 Students now we are going to study the last research design of mixed method research methodology, which is multi-phase design. Let's see what it is. The multi-phase design is an example of a mixed method design that goes beyond the basic designs. In this design, we actually do not follow the basic or the conventional principles of the mixed method research. In multi-phase designs, we use these designs when investigator examines a problem or topic through an iteration of connected quantitative and qualitative studies that are sequentially aligned and with each new approach building on what was learned previously to address a central program objective. This design is used when you have to conduct multiple studies in a program and you design a second study on the basis of one study. For example, your program objective is that you have to study the taxation system in Punjab. So, you first conduct a qualitative study on it that what is the reason for not giving taxes to people. In that study, you find out that people get scared, people get trust deficit by collecting taxes. So, on the basis of this, the next study that you design can be quantitative in nature. In detail, you can study the percentages of these reasons and overall contribution to the attitude that how one factor is contributing and how the other factor is contributing. And then on the basis of that, you develop the third study in which you use the mixed method. So, this is why it is called a multi-phase design. The purpose of this design is to address a set of incremental research questions that all advance one program research objective. Let me give you an example of how to increase the taxation in Punjab. How to increase the tax base and tax net. So, now there are different aspects of this. There is the aspect of governance. There is the issue of the work force and the personal tax. There is the issue of trust deficit. So, if you study these three in different phases, then these three come under one objective. So, we can do different studies for these three. It provides an over-reaching methodological framework to a multi-year project that calls for multiple phases to develop an overall program of research or evaluation. So, as I told you earlier, we use this kind of design when we have to see the impact of any program in a continued manner. So, when to choose? When the researchers cannot fulfill the long-term program objective of the study with a single mixed method study? We cannot present the findings on the basis of a single mixed method study. Then we need to use this design and we have to present the findings again and again. The researcher has experience in large-scale research, example and evaluation background. The researcher himself or herself can conduct a study in this field. And the researcher has sufficient resources and funding to implement the study over multiple years. Because this study continues, she has so much funding and so much resources that she can conduct. What are the advantages of this design? The multi-fail design, phase design incorporates the flexibility needed to utilize the mixed method design's element required to address a set of interconnected research questions. The researchers can publish the results from individual studies while at the same time still contributing the overall evaluation of the research program. The researcher can use this design to provide an overall framework for conducting multiple iterative studies over multiple years. In other words, you can publish the results of one study as well as develop a framework and improve it on the basis of the findings of each study. What are the disadvantages? The researcher must anticipate the challenges generally associated with the individual, concurrent and sequential approaches within individual or subsequent phases. You have to identify what problems or challenges you may face in each study. The researcher needs to effectively collaborate with a team of researchers over the scope of the project while also accommodating the potential addition and loss of team members. The researcher needs to consider how to meaningfully connect the individual studies in addition to mixing quantitative and qualitative strands within phases. On the one hand, you must have the capacity to execute the research and on the other hand, you must have the capacity to interrelate the results and findings of the upcoming study. How can you tell them that they are interconnected? If I talk about the variants of this multi-phase design, then there can be large scale development programs and evaluation projects such as BISP, you can study the scholarships of Pakistan's battle malls. There can be multi-level state wide studies such as Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. Similarly, if you do it on an yearly basis, single mixed method studies that combine both concurrent and sequential phases. You can add two concurrent and sequential phases in a single mixed method study. These are some of its variants. Along with this, the module of mixed method research methodology has been completed. We have read seven research designs in this course. Now, the next module in this course will be quantitative data analysis.