he instinctively hates strangers. And both are the same perverseness and obstinacy, the same endurance of fatigue, same love of independence, same inflection of the voice, same expression of feelings. Listen to a Cabal speaking his native tongue and you will think you bear a Britain talking Celtic. The Britons, he tells us, form a strong contrast to the people around them who are Celts of tall stature with blue eyes, white skins, and blonde hair. They are communicative, impetuous, versatile. They pass rapidly from courage to despair. The Britons are entirely different. Their taciturn holds strongly to their ideas and usages, are persevering and melancholic, in a word both in morale and physique. They present the type of a southern race of the Atlanteans. By Atlanteans, Dr. Bottishon refers to the inhabitants of the Barbary States, that being one of the names by which they are known to the Greeks and Romans. He adds, the Atlanteans among the ancients passed for the favorite children of Neptune. They made known the worship of this god to other nations, to the Egyptians, for example. In other words, the Atlanteans were the first known navigators. Like all navigators, they must have planted colonies at a distance. The Britons, in our opinion, sprung from one of them. Neptune was Poseidon, according to Plato, founder of Atlantis. I could multiply proofs of the close relationship between the people of the Bronze Age of Europe and the ancient inhabitants of Northern Africa, which should be read remembering that connecting Ridge, which according to the deep-sea soundings, united Africa and Atlantis. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Mark Apfelstadt. Atlantis, the Antediluvian world, by Ignatius Loyola Donnelly, Part 5, Chapter 5. The Peruvian Colony If we look at the map of Atlantis as revealed by the deep-sea soundings, we will find that it approaches at one point, by its connecting ridge, quite closely to the shores of South America, above the mouth of the Amazon, and that probably it was originally connected with it. If the population of Atlantis expanded westwardly, it naturally found its way in its ships up the magnificent valley of the Amazon and its tributaries, and passing by the low and fever-stricken lands of Brazil, it rested not until it had reached the high, fertile, beautiful, and healthful regions of Bolivia, from which it would eventually cross the mountains into Peru. Here it would establish its outlying colonies at the terminus of its western line of advance, arrested only by the Pacific Ocean, precisely as we have seen it advancing up the valley of the Mississippi and carrying on its mining operations on the shores of Lake Superior, precisely as we have seen it going eastward up the Mediterranean, past the Dardanelles, and founding Arian, and probably Turanian colonies on the farther shores of the Black Sea and on the Caspian. This is the Universal Empire over which the Hindu books tell us, Devah Nahusha was the ruler. This was the great and aggressive empire to which Plato alludes. This was the mighty kingdom embracing the whole of the then known world, from which the Greeks obtained their conception of the universal father of all men in King Zeus. And in this Universal Empire, Senor Lopez must find an explanation of the similarity which, as we shall show, exists between the speech of the South American Pacific Coast on the one hand and the speech of Gaul, Ireland, England, Italy, Greece, Bactria, and Hindustan on the other. Montesino tells us that at some time near the date of the deluge, in other words, in the highest antiquity, America was invaded by a people with four leaders, named Ayar Mancautopa, Ayar Chaki, Ayar Auka, and Ayar Uisu. Ayar, says Senor Lopez, is the Sanskrit azjar or aje, and means Primitive Chief, and Manco, Chaki, Auka, and Uisu mean Believers, Wanderers, Soldiers, Husbandmen. We have here a tradition of castes like that preserved in the four tribal names of Athens. The laboring class, naturally enough in a new colony, obtained the supremacy, and its leader was named Perhu Amanco, Revealer of Pyr, Light, Pyr, Umbrian Pyr. Do the lusts which control the changes of language by which a labial succeeds a labial indicate that the Maro or Maru of Theopompus, the name of Atlantis, was carried by the colonists of Atlantis to South America, as the name of Old York was transplanted in a later age to New York, and became in time Peru or Peru, was not the Nubian island of Maru with its pyramids built by red men, a similar transplantation, and when the Hindu priest points to his sacred emblem with five projecting points on it and tells us that they typify Maru and the Four Quarters of the World, does he not refer to Atlantis and its ancient universal empire? Manco, in the names of the Peruvian colonists, it has been urged, was the same as Manus, Manu, and the Sanfal Manico. It reminds us of Menes, Minos, etc., who are found at the beginning of so many of the Old World traditions. The Quachuas, this invading people, were originally a fair-skinned race with blue eyes and light and even auburn hair. They had regular features, large heads and large bodies. Their descendants are to this day an olive-skinned people much lighter in color than the Indian tribes subjugated by them. They were a great race. Peru, as it was known to the Spaniards, held very much the same relation to the ancient Quachuas civilization as England in the 16th century held to the civilizations of the Empire of the Caesars. The Incas were simply an offshoot who, descending from the mountains, subdued the rude races of the sea coast and imposed their ancient civilization upon them. The Quachuas' nation extended at one time over a region of country more than 2,000 miles long. This whole region, when the Spaniards arrived, was a populous and prosperous empire complete in its civil organization supported by an efficient system of industry and presenting a noble development of some of the more important arts of civilized life, Baldwin's Ancient America, page 222. The companions of Pizarro found everywhere the evidences of a civilization of vast antiquity. Siéca de Lyon mentions great edifices that were in ruins at Tioanaca. An artificial hill raised on a groundwork of stone and two stone idols apparently made by skillful artificers, 10 or 12 feet high, closed in long robes. In this place also, says de Lyon, there are stones so large and so overgrown that our wonder is excited at being incomprehensible how the power of men could have placed them where we see them. They are variously wrought and some of them having the form of men must have been idols. Near the walls are many caves and excavations under the earth, but in another place farther west are other and greater monuments such as large gateways with hinges, platforms and porches, each made of a single stone. It surprised me to see these enormous gateways made of great masses of stone, some of which were 30 feet long, 15 high and six thick. The capital of Chimus of northern