 Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss very important aspect of how society makes us human. While to understand that how society makes us human, it is important to discuss that what happens to those children who are kept in isolation and who do not pass through the normal process of socialization. So isolated children are children who have been raised in extreme social isolation. It is not that they do not have any contact at all with the human beings, however very limited contact with the human beings. So, examples of these isolated children include a girl, Anna, she was from Pennsylvania, she was born in 1932, since she was an illegitimate child of her parents. So that's why she was kept in isolation in a dark room for most of her life. She was born in 1932 and she died in 1942 just at the age of 10 years. And then the case of Australian Frissel family where the father kept his daughter locked up in the basement for almost 24 years. So these were considered very extreme cases where children were kept in isolation, they were not normally being socialized and they were unable to behave like other normal human beings. So they were lacking those basic social skills as well as the basic language structures and some of them were even unable to move all of their body muscles. In Pakistan we find the very rare cases such rare cases of children being kept in extreme isolation. However, it's not that it's a such cases do not exist, such cases may exist by how these cases are reflected or being reported in media is also questionable. So the study of isolated children provides very deep insights into the importance of the socialization process and the impact of extreme social isolation on human development. So it happens that such isolated cases generally treat those children as non-human beings, as animals and their basic language structures which are not able to develop in this way due to which their communication is not possible, they can talk to very few people in the corner of the room. The food given to them is also given in such a way that they are later on, they are considered extremely malnourished and they are much weaker physically and mentally. Overall, these things reflect how important is the socialization process and how important is the human contact, how important is that human beings should be socialized within the context of almost all the social institutions, such as a family important social institution or peer group important social institution, such as a school and then a larger society. So all these social groups together make a socialized being. Isolated children often suffer from developmental delays and lack of basic social skills and also they also demonstrate the impact of environmental factors on our human development. So environmental factors mean that when they do not get fresh air, when they do not get external environment, then after a certain time period of darkness, when they are brought up in light, then maybe it would have a severe effect on their eyesight because our eyesight is also gradually trained, such as your other physical muscles or other organs of your body, so all these are trained and socialized through the gradual process. Similarly, a person's brain or mind or intellect is gradually developed. On the whole, isolated children, it gives us a very important aspect to understand that how society makes us human.