 lot has changed in 30 years. In 1991 it was around 3,000 preprints that were posted you know each year and in 2020 that number was well over 200,000 but it's only in the last five years or so that we have seen the skew of disciplines away from the original of physics mathematics start to change with the dawn of the life science and medical preprint and you can see that represented here in the bottom graph by the purple line. So here's a graph from Europe PMC this is an aggregator of life science research papers and they started indexing preprints in 2018 and what you can see is that basically the pandemic has made a giant change in the trajectory for preprints you see what happened to the trend line in 2020 in early 2020 you know every server including ours was inundated with COVID-19 preprints there was a period of time here in which preprints were coming out so quickly that people would post a preprint and then it would be cited by another preprint within days of getting posted we watched this happen in real time and so researchers and then the rest of society by extension really reap the benefit of this new warp speed kind of science and you can actually see here by if you eyeball the graph that research square started overtaking bioarchive with respect to volume last year so we passed the 100,000 preprint mark and for those of you who haven't heard of bioarchive it's the biology preprint server that launched in 2013 and and well perhaps it's not the first biology preprint server it's certainly the most successful