Peru at Gran Chimu was conquered by the Incas after a long and bloody struggle and the capital was given up to barbaric ravage and spoilation, but its remains exist today, the marvel of the southern continent covering not less than 20 square miles. Tombs, temples and palaces arise on every hand, ruined but still traceable. Immense pyramidal structures, some of them half a mile in circuit, vast areas shut in by massive walls, each containing its water tank, its shops, municipal edifices and the dwellings of the inhabitants and each a branch of a larger organization. Prisons, furnaces for smelting metals and almost every concomitant of civilization existed in the ancient Chimu capital. One of the great pyramids called the Temple of the Sun is 812 feet long by 470 wide and 150 high. These vast structures have been ruined for centuries but still the work of excavation is going on. One of the centers of the ancient Quechua civilization was around Lake Titicaca. The buildings here as throughout Peru were all constructed of hewn stone and had doors and windows with posts, sills and thresholds of stone. At Quelep in northern Peru remarkable ruins were found. They consist of a wall of wrought stones, 3,600 feet long, 560 broad and 150 high constituting a solid mass with a level summit. On this mass was another 600 feet long, 500 broad and 150 feet high making an aggregate height of 300 feet. In it were rooms and cells which were used as tombs. Very ancient ruins showing remains of large and remarkable edifices were found near Humanga and described by Siéca de Lyon. Native traditions said that this city was built by bearded white men who came there long before the time of the Incas and established a settlement. The Peruvians made large use of aqueducts which they built with notable skill using hewn stone and cement and making them very substantial. One extended 450 miles across Sierras and over rivers. Think of a stone aqueduct reaching from the city of New York to the state of North Carolina. The public roads of the Peruvians were most remarkable. They were built on masonry. One of these roads ran along the mountains through the whole length of the empire from Quito to Chile. Another starting from this at Cusco went down the coast and extended northward to the equator. These roads were from 20 to 25 feet wide were macadamized with pulverized stone mixed with lime and bituminous cement and were walled in by strong walls more than a fathom in thickness. In many places these roads were cut for leagues through the rock. Great ravines were filled up with solid masonry. Rivers were crossed by suspension bridges used here ages before their introduction into Europe. Says Baldwin, the builders of our Pacific Railroad with their superior engineering skill and mechanical appliances might reasonably shrink from the cost and difficulties of such a work as this. Extending from one degree north of Quito to Cusco and from Cusco to Chile it is quite as long as the two Pacific Railroads and its wild route among the mountains was far more difficult. Sarmiento describing it said, It seems to me that if the emperor Charles V should see fit to order the construction of another road like that which leads from Quito to Cusco or that which from Cusco goes towards Chile I certainly think he would not be able to make it with all his power. Humboldt said, This road was marvelous. None of the Roman roads I had seen in Italy in the south of France or in Spain appeared to me more imposing than this work of the ancient Peruvians. Along these great roads caravaniseries were established for the accommodation of travelers. These roads were ancient in the time of the Incas. They were the work of the white, auburn-haired bearded men from Atlantis thousands of years before the time of the Incas. When Huayna Capac marched his army over the main road to invade Quito it was so old and decayed that he found great difficulties in the passage and he immediately ordered the necessary reconstructions. It is not necessary in a work of this kind to give a detailed description of the arts and civilizations of the Peruvians. They were simply marvelous. Their works in cotton and wool exceeded in fineness anything known in Europe at that time. They had carried irrigation, agriculture and the cutting of gems to a point equal to that of the old world. Their accumulations of the precious metals exceeded anything previously known in the history of the world. In the course of 25 years after the conquest the Spaniards sent from Peru to Spain more than 800 millions of dollars in gold, all of it taken from the Peruvians as booty. In one of their palaces they had an artificial garden the soil of which was made a small pieces of fine gold and this was artificially planted with different kinds of maize which were of gold their stems, leaves and ears. Besides this they had more than twenty sheep, llamas with their lambs attended by shepherds all made of gold. In a description of one lot of golden articles sent to Spain in 1534 by Pizarro there is mention of four llamas, ten statues of women of full size and a cistern of gold so curious that it excited the wonders of all. Can anyone read these details and declare Plato's description of Atlantis to be fabulous simply because he tells us of the enormous quantities of gold and silver possessed by the people? Atlantis was the older country the parent country the more civilized country and doubtless like the Peruvians its people regarded the precious metals as sacred to their gods and they had been accumulating them from all parts of the world for countless ages. If the story of Plato were true there now lies beneath the waters of the Atlantic covered doubtless by hundreds of feet of volcanic debris an amount of gold and silver exceeding many times that brought to Europe from Peru, Mexico and Central America since the time of Columbus a treasure which, if brought to light would revolutionize the financial values of the world I have already shown in the chapter upon the similarities between the civilizations of the old and new worlds some of the remarkable coincidences which existed between the Peruvians and the ancient European races I will again briefly refer to a few of them One, they worshiped the sun, moon and planets Two, they believed in the immortality of the soul Three, they believed in the resurrection of the body and accordingly embalmed their dead Four, the priests examined the entrails of the animals offered in sacrifice and like the Roman augurs divine the future from their appearance Five, they had an order of women vowed to celibacy Vestal virgins or nuns and a violation of their vow was punished in both continents by their being buried alive Six, they divided the year into twelve months Seven, their enumeration was by tens the people were divided into decades and hundreds like the Anglo-Saxons and the whole nation into bodies of five hundred, a thousand and ten thousand with a governor over each Eight, they possessed castes and the trade