 And also on the fourth floor below, although I don't know the sequencing of where they're at with ending their panel, so just FYI. So if I can have our spotlight talk speakers gather near the front of the stage. Mariba, you're the second up, I believe. No, you're on time. That's excellent. That's what we want. So as people make their way into the room or into the other room, our first spotlight talk will be from Dr. Connie Walker, who is an astronomer at NSF's Nord lab. So Connie is going to talk to us about some of the interactions between the large constellations and our ability to continue to conduct astronomical observations and quiet and dark skies. And so I'm going to wait maybe a minute or two and let folks settle before we play the video. The coffee break is a bit later, however. Folks, if we could please take our seats, we'll have a coffee break after this next session concludes. All right, well, we're going to go ahead and play the video. So our first spotlight talk will be from Dr. Connie Walker again, the NSF NOIR lab, looking at dark and quiet skies and the relationship of large constellations to the astronomy science sector. So if we could cue the video from Dr. Walker, please. Welcome to the spotlight talk on optical astronomy and very large satellite constellations. My name is Connie Walker. I am a scientist at the U.S. National Science Foundation's National Optical Observatory known as NOIR lab and also the co-director of the International Astronomical Union or IAU Center for the Protection of Dark and Quiet Sky from Satellite Constellation Interference or IAU-CPS for short. Three years ago, a train of 60 starling satellites visible to the unaided eye from many countries ignited global discussions of satellite constellations and their many impacts on professional astronomy, dark skies, space debris, cultural sky traditions, and escalating environmental concerns. I will be discussing how satellite constellations impact optical astronomy and they do so in two main ways through their numbers and their brightness. In terms of brightness, commercial communications satellites in low Earth orbit or LEO that weigh more than 100 kilograms typically exceed that brightness target of seventh magnitude. They are seen as orange dots in this plot. Seventh magnitude is the limit at which residual effects like crosstalk in images are difficult to remove and it is also the limit of human vision. So the horizontal blue line refers to seventh magnitude. The vertical blue line refers to 100 kilograms and you'll note that Starlink and one web satellites as of a year ago when this plot was made fell in the lower right hand quadrant which indeed corresponds to being brighter than seventh magnitude and more massive than 100 kilograms. In terms of numbers, the top curve shows the total number almost 26,000 to date of tracked objects in space from the first satellite in 1957 to March 1st of this year. This includes both active and inactive satellites that are more than 10 centimeters in size. Since the launch of the first 60 Starlink satellites, the number of LEO satellites has jumped from about 2,000 to three times as many in as many years with more plan by numerous space actors. The term analyst objects are an additional 20,000 objects tracked by the US Space Surveillance Network but their origins cannot be identified. Note that almost half of the satellites are Starlink and one web satellites. If all the proposed satellites are licensed and launched, this will potentially result in tens of thousands to 100,000 satellites in LEO if not more by 2030. Here's an update on Starlink satellites. SpaceX has the largest constellation currently in orbit 2383 that are active and there has been a change in satellite design. Launches since September 2021 no longer have visors. They were removed for laser communications between the satellites. The new Starlink's generation 1.5 are 6th magnitude in brightness, about half a magnitude brighter than the visor sets were. And they were about 6.5 magnitudes on average. And just to note, the higher the number, the fainter the satellites. Starlink generation 2 satellites, which will be about 30,000 in addition to the 12,000 from generation 1 are more massive about 1.25 tons compared with 250 kilograms. And this is about four to five times more massive as generation 1. So generation 2 satellites will be about 7 meters long. And Starship, which will launch these satellites will launch up to about 120 Gen 2 Starlinks at a time. This is twice as many per launch. And at this point we cannot predict how bright they will be. As a reminder, satellites are visible when they are in sunlight or in penumbra and not in the cone of earth shadow. And that depends on a number of things like orbital inclination of the satellite, altitude of satellite and the time of year as to when they're visible. The brightness of the satellite involves a multitude of considerations. Altitude, attitude, albedo, size, surface characteristics, specular diffusion reflection, self-shadowing and solar phase angle. Taking all of this into consideration, Pat Seitzer has modeled the visibility of these satellites. And he's from the University of Michigan. Shown here is a sample of 10,000 satellites at 500 kilometers, as well as 10,000 at 10,000 kilometers altitude. And they're at an inclination or latitude of 53 degrees. And we're considering right now in the plot only the ones above 30 degrees elevation. And for that many, you can see that there's just only a few above 