 So, this is the slide where we ended yesterday, basically trying to say that the basic difference between the individualistic and the collectivist culture is that in the collectivist culture there is always a higher degree of influence from the various social agents to confirm to certain practices which is otherwise cherished by a larger number of members of that various society. Many a times you will find good practices very thoughtful type of norms which you are supposed to comply to, but at times you might come across some of the practices which is very difficult to be justified or cannot be justified at all, but still people confirm to it. There is a greater degree of compliance to such practices even though those who are involved in the process they suffer in that whole process itself. We will take one example here, this is practice in one of the temples in Karnataka in Mangalore, where in this very temple you have certain Brahmins who will have their food on the leaf of plant basically the banana leaves. And then they will leave some food stuff there, the other members of the society the non Brahmins they are supposed to roll over it. Now, imagine a situation when you are in your dining hall in your hostel a set of people come have their food leave their stuff on the table and you are told that you have to now know bare body you have to roll over it how many of you would do it, but then there is a great degree of belief attached to it and therefore people practice it. Collectivist culture has this type of situation also where conformity and compliance can go up to such extremes also. This is an example from the prison where the Iraqi soldiers were kept captive by the US forces and as you can see here you find the compliance of the members of a group because there are certain authorities which tells you that these are the decorated soldiers who have fought for their nation, but because they were our enemy therefore their uniform has to be removed they will be bare body completely nude we will tie them all together and then we will torture them. Imagine a situation if you are told that you have an enemy who fought against you, but still you would say know that there is a minimum decorum of handling human beings. Take the recent example I will come back to this example take the recent example in JNK very recently you know there was a case where two Indian soldiers they were killed by the Pakistani forces Pakistan kept on denying it that we have not done this and the bodies of both these Indian soldiers they were beheaded bodies the head was removed out of it. Long back just before the onset of the Kargil war also similar type of incidents that happened when there was a young Indian officer sort of Kalia whose mutilated body parts had come know the whole body intact body did not come to India. And then very recently there was a case when one of the Pakistani soldier who happened to cross the line of control was killed in the cross fire, but then the whole body was returned back to the native country. Even during Kargil war many know human beings who died those human beings whom the Indians said that they are the Pakistani regulars Pakistan said that they are not our armed forces they must be you know from different separatist groups and India had a claim because you know their identity cards their salary details were found in their pockets which showed that they belong to certain regiments of the Pakistani forces. But then the military decides that know all those who have died in that process and belong to the enemy camp are religious guru would cremate them according to their religious practices. Now think of know three different stories one where you catch hold of your enemy you treat them like this this was one of the very secret type of photographs which was much later released know two when you catch hold of your enemy and then cut him into pieces and you do not even a refrain from know doing it multiple times. Third case where you catch hold of your enemy the enemy is short dead, but then still you decide to cremate the dead body according to other religious faith of that very individual we will not go again into the details of it, but if you are interested do read Philip Zimbardo who has taken such examples and talks about why good man become ugly why people who are otherwise those who seem to be very good at one point in time they suddenly become extremely wicked why good man become bad wicked ugly and Philip Zimbardo has talked about it at length giving all types of examples and you would find many many examples of the Avogarip jail from where this photograph belongs to. The reason we have taken these examples here is that know in a group setup there could be a possibility where you are forced to comply to certain norms which otherwise you do not admire. Another example that we take that we had taken from our Indian situation of course is an example of the collectivist culture the other example we had taken was from an individualistic culture, but then you are in a regimented setup of the individualistic culture where the dictates coming from the top has to be obeyed. Now if you look at the distinction between the practice in the individualistic versus the collectivist culture you realize that in individualistic cultures the expression of happiness is always encouraged at the cost of expression of sadness. Now this is not what I am saying, but this is what the aggregate of the research done in these two cultures where comparative studies have shown these outcomes and that we are now summarizing here that by and large individualistic culture will promote that you as an individual should certainly enjoy the privilege of expressing your happiness whatever makes you happy you can very freely and frankly share it with others. You need not moan on know issues that does not affect you whereas in collectivist culture the opposite is you know usually cherished. You are sad not because something has happened to you, but because know a relative of a friend of your neighbor who was your neighbor 3 years ago has died there is a long chain, but that also affects your emotional states. In collectivist culture people forego negative emotions in order to support the group standards I might not be very happy inwardly, but because the group is celebrating something therefore I also join it and therefore the negative emotions that I have in that very situation in that very given state. I simply try to know overcome it simply because I am supposed to adhere to the standards that the group is practicing as of now and in collectivist culture another important thing is that there is a less public expression of negative emotions. A very good example given once in classroom by my teacher he said that when he went for the first time to Canada his colleagues there would know always say so how are you and he had the habit of saying fine like most of us most