of the father descended to the sun as in India Nine, they had bards and minstrels who sung at the great festivals Ten, their weapons were the same as those of the old world and made after the same pattern Eleven, they drank toasts and invoked blessings Twelve, they built triumphal arches for their returning heroes and strewed the road before them with leaves and flowers Thirteen, they used sedan chairs Fourteen, they regarded agriculture as the principal interest of the nation and held great agricultural fairs and festivals for the interchange of the productions of the farmers Fifteen, the king opened the agricultural season by a great celebration and like the kings of Egypt he put his hand to the plow and plowed the first furrow Sixteen, they had an order of knighthood in which the candidate knelt before the king His sandals were put on by a nobleman very much as spurs were buckled on the European knight He was then allowed to use the girdle or sash around the loins corresponding to the toga virilis of the Romans He was then crowned with flowers According to Fernandes the candidates wore white shirts like the knights of the Middle Ages with a cross embroidered in the front Seventeen, there was a striking resemblance between the architecture of the Peruvians and that of some of the nations of the old world It is enough for me to quote Mr. Ferguson's words that the coincidence between the buildings of the Incans and the Cyclopean remains attributed to the Pelaskans in Italy and Greece is the most remarkable in the history of architecture All headed vases Troy and Peru The illustrations on page 397 strikingly confirm Mr. Ferguson's views The sloping jams, the window cornice, the polygonal masonry and other forms so closely resemble what is found in the old pelaschic cities of Greece and Italy that it is difficult to resist the conclusion that there may be some relation between them Even the mode of decorating their palaces and temples finds a parallel in the old world A recent writer says We may end by observing what seems to have escaped Sr. Olopez that the interior of an Inca palace with its walls covered with gold as described by Spaniards with its artificial golden flowers and golden beasts must have been exactly like the interior of the house of Alkinous or Melinaus The doors were framed of gold where underneath the brazen floor, doth glass silver pelasters with which grace uphold lintel of silver framed, the ring was burnished gold and dogs on each side of the door there stand silver and golden I can personally testify, says Winchel pre-Automites page 387 that a study of ancient Peruvian pottery constantly reminded me of forms with which we are familiar in Egyptian archaeology Dr. Schliemann, in his excavations of the ruins of Troy found a number of what he calls our headed idols and vases I give specimens on page 398 and page 400 In Peru we find vases with very much the same style of face I might pursue those parallels much farther but it seems to me that these extraordinary coincidences must have arisen either from identity of origin or long continued ancient intercourse There can be little doubt that a fair skinned light-haired bearded race holding the religion which Plato says prevailed in Atlantis carried an Atlantean civilization at an early day up the valley of the Amazon to the heights of Bolivia and Peru, precisely as a similar immigration of Arians went westward to the shores of the Mediterranean and Caspian, and it is very likely that these diverse migrations habitually spoke the same language Sr. Vincent Lopez, a Spanish gentleman of Montevideo in 1872 published a work entitled The Races Arians in Peru in which he attempted to prove that the great Quechua language, which the Incas imposed on their subjects over a vast extent of territory and the living tongue in Peru and Bolivia is really a branch of the great Arian or Indo-European speech. I quote Andrew Lang's summary on the proofs of this point. Sr. Lopez's view that the Peruvians were Arians who left the parent stock long before the Teutonic or Hellenic races entered Europe is supported by arguments drawn from language from the traces of institutions, from religious beliefs from legendary records and artistic remains. The evidence from language is treated scientifically and not as a kind of ingenious guessing. Sr. Lopez first combats the idea that the living dialect of Peru is barbarous and fluctuating. It is not one of the casual and shifting forms of speech produced by nomad races. To which of the stages of language does this belong, the agglutinative in which one root is fastened on to another and a word is formed in which the constitutive elements are obviously distinct or the inflectional where the auxiliary roots get worn down and are only distinguishable by the philologist. As all known Arian tongues are inflectional, Sr. Lopez may appear to contradict himself when he says that Quachua is an agglutinative Arian language. But he quotes Mr. Max Mueller's opinions that there must have been a time when the germs of Arian tongues had not yet reached the inflectional stage and shows that while the form of Quachua is agglutinative, as in Tehranian, the roots of words are Arian. If this be so, Quachua may be a linguistic missing link. When we first look at Quachua with its multitude of words beginning with who and its great preponderance of cues, it seems almost as odd as Mexican. But many of these forms are due to the Cante alphabet and really express familiar sounds, and many again result from the casual spelling of the Spaniards. We must now examine some of the forms which Arian roots are supposed to take in Quachua. In the first place Quachua abhors the shock of two consonants. Thus a word like plue in Greek would be unpleasant to the Peruvian's ear and he says pilui, I sail. The plue again in pluma the feather is said to be found in pilu to fly. Quachua has no V any more than Greek has and just as Greeks had to spell Roman words beginning with V with OU like Valerius Valerius, so where Sanskrit has V Quachua has sometimes hue. Here is a long list of words in hue. Quachua followed by Sanskrit. Huakia to call. Vach to speak. Huasi a house. Vas to inhabit. Hurra, air, aura, va to breathe. Huasa the back. Vas to be able. Puvir. There is a Sanskrit root cur to act to do. This root is found in more than 300 names of people in places in South America. Thus there are the Kharibs whose name may have been of the same origin as that of our old friends the Kharians and mean the Braves and their land the home of the Braves like Kalivela in Finnish. The same root gives Kara the hand, the Greek ze and Kakali the brave which a person of fancy might connect with Kalos. Again, Quachua has an alphabet privative thus a stani means I change a things place. For ni or mi is the first person singular and added to the root of a verb is the sign of the first person of the present indicative. For instance, kan means being and kan mi or kani is I am. In the same way munanmi or munani