30 degrees elevation. However, the numbers increase linearly. That is, if you have 10 times more satellites, you're going to have 10 times more that are visible. And in this model, if you just consider the ones, if you consider all of them above the horizon or zero degrees elevation, you're talking about three times as many. The higher the altitude of the satellites, remember, the more visible all night long they will be, as you can see with the blue curve here. How do satellites affect observations on telescopes? A bright satellite streak can saturate a detector and or cause loss of information in pixels, crosstalk in electronics, ghost images and possible residual images. The impact on the science done with optical astronomy has two major areas of concern. One is with low elevation or twilight studies, like with the potentially hazardous asteroid missions, and they will have fewer discoveries and fewer orbit determinations should they be affected by satellite constellations. The second area is the science done at observatories with wide fields of view and sensitive detectors. These will also be very, very affected. For example, Ruben Observatory will be making a 10 year movie, mapping the sky every three nights and hopefully discovering I'm sure they'll discover lots of transient discoveries, transient events. However, with more and more satellite constellations, the majority of Ruben Observatory images will contain one or more satellites each. So to address the impact of satellite constellations on astronomy, soon after the first 60 starlight satellites were launched in May 2019, astronomers organized two workshops in 2020 to identify the issues and formulate recommendations for mitigation. The workshop reports for satellite satcon one, excuse me, and dark and quiet skies one can be found online. And then in 2021 we had the sequels to both of those workshops, in which we identified pathways to implement the recommendations and those reports to our online. Now, in 2022, we are taking those pathways to implement the recommendations by forming the IAU Center on the protection of the dark and quiet sky from satellite constellation deference or IUCPS. And this just started two months ago. The mitigation recommendations that came out of the first workshop are being worked on by groups who are members of the center or CPS. For instance, we have submitted a proposal to the US National Science Foundation to fund software to develop and predict passes over observatories to avoid satellite constellations and also to program around their passes. So the University of Washington, for instance, has a data repository that is opening to store images of satellite streaks. With the assistance of the American Astronomical Society, we have continued discussions with the big satellite companies on many of the other items on this list, and also with other think tanks and the future looks bright. We are also talking with some national governments directly and as well as through the UN COPUS Committee for the Peaceful Use of Outer Space Meeting and its subcommittee meetings of the science and technology, and also the legal subcommittee. The IAU Center is going to coordinate efforts from many of its members throughout the world and endeavor to unify voices of the global astronomical community. The center will bring together astronomers, industry and policy experts, as well as the wider community and acts a bridge between all these stakeholders. The center will produce and disseminate information and resources for everyone to be able to use. And the center will continue to research on the satellite constellation issues to arrive at feasible and implementable solutions in the areas of the four hubs, which include SAT hub and that's a hub for observations. It's also a data repository of observations and will have software that I mentioned earlier to predict passes to mask the trails and more. The policy hub will also address national and international policies and frameworks for regulations. The industry and technology hub will work towards mitigation techniques and best practices. And the communications and engagement hub community engagement hub, excuse me, will be a voice for various communities that otherwise would not have a voice. Please feel free to use these emails to contact either Piero, who's the director, Federico, who's the other co-director, or myself. And we very much would appreciate hearing from you. And if you'd like to become a member, again, that's cps.iu.org where you can find the membership form. Thank you so much. Thank you, Dr. Walker, and we appreciate you recording that for us in advance. It's unable to join in person. Next, I would like to welcome Mariba Jha, who is the chief scientist and co-founder of Privateer, a data and intelligence platform to empower the future of space sustainability. I think moreover, I think you're going to talk to us a little bit about the role of data and knowing what we know about space objects to enable an in-space economy, correct? That was terrible. I apologize for that. You'll do a far better job than me. Let me get off the stage. Hello, hello. All right. Thank you all very much. I'm so pleased to be here. The first thing I'm going to ask people is the folks that are having conversations in the background. If you want to chat, you can leave the room now. Otherwise, I'm going to ask you to actually sit down and either listen to me or leave. I'm serious. You can have your conversations, but you can have them elsewhere, because