of us would say know when you are asked by somebody how are you fine and then after 2, 3 days this man asked him that how can you be fine every day I am either good or not so good most of the days, but you always tell me you are fine how does that happen and then it led to certain type of discussion between these two the person who asked this was you know psychologist in making who later on become a very renowned psychologist social psychologist and this whole discourse of you know cultural perception of how good you are or how fine you are that was you know elaborated little later, but it is a fantastic description know when somebody asks you how you are and you say good not so good and you take pride in saying not so good whereas in the other culture know it could be say just now in the recent past we had it know chilled winter morning temperature was 6, 7 degree know you have rainfall also and still somebody ask you how are you and you very with a broad smile you say fine and then you realize know that there are certain practices that you simply adhere to you comply to you reflect it because you belong to certain type of culture. The reason we are now talking about these issues are primarily that because you belong to certain culture because culture has its own practices and you show certain degree of conformity compliance to those practices because you try to tame your own emotional reactions in order to adhere to the group standards and therefore your overall ability to adapt to the situation increases and more and more you show adaptation the higher is the perception of adjustment level of yours. You perceive yourself to be adjusted great this was an uncomfortable situation, but I have handled it properly others also think you are great manager who can manage diverse type of situations. We now come to a different way of looking at emotion this was know primarily proposed by Lazarus who talked about know the appraisal of emotions and Lazarus said that emotional responses are actually the outcome of internal and situational appraisal processes such that emotions induce copying activities. Now, remember right from know experience of emotion to behavioral reactions under the influence of emotional state we are now shifting and we are now talking about the appraisal of the emotions means how you relook at your own emotions and according to Lazarus that these emotional responses are actually the outcome of internal as well as situational appraisal processes how you internally appraise it and how the situation know appraises it that would actually make your emotion it can make it know act in a way wherein it facilitates your copying strategies. So, given the type of diversity that you experience you get a chance to cope with the adversity that you are experiencing and all this is primarily facilitated by both the factors your internal way of looking at your own emotions and how the situation interprets your emotional state and based on that we will later on focus know at these two coping strategies little in depth when we come to next to next module where we would be talking about stress, coping and resilience, but just to refer to it that Lazarus proposed that there could be two types of coping one problem focused coping and two the emotion focused coping. Problem focused coping according to Lazarus is a state where one makes effort to overcome or minimize the effects of the unwelcome situation. So, you are trying to either overcome the problem or you are trying to minimize the overall know effect of that very uncomfortable situation whereas in terms of emotion focused coping one adopts strategies to master is or endure an undesirable situation. So, emotion focused coping that way know strategically is far different compared to the problem focused coping, but right now we are interested more into emotions and how they affect our adjustment therefore, these two coping strategies we have just referred to it we would not go into the details of it as I told you that next to next module would be on stress coping and resilience and when we come to coping we will also be talking about problem focused and emotion focused coping once again. So, usually what do we do we spend time and energy in adapting to the constraints of dealing with social and environmental demands. So, there are certain social obligations there are some immediate demands that are environment makes and we spend both our time in terms of understanding it deciphering it in terms of we is also spend our energy in while doing that and once we have succeeded in deciphering what the demand of the situation is we try to find out which strategy I should adopt. So, that I fit know completely into this type of a situation we try to adapt to it we also what we do is that we try to manage our actions without violating the social needs norms and obligations now therefore, adaptation becomes skilled at one has to master where you do not want to violate the norm you do not want to know bypass the social obligations you want to meet the social needs and at the same time you also want to give an appropriate response which would satisfy you as an individual and which would satisfy your environment because there are other stakeholders there in the environment. Then all of this would require an interplay of emotional processes which are primarily supposed to serve the social functions. If you are incapable of showing this type of an adaptation then the society interprets that you have a problem in adjustment let us take couple of examples. Say you I am not know saying that everybody who go to this profession are like that but some people who join this profession which professions I will refer to it right now they gradually act like this. You must have come across several examples where a patient was not offered a bed in the hospital a patient who was know about to deliver a baby was know not even attended by the doctors the delivery took place outside the main gate of the hospital it happened once even in Kanpur also very close to us. I will not show it but I have those news clippings which says now that this actually happened so that in case somebody encounters that no no it has never happened I can show that see here is the news clip which says that it had actually happened. You join a profession say like the police force where you do not hesitate know taking your latte and applying it 10 times hitting somebody very hard. The recent episode in Delhi where you must have seen those live visuals know somebody who surrenders who says no no no I am know do not apply your latte charge on me but still you take pride in doing that. The visual that I wanted to show you was of CRPF officer in the recent Delhi demonstration case where he challenges a girl the girl know the action it is all photographs he challenges the girl the action is very clear that he must be abusing or giving commands that if you do this