 Dydw i chi'n cael gallu gan y ddweud y lleol. Mae'r cwntet a'i'r ddwylo'n pethau, ond wedi y cael y ddweud ddweud y mewn ddweud. Galloddodd o'r cwntet am gwybod y waith y iechyd, dyna nodi webydio. Mae cynnwys ac yn ei golau'r ac yn ymerwyd, ond, sy'n meddwl gyntafu cymhysgol Rydym yn fwyaf sydd i'r criallydd a gyd-fyrdd i'r ffroedau trafnodol, ac yn ymgyrch yn unrhywethaf yn cael i g Enemydd. Ieithdod, i gael lleisi ac mewn gweld, ac y bolig yn unedig nad yn cael i gael. willyfyrd o y bwysig hwyl cyllid o'r ffordd ac mae'r llwyll, ychydig yn gweithio o'r dda i mae meddwl a phobl yn gyda hwn yn pawb o'r dda i fel y ddafodol, ac mae'n ddweud i bwysig iawn i ddefnyddio'r cael bod o'r ddweud i'r ddweudio. yng Nghymru, Helen Danthor yn ystod i'r ffordd i'r bwysig o'r cwntech sy'n gweithio'r Tanzania yma yn ymgyrch o'r ffordd i'r ffordd i'r ffordd i'r Tanzania, ac mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n yw'r cydnod sydd wedi'i gweithio'r cydnod yn y Cylunbaru District i Tannidania, ac mae'n rhai wneud o'r cydnod ysgolion yma. Yn ymlaen, ydych chi'n gweithio'r meddwl yma i'r cydnod, The idea is to have one plus the context and then basically Tula is the Tulaise, Tandani and India will focus on gender and we are going to hear from their experience on how they try to give more voices to women and increase their participation in particular in relation to decision-making processes at the village level and not land-government issues. And they have developed a tool for that which is basically aiming at streaming gender in village bylaws. So we now give the floor to Helen from her presentation and then we will hear from Nizeku Lotul. Thanks very much, Philippine, for that kind introduction. In this presentation I just want to introduce you all to a couple of key themes and issues concerning women's participation in commercial agriculture. And as Philippine said, I want to draw particularly upon some fieldwork that Emmanuel Tullier and I conducted in Sudden Tentania. Why is this an important issue now? Well, as Philippine said, there is a real growth in commercial agriculture across Africa and there is really a need to pay careful attention to the impact that this has on men and women and their ability to participate in agriculture business. Another important lesson that I learnt from the fieldwork that I want to emphasise in this presentation is that I think it's really important that we try to challenge and change a discourse of marginalisation of women in terms of their participation towards a belief that promotes and believes in women's participation and a discourse that promotes that. The reason why I say this is because I was really inspired by one particular woman who Emmanuel and I met during our fieldwork in Kilongbero who was the chairwoman of a local cane growers association and she was the only female of 15 chairpersons of a local cane growers association. When we met her, she said she's often asked why women don't contest for leadership positions and she said there's really no simple answer to that. In the context of sugar cane, which is a really capital intensive group, women obviously need access to land, they need access to capital in order to be able to participate in commercial agriculture. But also she said it's really important to move away from this idea that women can't do it towards a new system where we believe women can. And when she said that, she quoted the Huitley saying, Chereco, Chereco, now Mwenni Aymwana, you have to be part of the dance. So this is a message I really hope that we'll take away from today's session. Just getting to the legal and policy context, there's a real drive in Tanzania towards large-scale agriculture and that really began with Ilima O'Cran's agriculture first back in 2009. Since then, various policies have followed on from the southern agricultural growth corridors, Tanzania, and big results now are really promoting increased investment in rice and the large-scale sugar cane production. And then in the legal context, there are some very positive laws that promote women's equal rights to land. The Land Act and the Regional Land Act of 1999, which recognise men and women have equal rights to hold, use and deal with land. And there are other provisions concerning women's participation in land governance, which will be more part of Medeco's presentation than mine. But what we need to consider is what happens in practice. And what happens in practice is actually determined by a real range of factors. There is no one single factor that affects whether or not a woman can participate in commercial agriculture. You have to look at the level of the individual, their socioeconomic status within the community, their age, their gender, their educational background. You need to look at how resources are distributed within the household. You need to look at the local context, the customary laws or norms that may prevail in a particular area, and local trends in terms of migration and the way that land is accumulated within a particular area. And then you need to look at the national context and the kind of policies and laws that may be promoting or not equal participation. And then there's a particular business level. You need to look at what is required in order for men and women to actually access the particular business. Do they have to own their own lands in order to be able to participate as outgrowers, for example? You need to look