the thing is I have some stuff to say, and if you don't want to hear it, that's fine. You can find yourself someplace else. Bring up my website, please. Now would be a great time. So with all technology, as we know, all technology works, this is actually supposed to be showing you something, but clearly it's a blank screen. So I've clearly kicked it off with nothingness for you, which I'm very pleased with. We'll see if eventually something happens here. So I only have like 8 to 10 minutes. Here's what I want to tell you folks, right? For one, clearly we understand that space is a very dynamic environment. We're launching one more things into space. In 1957, we started with one satellite called Sputnik. What could go wrong with the whole picture of launching things in space? Well, now we're tracking about 50,000 things ranging in size from your cell phone all the way to the space station. It's a finite resource. We don't put things randomly in outer space. We put things in very specific places. I'm going to call them orbital highways. These orbital highways are becoming more and more congested. The people that are launching stuff into space are doing so without coordinating and planning with other countries and other people in terms of launching these things. Anybody? Show of hands if you've heard of something called Tragedy of the Commons. So here's the thing. For those that have not heard of such a thing, when you have a finite resource, let's call it plot of land, let's say that we have a nice place for cattle to graze and each of us has some cattle. We bring more and more cattle to the land and we don't talk to each other and don't manage that jointly. Eventually, the cattle die because they eat all this stuff and they can't basically produce anymore. The carrying capacity of that land is saturated. So very similarly to that, when we have these orbital highways, we have this carrying capacity that can become saturated. What does saturation mean in orbital highways? What it means is that our ability to prevent undesirable things from happening, things bumping into each other and that sort of stuff, we can't prevent that anymore. As much as we try to decide and act for people to be safe in space, bad things are happening. For all intents and purposes, that orbital highway becomes useless. So the thing that we need to understand is that near-earth space is a finite resource. The carrying capacity can become saturated in these orbits. We have to find a way to communicate with each other and jointly manage and utilize the resource. Interestingly enough, Connie talked about the impacts of astronomy and trying to understand and predict light pollution to astronomers. One of the things that I'll say is that the space sustainability rating that we talked about earlier in the whole detection, identification, and tracking incorporates a lot of the data and the understanding of how to predict these things. Part of the SSR will address ground-based astronomy. It's not just for space operations and that sort of thing. Good things are happening when it comes to the SSR. When it comes to data, how many people believe data and information is the same stuff? That was the trick question. Of course, everybody's not raising their hands because they're embarrassed. I don't want to be the dummy. So here's the thing, right? So data exists everywhere. Information only exists when you ask a question to data. That's the way it works. Now, what's the data problem when it comes to space? Everybody has different eyes and ears about what's happening in space. And one of the things that I tell my students is if you want to know something, you have to measure it. If you want to understand something, you have to predict it. Prediction is the key. Anybody can tell you what happened in the past. That's easy. Tell me what's going to happen tomorrow, then I'll be impressed. And so the thing is, in general, and I'm going to get a bit philosophical here. I don't care. Just bear with me because you gave me eight to ten minutes, so I'm going to use it the way I want to use it. So here it goes. So there's all this stuff happening in space. How do we know? We have to measure this stuff. Okay? Things are happening. We measure it. The observations generate data. The data tend to have structure and follow distributions. There's a pattern. There's an emergent pattern in the data. From that emergent pattern in the data, we can infer a model. We can hypothesize something. We can say, this is what we believe explains the evidence. That belief helps us predict what's going to happen. The difference between what we observe next and our predictions constitutes a surprise. If we can predict the truth exactly, there's no surprise. We live in a boring universe. We're yawning our way through life. I'm not in that position. If anybody here is, let me talk to you because I want to make some money. So the thing is, surprise is an ability to learn. It tells you there's something that you have not understood. Okay? Very good. Now, once you can learn something, you can start refining your ability to predict. And this is where we need to get to, because in order for space to be safer, more secure, more sustainable, we need to be able to make it more transparent, meaning, what's up there? Who does it belong to? What is it doing? We need to make it more predictable. What's going to happen in the future? And given any two space actors, Chinese satellite, US satellite, here's some conjunction, what are they