is I love and upon mi or apani I carry. So Lord Strangford was wrong when he supposed that the last verb in mi lived with the last patriot in Lithuania. Peru has stores of a grammatical form which has happily perished in Europe. It is impossible to do more than refer to the supposed arian roots contained in the glossary but it may be noticed that the future of the Quachuan verb is formed in s I love munani I shall love munasa and that the affixes denoting case in the noun are curiously like the Greek prepositions. The resemblance between the Quachua and Mandan words for I or mi, mi will here be observed. Very recently Dr. Rudolf Faub has announced Neufraia presa of Vienna that he has discovered that the relation of the Quachua and Aymara languages to the arian and Semitic tongues is very close. That in fact they exhibit the most astounding affinities with the Semitic tongue and particularly the Arbic in which tongue Dr. Faub has been skilled from his boyhood. Following up the lines of this discovery Dr. Faub has found one a connecting link with the arian roots and two has ultimately arrived face to face with a surprising revelation that the Semitic roots are universally arian. The common stems of all the variants are found in their purest condition in Quachua and Aymara from which fact Dr. Faub derives the conclusion that the high plains of Peru and Bolivia must be regarded as the point of exit of the present human race. Since the above was written I have received a letter from Dr. Faub dated Leipzig April 5th 1881. Scholars will be glad to learn that Dr. Faub's great work on the relationship of the arian and Semitic languages to the Quachua and Aymara tongues in a year or two. The manuscript contains over two thousand pages and Dr. Faub has devoted to it ten years of study. A work from such a source upon so curious and important a subject will be looked for with great interest. But it is impossible that the Quachua's and Aymaras could have passed across the wide Atlantic to Europe if there had been no stepping stone in the shape of Atlantis with its bridge like ridges connecting the Americas however more reasonable to suppose that the Quachua's and the Aymaras were a race of immigrants from Plato's island than to think that Atlantis was populated from South America. The very traditions to which we have referred as existing among the Peruvians that the civilized races were white and bearded and that they entered or invaded the country would show that civilization did not originate in Peru but was a transplantation and only in the direction of Atlantis can we look for a white and bearded race. In fact kindred races with the same arts and speaking the same tongue in an early age of the world separated in Atlantis and went east and west. The one to repeat the civilization of the mother country along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea which like a great river may be said to flow out from the Black Sea with the Nile as one of its tributaries and on the shores of the Red Sea in the Persian Gulf while the other emigration advanced up the Amazon and created mighty nations upon the headwaters in the valleys of the Andes and on the shores of the Pacific. Section 39 Chapter 5 This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater Atlantis the antediluvian world by Ignatius Loyola Donnelly Chapter 6 The African Colonies Africa like Europe and America evidences a commingling of different stocks. The blacks are not all black nor all woolly haired. The Africans pass through all shades from that of a light berber no darker than a Spaniard to the deep black of the Yolofs between Senegal and Gambia. The traces of red men or copper colored races are found in many parts of the continent. Pritchard divides the true Negroes into four classes. His second class is thus described. Two, other tribes have forms and features like the European. Their complexion is black or deep olive or a copper color approaching to black while their hair though often crisp and frizzled is not in the least woolly. Which are the Bishari and Danakil and Hazorta and the darkest of the Abyssinians. The complexion and hair of the Abyssinians very very much their complexion ranging from almost white to dark brown or black and their hair from straight to crisp frizzled and almost woolly not and glidden types of mankind page 194. Some of the Nubians are copper colored or black with a tinge of red. Ibid page 198. Speaking of the Barbary States, these authors further say, Ibid page 204 On the northern coast of Africa, between the Mediterranean and the Great Desert including Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli and Benzazi, there is a continuous stream of highlands which have been included under the general name Atlas anciently Atlantis now the Barbary States Throughout Barbary we encounter a peculiar group of races subdivided into many tribes of various shades now spread over a vast area but which formerly had its principal and perhaps aboriginal abode among the mountain slopes of Atlas. The real name of the Berbers is Mazirgh with the article suffixed or suffixed Tamazirgh or Amazirgh T meaning free, dominant or noble race We have every reason to believe the Berbers existed in the remotest times with all their essential moral and physical peculiarities. They existed in the time of many in the same condition in which they were discovered by Phoenician navigators previously to the foundation of Carthage. There are an indomitable nomadic people who since the introduction of camels have penetrated in considerable numbers into the desert and even as far as Nigratia some of these clans are white others black with woolly hair. Speaking of the Barbary Moors Pritchard says their figure and stature are nearly the same as those of the southern Europeans and their complexion if darker is only so in proportion to the higher temperature of the country it displays great varieties. Jackson says the men of Temsena and Shawiyah are of a strong robust make and of a copper colour. The women are beautiful. The women of Fez are fair as the Europeans but hair and eyes always dark. The women of McQueenas are very beautiful and have the red and white complexion of English women. Spicks and Martins the German travellers depict the Moors as follows. A high forehead an oval countenance large speaking black eyes shaded by arched and strong eyebrows a thin rather long but not too pointed nose rather broad lips meeting in an acute angle brownish yellow complexion thick smooth and black hair and a stature greater than the middle height. Hodgson says the Twariks are a white people of the Berber race. The Mozabics are a remarkably white people and mixed with the Bedouin Arabs. The Wadreagans and the Wurligans are of a dark bronze with curly hair. The Foulas Fulbe single Pullo, Filani or Filata are a people of West and Central Africa. It is the opinion of modern travellers that the Foulas are destined to become the dominant people of Negro land. In language, appearance