at the type of agribusiness. Is this a plantation where people are mostly employees? Or is it contract farming? Or is it a kind of a block, commercial block arrangement? And then participation will vary depending on the crop type and the ways in which the men and women's roles are seen to be gendered within a particular business. The working conditions and contracts that companies offer and how men and women link with global value change. So you have to take all of these factors into account when you're thinking about how men and women participate in commercial agriculture. So turning to the studies that Emmanuel and I did in Kilombero, we did this, it was a short study in 2014. And we picked Kilombero because it's the largest commercial sugar producer in Tanzania and it's located within the Sakot project area which is really a focus of Tanzania's policy on commercial agriculture. This is a company operated with both a large nucleus plantation estate but also a large number of independent outgrowers who supply their sugar cane to the company for processing. And what was very interesting and important feature of this area was that some of the villages were Ujamaa villages, so African socialist villages that had a long standing history of allocating land to both men and women's villages on an equal basis. And those villages were also the subject of pilot land titling scheme. So what we found in this particular study is perhaps an exception to the rule but which might point the way towards how men and women can participate more equally in agriculture in the future. So in this particular study, as you can see, there was quite a spread of ways in which men and women could acquire land in these villages. As I said, the villages had a policy of allocating land to both men and women's villages on an equal basis. Also some land was inherited, some land was purchased, people rented land as well. It was a very buoyant local land market and it was increasingly common for women to inherit land upon their husband's death and to be registered as cane growers with associations as a consequence of that. And whilst it's true that men tend to hold larger plots than the women on the whole, in our own study we went to three cane growers' associations and looked at their figures in detail. And on average about 42% of registered outgrowers in those three cane growers' associations were women, which is quite a bit higher than the figures that have been reported in other studies. And this has a knock-on effect in terms of land titling because in that area there was a pilot land titling taking place. And our preliminary findings from that suggested that women's names were likely to appear on the majority of titles, whether as joint owners or with sole owners. So that was a positive early indication that again is not typical of patterns of women's access to land and land titling elsewhere. I am conscious that I'm running out of time, so I just want to quickly adjust the other point that I wanted to make today, which is about men and women in the employed workforce. And there's been a trend in commercial agriculture towards privatisation, necanisation and a casualisation of the employed labour force. And these statistics from the Kilumbaro study really graphically illustrate how privatisation has led to a massive decline in employment generally. The workforce in 2013 is compared to 1992 with one quarter of its original size. But you can also see that there has been a disproportionate impact on women's employment because of a relative decline in permanent jobs in favour of seasonal and non-permanent employment. And that reflects the type of work that men and women do within the workforce. Another important point to make about employment is that just 9% of managers at this particular company were women and they were mostly first line managers. So there's a real need to promote women's participation in the employed workforce and in particular in leadership positions. So just to wrap up, I know that Naseiku will be talking more about participation in land governance next. But I think it's important in the context of commercial agriculture to really address the gender disparities that exist. And you have to do this by looking at multiple levels of individual household, local community, national level and type of business, as I said before. But then I finally want to return to the point that was made by the Cain Growers Association Chairwomen that we really need to change the discourse on participation and enable both women and men to be part of the dance. So thank you very much. Thank you very much, Helen. Naseiku, as soon as you're ready. Thank you very much, Terry. And thank you very much, Helen, for our introduction with the situation in Tanzania. And my presentation will focus on strengthening women's participation in governance in the administration of the country, which by loads. And of course I'm going to focus specifically on Tawla initiatives towards promoting gender equality decision making at the very local level, much as I understand that we have to do a lot of advocacy at the national level. And I'm going to talk about the situation towards access control and ownership of land in Tanzania. I know Helen has highlighted. And as we know that matches women are predominantly small scale farmers in Tanzania, their rights to land remains weak. And with the increase of commercial pressures on land investment, their