going to do? So it's more than just physics. It's anthropological. It's social scientific. And then we need to develop a body of evidence to hold people accountable for their behaviors in space. So this whole cycle of some stuff is happening, observations, hypothesis, prediction, surprise, that's the process that we're into. And one of the things that we're trying to do with privateer is we're trying to say, look, people have different beliefs and opinions about stuff in space. But if you can look at the news, you can see somebody says, oh, there's going to be a collision tomorrow. The other person says, well, based on my evidence, not so much. When we have different pockets of evidence, we're going to come up with different conclusions. They can't possibly be the same. This does not work for space. If the US has some belief, China has some belief, Russia has another belief, and we're all behaving based on our own evidence, but we don't share the evidence to have a common pool of evidence from which to infer, this can't work out well. One of the things that we're trying to do at privateer is we're trying to work with a global community and say, here's a platform where we're trying to crowdsource and bring in multiple sources of information and statistically understand the nuances of this so that we can have a common pool of evidence from which to draw conclusions so that we can make informed decisions of what to do in space. Space is not really different from the land, air, and the oceans. The way we've been behaving, the way we explore land, air, and oceans has been to the detriment of the environment. We have marine debris, we have ocean plastics, all these sorts of things. We're seeing stuff like that in space. And part of it is because people don't understand that all things are interconnected and that stewardship is what we need to embrace to solve the problem. So with that, I'm going to get off the stage. I'm going to say thank you very much for listening to me and let's bring up the next person. Thank you, Murray, but I appreciate the wider perspective. The information we can take from our data, if I've got that right, I hope, but there's the behavioral and the contextual aspects to that or something we always need to think about. We're going to stay on the theme of space situational awareness and strategies thereof. I want to introduce Dr. Marie LePelke. Does that get that right? All right, good. From the Australian Space Agency, who's going to tell us here are the space situational awareness lead, I believe, and space sustainability lead for the Australian Space Agency. And you're going to talk about some of your agency's viewpoints on these topics. Thank you. Hi, everyone. So yes, I'm going to try and talk about Australia space sustainability, but I'm just wondering if everyone knows what Australia is actually doing in space. So maybe I will start there, a bit of background. The Australian Space Agency is quite young, but in terms of Australia's story with space, it goes back to the 50s. It's about the rockets, tracking stations, helping with Apollo program. So we have been active in space and it's just not, it's not just about size or number of satellites. We have a bit less than 30 satellites there at the moment. It's really about this old journey that we're on. So if I go back to the agency, so the agency was established in 2018. At that time, it's interesting to look at the strategy that we put together and the charter that we also established at the same time. If you look at the strategy, responsible is one of four pillars of the strategy. It's also in our vision and it's also the first value of our charter. So really we need to deliver on safe and sustainable space activities. The question is how? I'm going to try and show you three examples of what we do in the space sustainability aspect. We are working on a space sustainability framework. The goal of this framework is to do sustainability as part of everything we do, not as something we would try to do on the side when we have time, but to embed it in everything so that it is less effort, less money as well. Because we're a young country in space and we can't afford to just do a massive sustainability plan, but we want to do sustainability everywhere. So the roadmap is the first example. We have roadmaps for several space priority areas. We develop these roadmaps as setting the scene and providing a vision of what could be the industry growth for the next 10 years. It's basically giving opportunities for technology development, for investment, trying to help the industry. You can see on the screen that there are three roadmaps that are out and the one that is blurred is actually the roadmap. I'm leading space situational awareness and debris mitigation. It will be published soon. I will try and talk to you about what we do in that space as an example of how we use and we look at sustainability there. So as I said, sustainability is embedded in everything we do. In the roadmap, it's considered as a key enabler, a key facilitator of what we do in each priority area. And for SSA, I think you understood it now after these two days. We know that we need to do something about space debris because it's about what we could do in space in the future if we don't do something about space debris now. There is no future of space activities. So yes, we have to do something. But the way we looked at it in the roadmap is also saying, well, sustainability now is looked at and we need to do something. So