 Hi, everyone. Good afternoon and welcome to the SmartGrid seminar. Our speaker today is Dr. Ching He from Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization. So you talk about ultra-high voltage development in China and the concept of global energy interconnection. So I would like to remind everyone our next seminar is in two weeks. So that would be May 13th, Thursday. The speaker is James McCauley from Iowa State. And I also would like to remind everyone that the last two presentations on May 20th and June 3rd will start at 3pm instead of 2.30pm. Our speaker today is Dr. Ching He and I know he is currently in Beijing, so the time over there is 5.30am. So we really appreciate that he can give this presentation at this early hour. Dr. He is Senior Manager of Global Energy Interconnection in the North American office in New York City, where he is responsible for technical communication. He joined the company as a researcher in the Economic and Technology Division in January 2018. From 2018 to 2019, he was with the Africa office in Ethiopia. He started his career as a planning and operation researcher with China APRI in Beijing for seven years, and he has involved with many ultra-high voltage projects. He holds a PhD in power system and automation from China APRI. So without further delay, let's welcome our speaker today. Dr. He, you can share your slides. Thanks for introduction from Chen Zhenyu, and thanks Waheila for doing some preparing and the test. Hi, I came from Gadical North American office. Gadical is Global Energy Interconnection Corporation under development. I'm honored to be here at Stanford Smart Grid Seminar. I will talk about the development of neutral high voltage grid in China under global energy interconnection concept. There are two parts of my content. The first is development of neutral high voltage director current and alternating current technology in China. The second part is global energy interconnection concept. We define the ultra-high voltage as 1,000 kW alternating current and positive, negative 800 kW direct current with 1,100 kW direct current power systems. We call the UHV as a shrink name. UHV has advantage like long distance, large capacity, high efficiency, economic land use, and so on. Next we talk about UHV driving force. In China, the energy location is quite unbalanced. As we can see from the four pictures, 90% solar located in North and North West. 80% of the hydropower located in West and South West. 80% of the wind power in North and North West, 76% core located in North and North West. So it's a big problem to translate this kind of energy. Well, over 70% of the North center concentrate in the middle and the middle east of China, which means long distance transmission is necessary. In some case, it's over 3,000 kilometers. In particular, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, the three low centers are far from this energy-rich place. Early before, in order to meet the electricity demand in the middle and the middle east, we need to transport lots of coral over 2,000 kilometers for generation, which was not very economical under neither environment. But the UHV technology can transmit massive electric power including renewable energy to a far destination. The other driving force is loading and grazing. Since 2000, the annual average growth of installed capacity is more than 80 gigawatt. Network and transmission capacity must be strengthened and updated. The electric price must be considered about. The price at the low center area transmitted by UHV is 0.8 US cent kilowatt hour cheaper than local whole price. The total high-voltage alternating current is like this. Corridor with per unit capacity is less than 20 meters per gigawatt. Transmission power can reach four or five times than 5,000 kilowatt kilowatt line. UHV transmission distance is two or three times of 500 kilowatt line. Total high-voltage direct current can reach 1,000 to 4,000 kilometers and transmit 7 to 12 gigawatt. It's long distance and big capacity. Now we take a look at the usual high-voltage direct current timeline. The first high-voltage direct current project is positive and active 500 kilowatt with two gigawatt. Then the Xiangjiaba to Shanghai is proposed on 2004, which approved two years later and put into operation on 2010. The total length is 1,907 kilometers. Rated power is 6.4 gigawatt. Maximum power is 7.2 gigawatt. After that, in 2017, hierarchical embedded UHV project put into operation. Then in 2019, the first positive, negative 1,100 kilowatt UHV DC project is finished in 2020. A multi-terminal CSA plus BSA project started sending electricity. Let's see some details. There are 1,100 kilowatt UHV DC project linked to Wanan with a transmission distance of 3,324 kilometers and the rate capacity of 12 gigawatt. This equal to four line of four projects with 500 kilowatt together. Then the UHV DC hierarchical connection at the receiving end to 1,000 kilowatt bus and 500 kilowatt bus have been used in three projects. In order to transmit renewable energy and eliminate the impact of commutation failure, voltage source converter has been researched and ready to use. Let's see the multi-terminals with VSC. The hybrid voltage source converter, voltage source converter named VSC with current source converter UHV project first finished by China 1,000 power grid. China 1,000 power grid built Wudongde UHV DC project, which have three terminals, one current source converter station at the sending side, two VSC station in parallel at the receiving side. This project has been put into operation in 2020. The application of UHV in India and Brazil is also encouraging. Brazil has accomplished two projects, each with capacity of four gigawatt, which put into operation in 2017. And 2019, from Bello Mount to San Paolo and Rio, India has accomplished three projects, which can provide the power for industrial and feedback economic benefit for their suppliers. Now we tend to