and history they present striking differences from the neighbouring tribes to whom they are superior in intelligence but inferior according to Garth in physical development. Gulburi describes them as robust and courageous of a reddish black colour with regular features, hair longer and less woolly than that of the common Negroes and high mental capacity. Dr. Barth found great local differences in their physical characteristics as Bowen describes the Foulas of Bomba as being some black, some almost white and many of a mulatto colour varying from dark to very bright. Their features and skulls were cast in the European mould. They have a tradition that their ancestors were whites and certain tribes call themselves white men. They came from Timbuktu which lies to the north of their present location. The Nubians and Foulas are classed as Mediterranean's. They are not black but yellowish brown or red brown. The hair is not woolly but curly and sometimes quite straight. It is either dark brown or black with a fuller growth of beard than the Negroes. The oval face gives them a Mediterranean type. Their noses are prominent, their lips not puffy and their language have no connection to the tongues of the Negroes proper. American Cyclopedia Article Ethnology Page 759 The Cromlex Dolmans of Algeria was the subject of an address made by General Faderb at the Brussels International Congress. He considers these structures to be simply sepulchral monuments and after examining five or six thousand of them maintains that the dolmans of Africa and of Europe were all constructed by the same race. During their emigration from the shores of the Baltic to the southern coast of the Mediterranean. The author does not however attempt to explain the existence of these monuments in other countries. Hindustan for instance and America. In Africa he says Cromlex are called tombs of the idolaters. The idolaters being neither Romans nor Christians nor Phoenicians nor some antique race. He regards the Berbers as the descendants of the primitive dolmen builders. Certain Egyptian monuments tell of invasions of lower Egypt 1500 years before our era by blond tribes from the west. The bones found in the Cromlex are those of a large and dolicosephalus race. General Faderb gives the average stature including the women 1.65 or 1.75 meter. While the average stature of French cariboneers is only 1.65 meter. He did not find a single brachycephalus skull. The profiles indicated great intelligence. The Egyptian documents already preferred to call the invaders tamahu which must have come from the invaders own language as it is not Egyptian. The toaregs of the present day are regarded as the best representatives of the tamahus. Thereof lofty stature have blue eyes and cling to the custom of bearing long swords to be wielded by both hands. In Sudan on the banks of the Niger dwells a negro tribe ruled by a royal family, Massas who are of a rather fair complexion and claim descent from white men. Massas is perhaps the same as which occurs in the Egyptian documents applied to the tamahus. The Massas wear the hair in the same fashion as the tamahus and General Faderb is inclined to think that they too are the descendants of the dolmen builders. These people according to my theory were colonists from Atlantis, colonists of three different races white, yellow and sunburnt or red. End of section 39 Section 40 Part 5 Chapter 7 of Atlantis the Antediluvian World by Ignatius Loyola Donnelly This is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org Recording by Mark Apfelstadt Atlantis the Antediluvian World by Ignatius Loyola Donnelly Part 5 Chapter 7 the Irish colonies from Atlantis We have seen that beyond questions Spain and France owed a great part of their population to Atlantis. Let us now turn to Ireland. We would naturally expect in view of the geographical position of the country to find Ireland colonized at an early day by the overflowing population of Atlantis and in fact the Irish annals tell us settled prior to the flood. In their oldest legends an account is given of three Spanish fishermen who were driven by contrary winds on the coast of Ireland before the Deluge. After these came the Formorians who were led into the country prior to the Deluge by Lady Bonba or César. Her maiden name was Herney or Berba. She was accompanied by fifty maidens and three men, Bith, Ladra and Fintain. Ladra was their conductor, who was the first buried in Hibernia. The ancient book, The Seen of Dronchnecta, is quoted in the book of Ballymote as authority for this legend. The Irish annals speak of the Formorians as a warlike race who, according to the annals of Clonmachnoy, were a sect descended from Cham, the son of Noah, and lived by piracy and spoil of other nations and were in those days very troublesome to the whole world. Were not these the inhabitants of Atlantis who, according to Plato, carry their arms to Egypt and Athens, and whose subsequent destruction has been attributed to divine vengeance invoked by their arrogance and oppressions? The Formorians were from Atlantis. They were called Formorech, Formarech, Afrech, and Formora, which has been rendered into English as Formorians. They possessed ships, and the uniform representation is that they came as the nation Formorech, Afrech, indicated from Africa. But in that day, Africa did not mean the continent of Africa, as we now understand it. Major Wilford, in the eighth volume of the Asiatic researches, has pointed out that Africa comes from apar, afar, apara, or aparica, terms used to signify the West, just as we now speak of the Asiatic world as the East. When, therefore, the Formorians claimed to come from Africa, they simply meant that they came from the West, in other words, from Atlantis, for there was no other country except America, west of them. They possessed Ireland from so early a period that by some of the historians they are spoken of as the Aborigines of the country. The first invasion of Ireland, subsequent to the coming of the Formorians, was led by a chief Partholian. His people are known in the Irish annals as Partholans people. They were also probably Atlanteans. They were from Spain. A British prince, Golguntius or Girmond, encountered off the Hebrides, a fleet of thirty ships filled with men and women, led by one Partholian, who told him they were from Spain, and seeking some place to colonize. The British Prince directed him to Ireland, de antique et original catab. Spain in that day was the land of the Iberians, the Basques, that is to say, the Atlanteans. The Formorians defeated Partholans people, killed Partholans, and drove the invaders out of the country. The Formorians were a civilized race. They had a fleet of sixty ships and a strong army. The next invader of their dominions was Nymede. He captured one of their fortifications, but it was retaken by the Formorians under Mork. Nymede was driven out of the country and the Atlanteans continued in undisturbed possession of the island for four hundred years