there might be an opportunity, a market opportunity for us in that space. And we look at two buckets. The first one is we need to stop creating more debris. So we need responsible missions, responsible systems. And we can actually create technologies that will support that to be better at tracking, maneuver even the end of life of missions. So everything that Australian industry can do in that space, it's a market opportunity for them. So we're trying to look at these advantages and try to make it an opportunity. The other bucket is, well, we know that there are space debris. We need SSA, we need STM. So what are the technologies that we have in Australia to share with the world and have, again, a market opportunity there? So obviously we have advantages. They are technical, but also, well, you all know that Australia has a quite unique view of the sky and, yeah, it's down under. So we look at all that and that's part of the sustainability aspect. It's what we do for every SBA, so priority area. We also provide funding for SSA. I will give you three examples that are related to the funding that we provided. Silientium, a passive raider that we're supporting. Industrial Science Group, and it's a tool to predict and have solutions for collision avoidance. And then Sabre, a mission control centre that includes SSA capabilities. It goes beyond SSA, I said it before, and it goes beyond the agency as well. There are other initiatives that are done in Australia, and I just wanted to give you three of them. EOS with a research project looking at changing the orbit of a debris with a laser so that it can avoid a collision. Another one that we've been looking at with the spirit mission is simply to test the SSR that we've been talking about. What we wanted was really to understand how it works, does it work for our industry, does it work for a CubeSat, a university project, and just to test it so we can see if it is measurable, if we could work with it with our licensing process, everything that we can explore to have tangible results and measurable results. And the last one that I wanted to mention, Newman Space. They are working on a project for a propulsion system that is able to use recycled metal in space. So again, sustainability is large. It's not just about space debris, in my view. It's everything that we look at from all our priority areas, dark sky, spectrum interference, everything, and that's what we're trying to look at with this sustainability framework that we're developing. Another important aspect of the framework is recognizing that technology is not the only thing. We talked about it earlier. It's also about regulation, coordination, international collaboration. So we know that we can't do it on our own and I think Moriba said it quite clearly again. So we participate in international discussions and Australia was one of the funding members of CubeSat and we continue to participate in these discussions. We are committed to implement the LTS guidelines. We participate in different working groups to try and identify recommendations, solutions for space sustainability. But we do know that this takes time. It has to happen, but we also need to do our part on our side with national activities that will move quicker and with quicker solutions. So at national level, we did review our space act and now there is a requirement in the act for a space debris mitigation plan and it has to be based on intrusional standards. So that's the kind of thing that links to the LTS guidelines and the implementation of the guidelines. And we are going further with more regulatory refinement. I didn't have the minister to say it now, but yeah, we are working on that as well. And the last one that I wanted to mention when we talk about space and sustainability, in my view, sustainability is not just environment, it's social, environment and economics. And I want to talk about the social side a bit more because we talk about space heritage. For Australia, this space heritage and heritage is actually important because we have something special that is our aboriginal background. We do recognize that the first nations people are, they were actually the first, the oldest astronomers and that's why our logo on the Australian Space Agency is a tribute to what they've done with the constellation aboriginal constellation. But a tribute is not enough. We want to use their expertise. We have a program to use their expertise inside the agency and more globally so that we learn from what they know about astronomy, but they were actually also very good at sustainability. So we want to use these expertise. Again, that was really just a glimpse of what we do at the Australian Space Agency and in Australia in general. I came all the way here with a non-that-sustainable travel to meet with you. So please come and talk to me, try and identify things that we can do together, opportunities for collaboration with the Australian Space Agency, but also I'm happy to facilitate discussions with our industry. Thank you. Thank you, Marie. Quite a holistic viewpoint of the way to integrate sustainability into strategy, policy and I guess culture as much as anything. So thank you for that. Our next talk will be from Frédéric Ronell of the European Space Agency. He's a project manager there and he's going to talk about the European Space Agency's perspective on space sustainability. It's yours. You manage? Great. Okay. Good afternoon, everyone. It's a real pleasure to be here. I'm coming not so