 Okay, so here we have a question. Do you agree with the moral beliefs of others? I'm not talking about some of the time. I'm talking about all the time. In fact, do you find that there's significant agreement about moral beliefs? No, we start comparing moral beliefs with others and we have consensus. Well, I seriously doubt it. You know, often when we have two people who start engaging in discussions about morality, somebody approves of something, somebody disapproves. And during the process of trying to explain one side or the other, this quickly winds up being a very, how should I say, heated discussion. If you're taking my course, I had you do a quick little survey about these 15 statements, asking whether you agree or disagree. Now, since this video is created, at least before some people have taken these surveys, I can't say with certainty what you're going to say. But I can tell you, every semester I've taught this course up to this point and I predict for the future, there is not significant agreement when it comes to these 15 statements. In fact, there's no real trend that follows across all of these. Some of these pop up as having more consensus and others one semester or section to a next. So even whether one is more likely to be agreed upon in any given section, well, that changes from section to section. So we don't have significant agreement when it comes to these statements. Okay, well, if human is right, what is this disagreement? So remember what Hume claims, right? Moral beliefs, what they are, are these expressions of preferences when you express something as moral, what you're saying is you have a preference for this. And we went through this discussion when we're comparing statements from the understanding versus statements from the passions. I'm going to say chocolate is good, I'm expressing a preference for chocolate. When I say lying is bad, I'm expressing a preference not to lie. So if Hume's right that these moral claims are just these preferences, then this disagreement is a disagreement or is a difference of preferences. So if we go to the ice cream shop and I say I want chocolate and you say I want strawberry and I say, well, you're wrong. Well, that's nonsense. And that's nonsense. Of course we have our different preferences and that's fine. But a difference of preferences, well, that's not a disagreement. That's not saying you're false that strawberry, no, that's nonsense. So if Hume's right these disagreements, aren't actually disagreements, there's just differences of preferences. Okay, well, if he's right then what does that mean for these statements that you looked at? You agreed or disagreed with these. Okay, you said whether they're true or false, okay. If Hume's right, what happens to these? And for that matter, which one of these is Hume's? Which statement does Hume agree with? Well, taking a look at it again, we got one through 15 and maybe you want to go ahead and pause video at this point and try to figure it out. Which one is Hume's? Which one does Hume think is right? Well, you might initially think it's six when we have this, morality is what feels good since he's dealing with preferences. But that's actually not his claim, right? You know, Hume says what morality is and is an expression of preference. Well, sometimes people prefer misery. It's strange, but sometimes it happens. And not everything that people prefer actually feels good even though they think it might feel good. All right. So no, Hume's claim is not about what feels good. It's actually number four, right? When he says that morality is not about facts, there are no moral facts. So we typically think of facts that something comes out of the physical sciences, right? This is our prime example of facts. But if Hume's right, well, there are no moral facts. Morality is simply an expression of preference. All right. Well, let's look at the first one. Morality is about order. You can't have order. I'm sorry, you must have order within a society. Well, this purports to be a fact. This is the thing that's true about society. You have to have order. Well, if Hume's right, if there are no moral facts, well, this is wrong. They're just preferences. Morality is about following the rules. This is number two. Morality is about following the rules. Well, if Hume's right, this is wrong. You know, it's neither true nor false, really. You know, we have some set of esoteric moral law that we have to figure out, okay. But Hume says, no, there's just preferences. So if Hume's right, this isn't right. What about morality is about fulfillment, about making something wonderful about yourself? And Hume said, well, if you really want to, that's fine. But if you don't or if we want to be a slacker all your life, well, that's not immoral. So if Hume's right, this is not right. So I think maybe you can see the trend here. If Hume's right, there are no moral facts. Five claims that what is moral depends upon the culture. When and where you are. If you're in different parts of the globe, then what's moral changes depending upon where you are. Okay, but that claims to be a moral fact. If Hume's right, no, you can have different preferences than the culture. I already talked about what feels good. That again, claims to be a moral fact. And if Hume's right, that's not a fact. Morality is about reason, right? What you find for reason. Well, very definitely not Hume, right? He very much disagrees with this one. Morality comes from passions, not reason. Is it a disturbing one? There have been moral atrocities in our history. If Hume's right, there haven't been moral atrocities. There have been things that have happened, right? Oppression, slavery, genocide, yes. But if Hume's right, there's no moral fact about whether these are immoral. There's simply preferences. If Hume's right, well, then morality is not determined by the divine, if there is one. If Hume's right, well, it's not a fact about whether what you should do is look out for yourself above all others. If Hume's right, morality, you know, this claim here, we have this one that says morality is about the consequences. The results of your actions determine whether it's right or wrong. Well, if Hume's right, well, no, there's no fact about whether the consequences determine what's right or wrong. Morality is about rights. Well, again, this claims to be true, something that's true or false. So if Hume's right, well, there's just preferences. You violate a preference, well, you're not violating something immoral. That's, hey, maybe you have the preference. And in the case of history, the same is true with our society. There is sexism, there is racism, there is oppression in our society, but if there are no moral facts, there's only preferences. If morality, you know, if we want to claim that morality is about the kind of person you are, I mean, you could do that, you could suppose, but if Hume is right, there's no moral, there's no moral truth to this claim. Same is true about friends and family. If you say morality is about friends and family, well, if Hume's right, there's no fact one way or the other about this. So here's a question. Are you willing to give up on these disagreements? If you're willing to give up on these disagreements, okay, I guess you could do that, but then you've opted out of any kind of moral discussion. To say that somebody is right or wrong in some claim about morality now is simply, is along the same lines of saying, well, you say you want to take a fried steak, but you're wrong. Well, no. If you're not willing to give up on these disagreements, if you're not willing to give up on the idea that there have been really terrible things that have happened in our society, okay, you could do that, but you left Hume behind.