more. Then came the Firbols. They conquered the whole island and divided it into five provinces. They held possession of the country for only thirty-seven years when they were overthrown by the Tuatha de Denons, a people more advanced in civilization. So much so, that when their king, Nuada, lost his hand in battle, Criedny, the Artificer, we are told, put a silver hand upon him the fingers of which were capable of motion. This great race ruled the country for one hundred and ninety-seven years. They were overthrown by an immigration from Spain, probably of Basques or Iberians or Atlanteans. The sons of Milid or Milacius who possessed a large fleet and a strong army. This last invasion took place about the year 1700 BC, so that the invasion of Namid must have occurred about the year 2334 BC, while we have to assign a still earlier date for the coming of Partholon's people and an earlier still for the occupation of the country by the Formorians from the west. In the Irish historic tales called Katha or Battles as given by the learned Okuri, a record is preserved of a real battle which was fought between the Tuatha de Denons and the Firbols, from which it appears that these two races spoke the same language and that they were intimately connected with the Formorians. As the armies drew near together, the Firbols sent out Braeus, one of their great chiefs, to reconnoiter the camp of the strangers. The Tuatha de Denons appointed one of their champions named Sreng to meet the emissary of the enemy. The two warriors met and talked to one another over the tops of their shields and each was delighted that the other spoke the same language. A battle followed in which Nunda, King of the Firbols, was slain. Braeus succeeded him. He encountered the hostility of the Bards and was compelled to resign the crown. He went to the court of his father-in-law Elate, a Formorian sea-king or pirate. Not being well received, he repaired to the camp of Belar of the Evil Eye, a Formorian chief. The Formorian headquarters seemed to have been in the Hebrides. Braeus and Balor collected a vast army and navy and invaded Ireland but were defeated in a great battle by the Tuatha de Denons. These particulars would show the race identity of the Firbolg and the Taratha de Denons and also their intimate connection if not identity with the Formorians. The Tuatha de Denons seemed to have been a civilized people. Besides possessing ships and armies of the Metals, they had an organized body of surgeons whose duty it was to attend upon the wounded in battle and they also had a bardic or druid class to preserve the history of the country and the deeds of kings and heroes. According to the ancient books of Ireland, the race known as Parthalan's people, the Nemedians, the Firbolgs, the Tuatha de Denons and the Malaysians were all descended from two brothers, sons of Megog, son of Jepeth, son of Noah, and they came from a catastrophe which destroyed his country. Thus all these races were Atlantean. They were connected with the African colonies of Atlantis, the Berbers and with the Egyptians. The Malaysians lived in Egypt. They were expelled thence. They stopped a while in Crete, then in Scythia, then they settled in Africa. See Megoghan's history of Ireland, page 57, at a place called Gatulia and lived there during eight generations, say 150 years. Then they entered Spain where they built Bregantia, or Breganza, named after their king Breghan. They dwelt in Spain a considerable time. Malacius, a descendant of Breghan, went on an expedition to Egypt, took part in a war against the Ethiopians, married the king's daughter, Scota. He died in Spain but his people soon after conquered Ireland. On landing on the coast they offered sacrifices to Thessalonians or Poseidon, the god of Atlantis, Ibed, page 58. The book of Genesis, chapter 10, gives us the descendants of Noah's three sons, Shem, Ham, and Jepeth. We're told that the sons of Jepeth were Gomer and Megog, or Madai, and Javan and Tubal and Mechech and Tiras. We're then given the names of the descendants of Gomer and Javan but not of Magog. Josephes says the sons of Magog were the Scythians. The Irish Ennals take up the genealogy of Magog's family where the Bible leaves it. The book of invasions, the scene of Thronchnecta, claims that these Scythians were the Phoenicians and we're told that a branch of this family was driven out of Egypt in the time of Moses. He wandered through Africa for 42 years and passed by the lake of Soli to the Alters of the Philistines and between he came by the river Monlon and by the sea to the pillars of Hercules and through the Tuscan Sea and he made for Spain and dwelt there many years and he increased and multiplied and his people were multiplied. From all these facts it appears that the population of Ireland came from the West and not from Asia. That it is one of the many waves of population flowing out of the islands of Atlantis and herein we find the explanation of that by scholars. As Ireland is farther from the Punjab than Persia, Greece, Rome or Scandinavia it would follow that the Celtic wave of migration must have been the earliest sent out from the Sanskrit center but it is now asserted by Professor Schleicher and others that the Celtic tongue shows that it separated from the Sanskrit original tongue later than the others and that it is more closely allied to the Latin than any other Aryan tongue. This is entirely theory of an eastern origin of the Indo-European races but very easily understood if we recognize the Aryan and Celtic migrations as going out about the same time from the Atlantean fountain head. There are many points confirmatory of this belief. In the first place the civilization of the Irish dates back to a vast antiquity. We have seen their annals laying claim to an immigration from the direction of Atlantis prior to the deluge with no record that the Ireland were subsequently destroyed by the deluge. From the Fomorians who came before the deluge to the Malaysians who came from Spain in the historic period the island was continuously inhabited. This demonstrates one that these legends did not come from Christian sources as the Bible record was understood in the old time to imply destruction of all who lived before the flood except Noah and his family. Two it confirms our view that the deluge was a local catastrophe and did not drown the whole human family. Three that the coming of the Fomorians having been before the deluge that great cataclysm was of comparatively recent date to wit since the settlement of Ireland and four that the deluge was a local catastrophe. It must have occurred somewhere not far from Ireland to have come to their knowledge. A rude people could scarcely have heard in that day of a local catastrophe occurring in part of Asia. There are many evidences that the old world recognized Ireland as possessing a very ancient civilization. In the Sanskrit books it is referred to as Hiranya the island of the sun to wit of sun worship. In other words as