rights land becomes even weaker. Due to weak governance frameworks, effective legal frameworks, but also the patriarchy system, which continues to dominate actions towards women access control and ownership of land. And also on issues of decision making processes introduced earlier is Tawla is a professional group of women rights in Tanzania. And our focus is promotion of women rights. We have a number of legislation that we rely on as a backup to promote women rights. And specifically on land issues, first of all we have the constitution of Tanzania, which talked about equality and participation in decision making. We have progressive land acts number four and five. We have the local government, the local government district authority. And I've mentioned this because we focus on, most of the time we focus on rural women. We focus on rural women and so the village is very, very important. And we know the local government district authority act provides for the governance of the village council. And we also have a national land policy, which talks about equality and of course the international human rights policy. But we are also aware that we have... It's also obvious that we still have blind rules, specifically the bylaws and the procedures, much as we have different bylaws governing different issues. We have clear procedures but they are gender blind. That is they don't highlight gender issues. And Tawla looks at this from various angles. First of all, legal and policy analysis, which informs our advocacy work towards reforms and then the implementation gaps of the existing provisions which safeguard women rights. And our focus is to strengthen the regulatory framework starting at the village level and also engage the community in the processes because, as you understand, the organization focuses on women rights, so women are our primary beneficiaries. And also we focus on awareness raising. And today my presentation will focus on the bylaw, which is our...which is a developed tool. And I must say that for the tool that I'm going to talk about today on village bylaws focusing on decision-making processes, they were developed in partnership with...it's Tawla in partnership with World Resource Institute and the LEAP that is Lawyers' Environmental Action Team. And the bylaws are rules enacted by an authorized organ to govern its own procedures and we have different types of bylaws governing different issues. We have bylaws governing the proceedings of the village council and this is what we are focused on because we focus on the decision-making processes. We also have bylaws on land use planning, we have bylaws on environmental conservation, so we have a different type of bylaws. And in Tanzania, this is the bylaws provided under the Local Government District Authorities Act. And this has mandated the village council. For the village bylaws, the mandate is on the village council, which has powers to make the village bylaws. So why did we decide to focus on this? Because I must establish a delicatable and participatory regulatory framework. And I must say that Tawla is Tawla, first of all, we did like this. With this was preceded by a research. We did a research. We did a lot of consultation to look at what are the gaps. Yes, we have the laws but what are the implementation gaps. And then we came up, as I said, in partnership with WRI and LEAP, we came up with things for bylaws. Because for our pilot project area, we already had existing bylaws, so we had to look and analyse the bylaws and identify gaps. So for the gaps that we have identified after the research, which consulted different stakeholders, including women, including the leaders of the local government, including the local government leaders at the district level, we identified several features for the bylaws. The first feature, which was really important for us, is the gender protocols in leadership that through the governance organ in the village council, in the village government. That is the village council, the village committee, the village land, the village land council, which is specifically for this particular name. And then another feature was the main-to-main rotation of leadership. That is in the leadership in village chairperson, village land councils, and even chairs in different committees that are established under the village council. And then 50% of men and women in the council and committees, that is 50-50, that is equal representation. We also suggested this to promote, because we didn't have to say that looking at the ratio or something else, we wanted 50% to be sure that we promote women's participation in different decision-making processes, and especially at the village council, because most of the time, the decisions that are from there before they go to the village assembly, which is the highest decision-making organ at the village. Also, specific quorum, another feature for village assembly committees. This is depending on the number of other villages, and according to the ratio of men and women in the village. We wanted equal representation of both gender and passing decisions. So this will depend on the number of other villages in the village to have a ratio of men and women so as to promote equal representation. The other feature is meeting quorum. It should be equally compressed of men and men. That is in all meetings, the village assembly, the village council, and even the committee. So