far from you, just from Oxford, so it's almost sustainable transport. Yeah, it's really a pleasure to be here today. I have a good news. I have only one slide. The bad news is that I have a few paper with me and you will have to support my pitch. So I think we all agree after these two days that, at least as a vision, shared by several agencies, including ESA, that space is fundamental to building a sustainable future. Is this, I would say, the key statement for today and I will repeat several times. For ESA, for the European Space Agency, sustainability means acting on two aspects. Sustainability from space that you have on the left side and sustainability of space. And it's really, let's say, the two elements, the two challenges for the European Space Agency and we consider the two sides of the same coin. Let's start by sustainability from space. There is a lot of initiative and I'm sure that you'd share with my colleagues in the last two days coming from ESA. They present you different initiatives we had in the European Space Agency and this is supported through different directorates. I am representing the directorate of telecommunication and integrated application. I will focus so on three of them. There is a lot, but maybe we will discover a little bit what we are doing in telecommunication to support sustainability. We have one initiative, which is a green accelerator, one which is a digital twin-hearth and the last one, digitalization. Few words, very fast, on the green accelerator. The European Space Agency has a space for a green future accelerator and this is a major ESA initiative aiming to accelerate the use of space, helping Europe, and I'm sure it was repeated by a lot of you and a lot of colleagues from ESA, to be the first carbon neutral continent by 2050. Our director general, by the way, put the goal a little bit higher because we have announcing 2030 so we are ready to work hard to make it happen. On the digital twin-hearth, a second initiative, this will provide, let's say, a very dynamic and interactive representation of the Earth system processes and this mainly based on clouds. This is why I really appreciate what you say on the data. It's something very often we forgot and the high performance computing and also the artificial intelligence and we will use these for predictive analysis. It's quite obvious. Based on our data collected, so through ESA, our fleet, but also the European Commission and all our partners because we share the data of our planet. Last but not least, digitization. I'm sure you are certainly familiar with smart cities, smart grids, smart connectivity, smart mobility concepts. By driving the digitalization, we are unlocking new application and new way to better manage the planet's resources. Basically, we are moving from the data to the information and from the knowledge to the action and this is one of the key challenge for the agency. Here's the telecommunication and integrated application directorates or the directorate from where I'm working for. It's based in Harwell in Exat, so we are UK flag and we have to mission to develop and to integrate the space solution in our systems. Systems means the ground one, the space one and the hand-to-hand system. For this, we need to develop better connectivity, better security, better sustainability and this is why we have the three pillars, space to connect, space to secure and space to sustain. A concrete example, let's be concrete after this very diplomatic introduction, a concrete example how the directorate is contributing to the green accelerator I was talking about a few seconds ago. We are working with the automotive industry in order to deliver a seamless satellite and residual connectivity. And in fact, by boosting the vehicle connectivity, the connected car will be able to optimize not only the safety, it's something that we hear several times today, but also its operation and its energy efficiency. So basically, by boosting the vehicle connectivity, we will be able to optimize traffic flow to reduce the fuel consumption and of course at the end to optimize and reduce the CO2 emission which is also one of our challenge. To make a transition with the second element, so the sustainability of space, I should say that we cannot only protect and manage our resources on Earth and we cannot, sorry, we cannot do it without protecting and managing our asset in Europe, our space assets and see the second challenge, see the second, let's say, element of our strategy. I say the moment ago that I will say it again, space is fundamental to be a sustainable future for Europe and for the world and this is why to protect and manage our access to space is fundamental. To illustrate the second element, I will very fast talk about the space debris removal. You heard a lot about it and space traffic management which are two important aspects of this challenge, sustainability of space. Regarding the space debris removal, I will not enter you had fantastic presentation, technical, commercial, etc. I will just say that at ESA, we have created an accelerator protection of space assets and this will unite all European industry participant to the end dependence on non-European source of space other of debris but also data and debris mitigation services. So it's a concrete example of what the European Space Agency in support with the member state and the industry operator for the space debris removal. Regarding the space traffic management, it's also an excellent topic I think for