 Nanoparticles offer unique advantages over larger particles due to their small size, which can lead to increased surface area, improved reactivity, and altered physical and chemical properties. Nanoparticles can be synthesized using either physical or chemical methods, but biological approaches are becoming increasingly popular due to their environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness. Biological nanoparticles are produced by living organisms such as plants and microbes, and can be used in a variety of applications ranging from medical treatments to food production. The physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles can be characterized using a range of techniques, including spectroscopy, microscopy, and diffraction. Characterizing these properties allows researchers to better understand how they interact with other materials and how they can be used in various applications. This article was authored by Nadim Jouda and Dirk Link.