preeminently the center of that religion which was shared by all the ancient races of Europe, Asia, Africa and America. It is believed that Ireland was the garden of Thubus the western mythologists. The Greeks called Ireland the sacred isle or Ogea. Nor can anyone, says Camden, conceive why they should call it Ogea unless perhaps from its antiquity, for the Greeks called nothing Ogea unless what was extremely ancient. We have seen that the Agigis was connected by the Greek legends with the first deluge and that the Agigis was a quite magical personage lost in the night of ages. It appears as another confirmation of the theory of the Atlantis origin of these colonies that their original religion was sun worship. This, as was the case in other countries, became subsequently overlaid with idol worship. In the reign of King Tkermas the worship of idols was introduced. The priests constituted the order of druids. Naturally between the beliefs and customs of the druids and the other religions which were drawn from Atlantis. We have seen in the chapter on sun worship how extensive this form of religion was in the Atlantean days both in Europe and America. It would appear probable that the religion of the druids passed from Ireland to England and France. The methampsychosis or transmigration of souls was one of the articles of their belief in the time of Pythagoras. It had probably been drawn from the storehouse of Atlantis once it passed to the druids, the Greeks and the Hindus. The druids had a pontifex maximus to whom they yielded entire obedience. Here, again, we see a practice which extended to the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Hindus, Peruvians and Mexicans. The druids of Gaul and Britain offered human sacrifices while it is claimed that the Irish would have been a corrupt aftergrowth imposed upon the earlier and purer sacrifice of fruits and flowers known in Atlantis and do in part to greater cruelty and barbarism in their descendants. Hence we find it practiced in degenerate ages on both sides of the Atlantic. The Irish druidical rites manifested themselves principally in sun worship. Their chief god was Belle or Baal, the same worship by the Phoenicians, the god of the sun. The Irish name for the sun, Grian, is, according to Virgil, one of the names of Apollo, another sun god, Grinus. Sun worship continued in Ireland down to the time of St. Patrick and some of its customs exist among the peasantry of that country to this day. We have seen that among the Peruvians, Romans and other nations on a certain day all fires were extinguished throughout the kingdom and the fire kindled at the chief temple by the sun's rays, from which the people obtained their fire for the coming year. In Ireland the same practice was found to exist. A piece of land was set apart where the four provinces met in the present county of Mather. Here, at a palace called Hlachta, the divine fire was kindled. Upon the night of what is now All Saints Day, the druids assembled at this place to offer sacrifice and established under heavy penalties that no fire should be kindled except from this source. On the first day of May a convocation of druids was held in the royal palace of the king of Canacht and two fires were lit between which cattle were driven as a preventative of murain and other pestilent disorders. This was called Belfinn or the Day of Bell's Fire and unto this day the Irish call the first day of May which signifies the Day of Bell's Fire. The celebration in Ireland of St. John's Eve by watchfires is a relic of ancient sun worship of Atlantis. The practice of driving cattle through the fire continued for a long time and Kelly mentions in his folklore that in Northamchinshire in England a calf was sacrificed in one of these fires to stop the murain during the present century. Fires are still lighted in England and Scotland as well as Ireland for superstitious purposes so that the people of Great Britain it may be said are still in some sense in the midst of the ancient sun worship of Atlantis. We find among the Irish of today many oriental customs. The game of jacks were throwing up five pebbles and catching them on the back of the hand was known in Rome. The Irish king, Cain or the lament over the dead may still be heard in Algeria and Upper Egypt even as Herodotus heard it chanted by the Libyan women. The same practice existed among the Egyptians, Etruscans and Romans. The Irish wakes are identical with the funeral feasts of the Greeks, Etruscans and Romans. Cusack's history of Ireland, page 141. The Irish custom of saying God bless you when sneezes is a very ancient practice. It was known to the Romans and referred to a plague in the remote past whose first symptom was sneezing. We find many points of resemblance between the customs of the Irish and those of the Hindu. The practice of the creditor fasting on the doorstep of his debtor until he is paid is known to both countries. The kindly God save you is the same as the eastern God be gracious to you, my son. The reverence for the Wren in Ireland and Scotland reminds us of the oriental and Greek respect for that bird. The practice of pilgrimages, fasting, migrations and devotion to holy wells in particular places extends from Ireland to India. All these things speak of a common origin. This fact has been generally recognized but it has always been interpreted that the Irish came from the east and were in fact a migration of Hindus. There is not the slightest evidence to sustain this theory. The Hindus have never within the knowledge of man sent out colonies or fleets for exploration but there is abundant evidence of migrations from Atlantis eastward. And how could the Sanskrit writings have preserved maps of Ireland, England and Spain giving the shape and outline of their coasts and their very names and yet have preserved no memory of the expeditions or colonizations by which they acquired that knowledge. Another proof of our theory is found in round towers of Ireland. Attempts have been made to show by Dr. Petrie and others that these extraordinary structures were built by the Christian priests in which to keep their church plate. But it is shown that the annals of Ulster mentioned the destruction of 57 of them by an earthquake in AD 448 and that Heraldus Cambrensis shows that Lachnig was created by an inundation or sinking of the Lod in AD 65 and that in his day the fishermen could see the round towers of other days in the waves beneath them shining. Moreover, we find Diodorus Suculis in a well known passage referring to Ireland and describing it as an island in the ocean over against Gaul to the north and not inferior in size to Sicily the soil of which is so fruitful that they mow there twice in the year. He mentions the skill of their harpers their sacred groves and their singular temples of round form. The berg of Musa in the Shetlands. We find similar structures in America in Sardinia and India. The remains of similar round towers are very abundant in the Orkneys and