the sustainable economy. A decade ago, less than a decade ago, ESA, so the European Space Agency and EXATS, so the entity telecommunication team decided to support MRSAT. So the UK operator to improve the air traffic management basically by bringing connectivity to plane. Last week, I don't know if you notice but EasyJet has announced to be the first aligner partner to use this system which we named, sorry, Iris. What we did basically for the air must be done for space and this is what we have to do now and maybe in the last decade we have just eight hours to make it happen. Indeed, the number of satellites and large constellations and you see it today in space keeps rising. We need common rules on use and we have fantastic presentation on the regulation and law of space but we need also smart industries and operators proposing innovative solutions and I think this morning you had excellent example. One example I can give you to illustrate this topic is the program Sunrise. Through the Sunrise program which is a telecommunication partnership project satellite constellation operator OneWeb I'm sure you know is committed to responsible space. OneWeb spacecraft are designed with passivation capabilities. They orbit real abilities. Crabling feature for active debris removal and the orbiting. So basically OneWeb in collaboration with Astroscale by the way developed and demonstrate technology required for debris removal services. If I take one second for this example I would like to illustrate that the sustainability challenge is not solved only by optimization of the operation which are more and more complex. I would like to share with you a little bit about the industry on this topic or by improvement of the ground asset but also by acting on the space asset at design level in the early stage of the project and this is what the agency tried to support. We are here an enabler. The industry is bringing the answer. In conclusion I have to say that we should not be afraid by the challenges of the position of global leader. Here our position is not the one of the agency only is the industry is the operator is the society. In particular by supporting the innovative industry operators for business that are commercially sustainable. I join your points and socially responsible. So let me finish by how I start my speech. Space is fundamental to bringing a sustainable future. Thank you for your attention. So sustainability from space and sustainability of space and the activities between them. Thank you. So our final spotlight speaker in this session is Mr Jeremy John Pauley who is a lead space systems engineer for Northrop Grumman based here in London and with responsibility for the UK, Europe and MENA region. Jeremy is going to talk to us about in-space servicing and the space logistics activities. So let's get started. I still have that mustache. I know you all wished that I did. My facial hair kind of goes in cycles. So you'll see me again and I'll probably look different. Also something else that wild happened a few minutes ago was Mariba got a predominantly British audience to have audience participation at a conference which I've never seen before. So that was fantastic. Yeah. So I'm going to talk a little bit about space logistics apparently. I can chat without them. Space logistics which is a Northrop Grumman company. Oh, great. Well, something's happened. Is this working now? Oh, epic. Great. Space logistics is a Northrop Grumman company. Rob Haughey is our president. Unfortunately, I'm not seeing circumstances. He can't be here today. But you have me so I'm kind of the lead systems engineer based in London. The accent may lead you astray and so starting I mean thinking about 60 years ago when the space industry started this early bird which is Intel sets first satellite it launched June 28 which is my birthday. So I accept presents as well if you'd like. Thanks. It was 1965 which I'm not 60 years old so not really my birthday but kind of just the point of we've been doing this the same way for 60 years, right? You build something on the ground you fold it up really nice. And then you launch it you operate it until it dies you run out of fuel and then you discard it, you know, either you sink it to the graveyard orbit or you de-orbit it and that's kind of been the same way for the last 60 years, right? Yes, there's been new technology there's been higher capacity different uses but it's been overall the same and of course not sustainable. I mean everyone here at the conference you've seen it over and over the number of space to breathe there are it just ends up you have a world that has all the stuff around it whether it's defunct or operational but it's not sustainable and that's 10 to 20 satellites are put into graveyard orbit every year it's just not going well so what if we used kind of that reduced recycled mentality that we have on earth with plastic bottles and cans but you did it in space if you've heard well I'm going to try this audience participation thing has anyone heard of the mission extension vehicle raise your hands oh we got one yeah so about two years ago 2019 and 2020 space logistic launched mission extension vehicle one and two which is kind of the rendering is on this left side and the right are pictures that it actually took in space of Intel sat 901 and 1002 respectively where it actually went up they weren't designed to be docked to it came it got into the liquid energy engine docked and now they're providing station keeping and from