ultra-high-voltage alternating current projects. The first one called the Jingdonglan to Jingmen. This project has been in operation for over seven years since 2009. Total length is 614 kilometers. Lominar voltage is 1000 kilowatt. And then ultra-high-voltage controlled series compensation installed in December 2011. In September 2013, Huainan to Wuhu to Zhebei to Shanghai, UHV project was constructed with double circuit line on the same power. The GIS breaking with capacity 63 kilo ampere. The cost of one substation is 150 to 160 million US dollar. The current cost is about 0.6 million US dollar per kilometers. Now we introduce the GIL. GIL means gas-isolated transmission line. GIL is power transmission system with gas-isolation metal shell. The first project cross the Yangtze River in Suzhou, which located in China grade, East China grade. The cost is much high. It cost 800 million US dollar per kilometers. The project is 5.8 kilometers just across the Yangtze River. So after over 10 years construction, 14 UHV AC, 15 UHV DC project finished in China. Some reliable source such as wind, solar and hydro are connected to the grid. And some projects not finished until 2021 and 2022. UHV grid have been formed. The hydro power connected to the grid is 340 gigawatt. Wind power is 170 gigawatt. Solar power is 160 gigawatt. The hydroelectric power from the southwest, solar and wind power from the northwest, wind and thermal power are bounded out from the north. In the planning, UHV project will be over 40,000 kilometers and 300 gigawatt in 2025. With scope of SGCC, 6 major regional power grids have been constructed. North China, Central China, East China, North East, North West and South West. 1,000 power grid also can be taken as east and west part with UHV DC sending hydro power from the west to the east. The UHV AC rings, strengthens the North China, Central China, East China. Now we turn to the benefit of energy in the connection with UHV grid. Wind and solar have seasonal complementary in the loss of China. In this area, according to the up figure, we can see the wind power is mainly in spring and winter, accounting for about 60%. The figure below shows that the solar also accounting for about 60% in summer and autumn. If we put the wind power and solar power together in one to one radio, it will be much better and fit the load curve. Wind in the loss and the hydro power from the south also have seasonal complementary. The left graph shows the monthly power generation of three hydro power plants in 2015 and 2016. Hydro power generation peaks in June 9, August and September. The wind power output in those three months was below the average. So if we put it together, it's very good for their complementary. Extensive interconnection reduce wide power curves fluctuation. We can see from the left figure, the output of a single wind power plant bounced up and down, but the province and the big regional grid wind output are much better. We can get the conclusion from the right finger. In national scale of China, solar power plant complement with time difference from the east to west and the solar complement with wind. There are certain decrease with the expansion of space. Four connected renewable are easy to predict. So we can see UGV technology practiced in China. Very well. The concept of GI is put forward based on the UGV technology. GI is global energy interconnection. From the start, just come from the challenge, such as resource constrained environment pollution and climate change. Clean development is a core factor of sustainable development and global energy concept is put forward for achieving the goal. Clean energy resource spread of the world and abandoned. So the resource needs to be converted into electricity and transmitted to the world. In the world, there are some concepts about how to give a solution for the clean development. And the GI is focused about this. GI is clean-dominant modern energy system. That means the insens of GI is a smarter grid plus UGV grid plus clean energy. GI can help for large-scale development of clean energy, help with economic and industrial system transit to the low carbon or zero carbon. GI proposed two replacements. First is replace fossil fuel with clean energy. The second is increasing the proportion of electricity in the terminals. Replace direct consumption of fossil energy with electricity. Clean replacement refers to take place fossil fuel in power generation, providing heat by solar energy and so on. This slide I will talk about the cost of clean energy. This year's cost of clean energy is getting down and getting down. Now, how much wind power are expected to drop to 2.5 US cents kilowatt-noura and 5.5 US cents kilowatt-noura respectively. And the PV solar has also come to the same level, I think. That means the renewable energy is cheaper than the gas, the coal, and then the other fossil fuel. Electricity replace is increasing the proportion of electricity in terminal. Total electricity consumption will increase year by year. And the share of end use will increase to about 50% to 65% according to the different scenario in 2050. GEI's condition depend on three facts. Now, I think there is no obstacle in the future in the next 20 years or 30 years. First, the power transmission technology. The UGV has already practiced very well. And the second is the clean energy. The price of clean energy is getting down and the technology are constantly improving. The last one is smart grid technology. The smart grid technology is very important for the load. These years it's already widespread, widespread use in a lot of countries. So we put the GEI concept into some example. Based on the large-scale development of clean energy and the UGV transmission technology, East Asia could be connected with Europe through Central Asia, which established the Asia to Europe, China. There is a five to six hours time difference if East Asia and Europe are fully connected. When East Asia at 8pm