I will know punish you the girl says no no no this is the action and the next sequence where he really goes and hits the girl. This is an example of a bomb blast in Manipur this was the rickshaw puller on whose rickshaw this bomb was planted you can see know several of the security guards there this man whose lower body part was blown off you can see what happened blood kept on kept on know oozing out somebody comes interrogates him because he knows that death is inevitable instead of taking him to hospital they ask him so tell me you know who was the person who planted it know some details of it but this rickshaw puller was not taken to the hospital and within few minutes of this photograph he died. Now think of know these examples you join a profession but then you start practicing it in a very different fashion I am sure that these policemen when they would have first know seen somebody suffering they also must have felt the pain the first bomb blast the first bullet shot the first wound everything must have know induce certain type of feeling certain type of emotion but then how you appraise your own feeling will then start taming how you feel the situation and how you feel the situation will finally decide how you react to that situation. And whether your act is an act of adjustment you have been able to successfully comply to it you have been successful giving the desired outcome or not depending on which side of the fence you are you would take a decisive role. Now the salience of emotional process in adjustment if you try to understand this primarily you can divide study you remember we were trying to know look at emotions with respect to the basic emotions happiness sadness fear anger surprise and discuss the six basic emotions and we also looked at emotions with respect to their valency positive negative emotions as well as directionality component in emotion approach emotion versus avoidance emotion one way of looking at emotions and this is the classification given by Lazarus is that you can divide them into goal congruent emotions and goal incongruent emotions. So right now therefore the number of emotions has increased know and you find at the it is not only the basic emotions other emotions have also been entertained according to Lazarus the goal congruent emotions are like happiness love and pride goal congruent incongruent emotion includes sadness anxiety shame guilt envy and disgust. And now depending on certain primary appraisal factor and secondary appraisal factor we finally derive this type of emotion and in turn all of them influences are level of adjustment. So what we would do now onwards is that we would look at know the primary and the secondary appraisal processes pertaining to each of these goal congruent and incongruent emotion. And then try to understand that why know do people experience this type of an emotion and how these emotions influences their level of adjustment. Now goal congruent emotions they would be positive in nature and they are likely to moderate our day to day things. And they also play adaptational role by sustaining our morale by facilitating coping and restoring our normal life pattern. So happiness love and pride they will know sustain the level of morale that you are endowed with they will facilitate your coping. And at the same time they will also help you restore your normal life pattern. Now Lazarus know keeps on keeps on talking about the primary and the secondary appraisal processes. So what we would do is we would take each of these emotions first we will begin with the goal congruent emotions. And then we will go to the goal incongruent emotions. And then we will know look at each of the primary appraisal components and the secondary appraisal components. Trying to understand that what finally is the determinant of happiness what finally is the determinant of say pride love guilt shame discuss likewise. But before we come to it I would I thought we have studied a lot. So we will watch a short film right now 13 to 15 minute film it is an animation that describes of story that comes from our mythology you must be aware of the whole story of Shravan Kumar whose parents were blind. And he took them on a theater when finally he was killed by an arrow by King Dashrath. Now there is a tradition of folk lore in our country and some of the folk artists from Rajasthan they describe this story. Their whole narration has been translated into an animated movie made by somebody at IIT Bombay. So we will just watch it. The reason I am trying to show it to you is that there is a beautiful interpretation there are two three sequences there where one narrator recites the story in one way gives another way of looking at it. And the other one says that no no no there is a change there is a twist and he interprets it in a different way. So the same thing can be approached by two different ways and he says that it was done because of this the other one says it was done out of this. So guilt remorse those components come here therefore we will watch this. So Vishnu told me that if you take your father along with you on a journey, you will get rid of your burden. So from there Shravan took his father along with him on a journey along with his father on a journey. He took his father along with him on a journey. So the same thing happened. He went on a journey along with his father on a journey. Still he went on a journey and went on a journey along with his father on a journey. What happened next? So narrated out of love the other one narrated out of anger. Process remains the same the interpretation varies. The reason I was trying to show this animation film was that let us see you have this appraisal process that Lazarus talks about that incidence in life is one but how you appraise it will provide a color to it. They say that we belong to the same dynasty and then a grand old lady comes but we are not interested into that part. What we were primarily interested was that for one's event of life for one of the reactions of life there could be multiple way of interpretation and how you interpret it, how you appraise it that actually you know gives you the feeling of a particular emotion. So if you look at the appraisal process of happiness the first three are the primary appraisal components then you have the secondary appraisal components. Now look at the primary appraisal components. If there is a goal relevance then any emotion is possible including happiness means that the goal that you are trying to achieve should be relevant to you. Two if there is a goal congruence then only positive emotions are possible including happiness. So your goal seems to be congruent to you and therefore it leads to the positive experience of emotions and third primary appraisal component that the type of ego involvement is not relevant. So the involvement of your ego is not important. You find that the goal achieving the