what Intel said has told us it didn't actually affect any of their client kind of performance throughout that whole process which is pretty wild something that wasn't designed to be docked to we did it in space and that's I think kind of the first step towards sustainability and orbit servicing and there's kind of three aspects of that right there's the business case right so I know there's satellite operators in the room it's not just a cool ESG thing that we can check off the box and say yes we're being sustainable but it's actually helping your revenues I mean you're able to put your NRE and the cost of developing a new satellite you can push that farther out and instead do on orbit servicing to maintain the life of the technology and the electronics are still working usually it's the lack of fuel that ends the satellite life early then the other aspects of sustainability obviously if you're doing in orbit servicing there's less manufacturing and precious metals and all that just going in on earth as you're building it and then equally it's creating less space junk so one continuing to have enough fuel to move it into graveyard orbit or to responsibly deorbit it at the end of life if needed and two there's not sending up as much as possible another couple really cool images so on the top left is the MRV so the mission robotic vehicle so that's kind of the follow on for us for the mission extension vehicle it adds in a lot of robotic capabilities and epic suite of sensors on there it's going to be able to implant mission extension pods onto existing satellites so in 2024 we're expected to launch this with a few mission extension pods and already have some customers which is pretty again satellites that were not designed to be made with and providing that kind of sustainable life extension and orbit station keeping down in this bottom left you see orbit fab I know my colleagues are here today from orbit fab really key that there's this is kind of an open industry kind of in orbit servicing it's not something to be monopolized and it's not something to be really held tight to the chest but instead we really do need to collaborate on what those kind of standards for refueling and power and grappling are and I know the gents at orbit fab they actually have a hardware model of their rafty kind of refueling port so it's always fun for me when you actually get your hands on the hardware you're like oh this is real we build things for space and then they go a million miles away and you never see them again so it feels lame because you don't get to like touch like the car you're building or something so it's always fun to see hardware but again yeah stressing like so important for industry and governments to be collaborating on what these standards are you know organizations like ISO and AIAA that was talked about I also don't know how to pronounce it confers I don't know it never gets figured out and then the UN committees as well so really cool that that's already happening but again I think from industry we have some sort of responsibility to really start getting this in motion and bringing things up and building the hardware and seeing if we can get agreement on those kind of things yeah the top right is NASA's OSAM so also on-orbit servicing and manufacturing cool to see that there's international governments being involved so NASA obviously is interested from JAXA, the Japanese Space Agency, the UAE ESA of course yeah and the last kind of I'd be remiss if I didn't mention kind of the resilience aspect we talked a bit about just space debris in general of course that Russia ASAT test that we all know happened was a horrible thing but just kind of understanding that space is becoming a contested domain and whether that's direct if you're working with government organizations or indirect just by space debris that could be caused by those things it's important to kind of build resiliency around the high value assets that we all have in space so on-orbit servicing again can kind of provide that ability either whether that's a delta V or just extending the fuel to be able to maneuver around these space debris I think especially as satellite operators there's kind of a regret to maneuver because your fuel is really what's limiting your lifetime and so there's always this trade off right of okay yes I need to save my satellite you know if the data is telling me yes there's going to be a conjunction but we're not sure how close there's almost this cost-benefit analysis of do I use the field to try to avoid this so on-orbit servicing is key to being able to enable kind of that resiliency and the ability to avoid the conjunctions and especially as it becomes even a more and more kind of scary place to be especially Leo Bell as we see all the mega constellations coming up so again if we could bring that kind of reduced reuse recycle mentality of space and if that becomes more of a reuse and repairing and recycling through on-orbit refueling through ports that are maybe data and power enabled such that you can plug and play payloads and you can continue to manufacture things and assemble things on space that's just an amazing budding industry and again it's happening now the MEVs are both on-orbit and functioning so it's not necessarily a 20 years in the future but it is happening right now so if we continue to do that we'll make space safer more sustainable for all of us to kind of expand that space economy thanks and looking forward to chatting with you all later