solar power in Europe is there at the pink, it could be transmitted to East Asia for meeting the demand of load. And now we see the example of United States. NIEL have made interconnection same study a few years ago, which is the just interconnection of East and West with 14.4 gigawatt inter-regional projects. Now we look at the picture on the right. The load pink on both sides are loaded at the same time. The west load pink is late than the east. So the PV generation can support the east. And in the morning, the east could be supported west. Now we give the example of the total East Asia. In the left picture, based on GEI concept, East Asia forms an interconnected grid. A clean power supply with large scale interconnection and smart grid will lead the green development. A clean and efficient energy interconnection has been designed for reduced regional carbon emission. So emission from energy will be reduced by 60% on 2035 reduced by 19% on 2050 in the end. So we think the GEI concept works very well. First, to realize GEI, we have three steps to go. All can put into three stages. The first is domestic interconnection, just like United States and China. The second is intercontinental interconnection. This stage, I think, will come in the next 10 years or 20 years. The ultimate goal is global interconnection. In the last stage, renewable energy from global complement with each other. In the scale of 24 hours, I think, like the picture below. Asia and America could gather together. GEI could integrate a stable clean energy and also provide a sustainable electricity to the user around the world. Maybe finish the future and form the structure like the picture just on the left. It will cover all of the world, all countries. So that's what I have to say. Thanks. Okay, thank you. Are there any questions for the speaker? I do have one question. I think it's in your second or third slide, one of your earliest slides. You mentioned that the power generation will be 0.8 cents cheaper than local wholesale prices. Can you go back to that slide? Yeah, this one. Right, when you say 0.8 cents cheaper. Have you included the maintenance cost of the transmission infrastructure? Yes, I think we can give the conclusion like this. Just because I want to explain in two parts. The good resource of solar power just like in China is in the west. The annual used hour is much higher than the east. The number may be double. So the price is cheaper when the solar power generated. And in the long distance, we use the UHV technology or some other transmission line. The cost on the line, the cost on the line is much lower than distributed or called decentralized resource. So we just consider read about the total facts. Now, with the lower cost of usage from reducing this UHV technology, how many years will we take to recover the cost, the cost of building the whole infrastructure? I think it depends on the energy transmission on the line. So I can give a normally year, it's about 12 or 15 years. Okay, yeah, that's good. There is one question in the Q&A section. How do the risks of global energy networks compare to the risks of small energy networks? Okay, I think this question I might have in some occasions. The global energy network at this stage is only an idea concept. There is a lot of risk in the future. It may be influenced by the political and influenced by some reason from the unstable relationship and stable economy situation. If we consider it, we just talk about the benefit of interconnection. We can focus on the low cost and complementary to both sides just like this. But if we neglect the risk, I think it's also wrong. But I will give another conclusion about how to understand this just because in the next 5 years, next 10 years, we called for all the people to realize the power system named the neutral carbon and 100% renewable energy. That cannot be realized with only the microgrid with localized grid. If we have a good situation like China, like United States, the solar power can support each other, it's easy. We must consider it about how to fully use it. That's what I respond to the first question. I will take a look at the second. How does the cost of the global network compare with energy storage? Yes, we have compared the cost. The global interconnection, if we just put it in a national wild scale just like China or a big regional grid in China, the cost of interconnection is much lower than to build energy storage such as pumped hydro. Just because if you want to finish a pumped hydro in China, you cannot find so much capacity to finish the match, finish the job of match the renewable energy. If we consider it about the grid ridder of all the natural power plant, the grid ridder of all the power plant, it's only wind, solar and some hydro. The fluctuate of hydro is, I think it's a little, but the fluctuate of wind and solar is much bigger. You cannot find the match the capacity to finish this job. This is first and the second, the cost is low at the same level. It may be the interconnection cost is only half of the build the pumped hydro. Even you consider it about the other storage is much expensive. Thank you. On this topic of the global network, I have another question. Have people started talking about the standards for such a global network? If we consider it about the UHV and some standard for the EHV, we call the EHV, 500 kW we call the EHV. The EHV and the UHV, from the equipment, I can give some conclusion. In the United States and in China, in Japan, the equipment standard is almost the same. But the operational standard have much different. Do we have any more questions from the audience? Okay, so if there is no more question, I would like to thank the speaker. This is an interesting presentation. Thank you again for giving us this presentation at 5.30 a.m. Thank you. Okay, thank you. Thank you everyone. And the next seminar is in two weeks on May 13. So see you in two weeks. Okay, thank you. Bye bye.