 The quality of service which is seen now from different viewpoints from four market model Has to be governed as well. This is known as the regulatory aspect We've already covered the business regulatory aspect, but there is another QoS regulatory dimension as well So we are going to look at how NGN regulations are part of the QoS requirements Then we are going to look at certain perspectives or aspects and then we'll see if we have certain flexibility in regulatory issues from the authority viewpoint So the first and most important thing is that why NGN QoS regulations are important First of all, the QoS is provided for these services on internet So basically this becomes internet provisioning regulations So NGN services are provided on the internet architecture using the transport and service stratum So starting from the devices such as routers and switches to the servers the databases everything has to be regulated Now this regulation is governed by Managed, implemented by certain regulatory agencies which belong to every country and nation In Pakistan these This regulatory agency is known as the PTA Pakistan telecommunications authority The QoS regulations actually are from different perspectives. For instance, there is a QoS regulation requirement Between the operators that is two operators providing services to different customers their own customer base May be required to interact with each other. In that case the QoS Regulations have to be enforced at the interconnections That is the point where these two networks Interact with each other. It is known as the internet exchange point or the peering point Another QoS regulation requirement emerges once an operator and an end user interact with each other Now this Overall situation is also governed by the fact that the QoS requirements are different For the circuit switched and packet switched networks That is once the traffic is Transitioned from the traditional PST and PLMN or broadcast network to all IP network and vice versa So these aspects for QoS regulations are important for the regulatory authorities in a country The technical aspects for QoS regulations also have to be kept in mind For instance, is the regulation being considered for a packet switched or a circuit switched network? Is this a single service network or a multi service network? Are multiple operators involved in this? Transaction or in this business activity or it's a single operator network The concepts of monopoly and monopsony Have already been discussed if you recall then the global architecture of the internet makes The ngn QoS regulations a tricky thing because it has a global Character involved in it and that is why there are certain issues which emerge as conflict between Nations between regulatory bodies and the international Associations like the ITUT, ITF, etc. There is something known as the open internet order That is quite a concern and it's quite contentious because the countries are not willing to adopt the open internet order which was Uh ordered by the federal commissions on communications FCC Some countries actually agreed to it some differed with it Then another important dimension to the regulation is the contract or the service level agreement between the dominant players for instance vendors service providers network providers, etc. Now these Dominant players actually determine the shape of the QoS regulations in a certain country Then If the situation is so wide and so Varied then what are the options that can be adopted? This is not the final View but it provides a good perspective on how the Regulations can be adopted the first thing and the most important thing is that these regulations cannot be overly strict Because the overall architecture of internet is open So anything that is so rigid cannot work with the openness of the internet The technology is changing all the time. The internet architecture is evolving and it's highly dynamic So for given all these things, uh, the regulatory intervention by the government primarily should be quite limited Um, in fact some self regulation model can be promoted If you remember we have we have already discussed the de facto and de jure models For instance, if some kind of fair competition can be allowed to take place between different service providers vendors Etc. And let them decide their limitations their bounds their Responsibilities and liabilities. So this self regulation model is in fact the best but it needs A big brother's eye of the government