goal is relevant to you and you also realize the goal to be congruent. The secondary appraisal components blame and coping potentials are irrelevant. So you are not looking for blaming somebody you are not looking at the coping potential of the activity. If future expectations are positive we expect the good fortune to continue. Therefore so the future expectation is positive in nature. You construed that this would continue and if the overall life outlook is favorable in general the existential background is that which is essential to feel happy. So overall you find that life circumstances in and around you is favorable. If future expectation and the existential background are guarded or unfavorable then happiness is apt to be muted or undermined. So basically the secondary appraisal components are that you do not find the relevance of blaming somebody you do not find the coping potential component involved there but what you realize is that what you expect the outcome of the event you expect to be positive you expect that this was continue. So there is a perception of continuity of the process and overall the ambience of the whole experience is favorably directed and hence you derive a positive emotion out of it. But if you realize that the future expectancies are not seems not to be favorable enough then you can undermine your level of happiness. All other appraisal components including type of ego involvement are not essential. So basically what Lazarus says is that there are some primary determinants there are some secondary determinants you use these determinants to you know interpret a given situation and this will finally make you realize whether you should be happy or not. So the state of emotion is dependent also on the appraisal process the outcome of how you appreciate the whole process. Similarly if you look at the pride component the primary appraisal component that if there is a goal relevance then any motion is possible you remember the primary appraisal process for happiness also said the same that there has to be relevance of the goal two also remains the same that if there is goal congruence then any motion is possible it could be happiness it could be pride. Third if the type of ego involvement is enhanced is enhancement of oneself and social esteem then the potential emotions are narrow to pride happiness and relief. Now in the earlier case in the case of happiness we said that the ego involvement is not relevant but here in the case of pride ego involvement plays a role and this ego involvement enhances you know once self esteem as well as once social esteem. Secondary appraisal process if credit is to oneself then pride occurs. So overall you realize that the credit for this goal fulfillment this goal achievement goes to you so you are given the credit then you derive pride out of it. So once again you evaluate the whole of the experience gets evaluated based on goal relevance based on goal congruence based on ego involvement the three primary determinants and the fact that you should finally get the credit for doing whatever has been done. If that happens then you experience pride. Third case once again you find goal relevance goal congruence both are there and it can lead to any positive emotion including happiness pride and love. Now in terms of ego involvement if the type of ego involvement is desire desire of mutual appreciation. So the key component here is the desire for mutual appreciation which is affirming to one's ego identity then the emotion possibility is narrow to love or if it is not love then at least to liking that you like each other. If to this is added sexual interest or passion then love is romantic rather than just being a search for a companion. Now you see there is an interesting description when it comes to how you interpret it. Happiness pride love these three where are goal congruent emotions in all the three cases goal relevance has to be there goal congruence has to be there for happiness ego involvement is not needed for pride ego involvement is needed but it should now lead to self-esteem or social esteem. In the case of love ego involvement is there but this ego involvement requires mutual appreciation of each other. So if I love somebody and therefore I appreciate him or her then I should be also appreciated for certain characteristics. If there is a unilateral investment of such type of thing then it does not lead to the experience of love. To this ego involvement also forms your ego identity if it does so then you experience love or if it is not so intense to make you experience the love then at least it will make you feel little attracted towards that individual. And if you add the passion component sexual interest component then this love becomes romantic. So there is a clearer description know of how you appreciate your own goal congruence goal relevance and ego involvement in an act that will decide what you will experience. Secondary appraisal component so in the case of love no secondary appraisal components are involved except perhaps future expectation is there you expect something in the coming future which then positively favors love but when negative prevents you or undermines your love. So basically you also see what is going to be the consequence the by product of this relationship. If it is positive it is love if you realize that know the outcome is not going to be positive then you lose interest in that individual. So once again you see in all the three cases that we discussed here happiness love and pride in all the three cases which we told that see these are goal congruent emotions only three basic processes were involved goal relevance goal congruence and ego involvement. How you and both two factors were stable know goal relevance was there in all the three cases goal congruence was there in all the three cases it was only ego involvement and the experience in the case of happiness and pride and futuristic type of know derivations in the case of love which finally determined whether you would experience a particular emotion or not and if you experience it then what would be the flavor of that emotion. These three emotions happiness pride and love these three are considered to facilitate your adjustment level know if by and large you are happy type of an individual you also make others happy your presence is welcomed by others. If you take pride in doing certain things in turn others also know consider that this is a man of worth if you assign him a task certainly the goal will be accomplished. So you also derive pride out of it the society also overall appreciates your achievement and if you show your ability to love people to appreciate people to get affiliated to people in turn people also return back all these three things in return in certain quantum and therefore all these three goal congruent emotions adds to the level of adjustment that one aspires to achieve.