 This is our topic, that is the kidney stones. So kidney stones, they are hard deposits, which are made by minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. And these are called, they're also called as calculae. Kidney stones, you can say, are a disease. Because the patient feels uncomfortable when it is on the track. The track means that when it is dislodged from the kidney and then starts moving down. And on any point, if the size is big, it may be stuck in. And that is literally very painful, that is condition. So there is the main causes of kidney stone formation. They are the diet, obesity. There is certain supplements and sometimes medications. So if we continuously eat something like oxalates in our diet every day. So that oxalate formation, oxalate crystals, they will be formed. And they will become stones inside the kidney. So kidney stones are formed when urine contains more crystal forming substances. They may be calcium, oxalate and uric acid. So at the same time, urine may lack substances that prevent crystals from sticking together. Creating an ideal environment for kidney stones to form. So it is obvious that if stone formation is an environment, then it is formed. And what is that environment? That substances, the lack substances that prevent crystals from sticking together. So when this condition comes, then we are continuously eating oxalate containing or calcium containing substances in food. So there is a chance of this, as you can say, the stone formation. Okay, so now the types of kidney stones, as we mentioned, there may be calcium phosphate stones, uric acid stones or cysteine stones. The most of them are oxalate containing crystals. Okay, so it is a procedure. Now a removal of this. There are different ways to remove this. The one that is present in hospitals nowadays, that is in fact the lithotripsy. If stones are very small, then they may, if they are dislodged from the kidney, then they pass through such urethra. But if the stone is big, then that is to be broken then. And obviously this breakdown of these stones cannot be done by any hammer from outside. So there are certain waves, which are said to be, that is the shock waves. Or this is what we call laser. Laser stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. So these are special waves, which help to break down those stones into very small pieces, just like sand pieces. And then when they become very small, they can easily come out with the urethra. So the particles of small stones then can exit the body when a person urinates. Now what are the solutions for kidney pain at home? Because the pain of these kidney stones, if there is a stone, then it starts. So the immediate remedy that we can usually do at home is that we drink more water. That is to say stay hydrated. Then after that drink that is cranberry juice, this is also remedy. Then take probiotics, then use non aspirin painkillers and then take a warm epsom salt, like we call magnesium sulfate. So in this diagram we can see where the kidneys get stuck. So in this slide we can see that this is shown in the section of the kidney. And this is the urethra and this is the inside of the kidney. And these are the places where the kidney formation starts. And then the crystals there deposit over one another to form the stones. And if these stones are present as long as they are present here, then they don't give much pain. But when they come out and they are dislodged from this area, then it becomes very painful. The stones here are known from the scale that how big they are. We are seeing that they are 4 to 5 millimeters. Because they can be 60. So another thing is that if these stones are very spiny and big like we call them urethra, then they are dislodged and they come out of this kidney into the urethra. They damage the urethra. So here bleeding can be done, infection can be done. So in this case these kidney stones, they are very painful in this condition. And until they come out, there is no peace or peace. So this is all about the kidney stones.