those are the features which were introduced in order to promote participation of women in decision-making processes. And how did we go about it? What is the process? First of all, when we developed the principle by laws, we did a consultation with different groups including women themselves to identify gaps and what are the issues. Because we needed to ask them why don't they attend meetings? Why don't they participate meaningful in the village council? Why don't they attend the committees' meetings? Because most of the time, even if we go for community conversations, which we always target the quarterly village assembly, women, you find a number of women in law. So we had to do a lot of consultation before we even proposed the principle by law. So we consulted with the village leaders, women groups, men leaders, paralegals, and just trying to reach everyone. And then, after the consultation, we did, like, stakeholders' meetings with other civil society organisations, which have worked on the same issues, the academia, just to ensure that it is workable and it will really help women. And then, after the meeting with different stakeholders, we went to the government now. Local but also national. For the local government, we targeted the district level and we invited them together, the officers at the district level, as well as the village chairman and some other leaders from the village council. This is to introduce the bylaws to have, first of all, a gender brush, like sensitisation on gender, to ensure that why do we need these kind of bylaws and how is it going to help promoting women participation in decision making. So we did a number of consultation meetings for this specific bylaw. We had three different meetings at the district level. They gave us an input, they gave recommendations, and also guidance, because at the end of the day, is the district council which approved the law. So we also had input from people from the Ministry of Land and the Ministry of Local Government, Regional and Local Government to get the input. And then we choose the bylaws to the village council. The village council is the one having power to propose the bylaws. Then after there, then the process continues. It's approval by the village assembly, because they have to agree. And then is the main decision making organ in the village. And the bylaws here can be passed by with or without amendments. And sometimes we can get input. But for this, because the villagers were involved, there was a lot of consultation before, so they are aware of the issues. And then the bylaws went to the village council to work on the input. But for this particular one, there was no input with Tauola, with the assistance from Tauola. And then the village council forwarded the bylaws for approval to the district council. And forwarded the bylaws with the minutes of the village assembly to show that who attended the meeting when this decision was passed. Now I'll talk about the use and reflection of the bylaw. First of all is to promote good governance at the village level. To ensure that the village government is there to good principles of good governance, such as gender equality, rule of law, and all that. And then also transparency in the anti-corruption issues because we have faced a number of issues related to that. And also provision to safeguard women's participation in key decision-making processes, generate new knowledge and the demand to safeguard gender in the administrative council. And then participatory by-in from the community members. They were involved from the beginning. And then collaboration with the local government. For instance, the district council which approved the bylaw. And what before I go to the next, I want to highlight the lesson plan from these processes. First of all, we still have to do a lot of gender sensitisation. I understand that it's not only at the local level, but even at the national level. But our attention is very important. We saw that we faced that challenge when we went to the city level initially and to the local leaders. And then the community participation is very important because we have seen that the support, because they are involved from the beginning and they were consulted to see the importance of this. And then one-to-one meetings with key people like the district executive director, the district lawyer, village chairman, and even the leaders of the village council. So what are the next steps? First of all, we have to do a lot of work to fill up other areas to ensure that there is a promotion of gender equitable participation of gender decision-making processes. But also advocacy at the national level to adopt the model bylaw. This is targeting the minister, the responsible minister, which is the prime minister's office regional and local government authority. The relevant minister has been given powers by the local government act. The local government act has provided for powers for the minister to make uniform village bylaw in respect of village or a category of villages. So we want to do a lot of work for us to ensure that this becomes a model bylaw that can be adopted in other villages. And then review of using bylaws to mainstream gender because most of the bylaws for different issues are really gender-blind, such as the land use planning and environmental conservation and all that. So that is our next step, what we want to do next. Thank you very much.