Shetlands. They have been supposed by some, says Sir John Lubbock, to be Scandinavian but no similar buildings exist in Norway, Sweden or Denmark so that this style of architecture is no doubt anterior to the arrival of the Northmen. I give a picture above of the berg or brock on the little island of Musa in the Shetlands. Forty-one feet in height. Open at the top the central space is twenty feet in diameter the walls about fourteen feet thick at the base and eight feet at the top. They contain a staircase which leads to the top of the building. Similar structures are found in the island of Sardinia. Round tower of the canyon of the Monkos, Colorado, USA. In New Mexico and Colorado the remains of round towers are very abundant. There is one of these in the valley of the Monkos in the southwestern corner of Colorado. A model of it is to be found in the Smithsonian collection at Washington. The tower stands at present in its ruined condition, twenty feet high. It will be seen that it resembles the towers of Ireland not only in its circular form but also in the fact that its doorway is situated at some distance from the ground. It will not do to say that the resemblance between these rectangular towers in countries so far apart as Sardinia, Ireland, Colorado, and India is due to an accidental coincidence. It might as well be argued that the resemblance between the roots of the various Indo-European languages was also due to accidental coincidence and did not establish any similarity of origin. In fact, we might just as well go back to the theory of the philosophers of one hundred and fifty years ago and say that the resemblance between the forms in the rocks and the living forms upon them did not indicate relationship or prove that the fossils were the remains of creatures that had once lived but that it was simply a way nature had of working out extraordinary coincidences in a kind of joke a sort of plastic power of nature as it was called. We find another proof that Ireland was settled by the people of Atlantis in the fact that traditions long existed among the Irish peasantry of a land in the far west and its belief was especially found among the posterity of the Tuatha de Anans, whose connection with the Dormorians we have shown. The Abe-Brasur de Bourg in a note to his translation of the Popol Vu says there is an abundance of legends and traditions concerning the passage of the Irish into America and their habitual communication with that continent many centuries before the time of Columbus. We should bear in mind that Ireland was settled by the Romans or by people of that race. An Irish saint named Vigile who lived in the 8th century was accused by Pope Zachary of having taught heresies on the subject of the antipodes. At first he wrote to the Pope in reply to the charge but afterward he went to Rome in person to justify himself and there he proved to the Pope that the Irish had been accustomed to communicate with the transatlantic world. The Irish annals preserved the memory of Saint Brendan of Clomfert and his remarkable voice to a land of the west made A.D. 545. His early youth was passed under the care of Saint Ithe, a lady of the princely family of the desi. When he was five years old he was placed under the care of Bishop Ercus. Cary was his native home, the blue waters of the Atlantic washed its shores, the coast was full of traditions and beautiful land in the west. He went to see the venerable Saint Enda, the first abbot of Aran for counsel. He was probably encouraged in the plan he had formed of carrying the gospel to this distant land. He proceeded along the coast of Mayo inquiring as he went for traditions of the western continent. On his return to Cary he decided to set out on the important expedition. Saint Brendan's Hill still bears his name but with lofty eminence he sailed for the far west. Directing his course towards the southwest with a few faithful companions and a well-pervisioned bark he came after some rough and dangerous navigation to calm seas where without aid of ore or sail he was born along for many weeks. He had probably entered upon the same great current which Columbus traveled nearly one thousand years later and which extends from the shores of Africa and Europe to America. He finally reached land. He proceeded inland until he came to a large river flowing east to west supposed by some to be the Ohio. After an absence of seven years he returned to Ireland and lived not only to tell of the marvels he had seen but to found a college of three thousand monks at Confer. There are eleven Latin manuscripts in the bibliotech imperial of Paris of this legend. The dates of which vary from the 11th century but all of them anterior to the time of Columbus. The fact that Saint Brendan sailed in search of a country at the west cannot be doubted and the legends which guided him were probably the traditions of Atlantis among a people whose ancestors had been derived directly or at second hand from that country. This land was associated in the minds of the peasantry with traditions of Edenic happiness and beauty. Miss Eleanor C. Donnelly of Philadelphia has referred to it in her poem The Sleeper's Sail where the starving boy dreams of the pleasant and plentiful land. Mother I've been on the cliffs out yonder straining my eyes or the breakers free to the lovely spot where the sun was setting setting and sinking into the sea. The sky was full of the fairest colors pink and purple and paley green with great soft masses of gray and amber and great bright rifts of gold between and all the birds that way were flying heron and curlew overhead with a mighty eagle westward floating every plume in their pinions red. And then I saw it the fairy city far away or the waters deep towers and castles and chapels glowing like blessed dreams that we see in sleep. What is its name? Be still, Akushla, thy hair is wet with the mists, my boy. Thou has looked perchance on the Tirnanoch land of eternal youth and joy out of the sea when the sun is setting it rises golden and fair to view no trace of ruin or change of sorrow no sign of age where all is new. Forever sunny forever blooming nor cloud nor frost can touch that spot where the happy people are ever roaming the bitter pangs of the past forgot. This is the Greek story of Elysion these are the Elysion fields of the Egyptians these are the gardens of the charities this is the region in the west to which the peasant of Brittany looks from the shores of Cape Raz this is Atlantis the starving child seeks to reach this blessed land in a boat and is drowned High on the cliffs the lighthouse keeper caught the sound of a piercing scream low in her hut the lonely widow moaned in the maze of a troubled dream and saw in her sleep a seaman ghostly with seaweeds clinging in his into her room all wet and dripping a drowned boy on his bosom bear over death's sea on a bridge of silver the child to his father's arms has passed heaven was nearer than Tirna Noj and the golden city was reached at last