 Okay, well good morning everyone, or good afternoon, good evening. I see we have people from all over the world joining us and it's really quite exciting. So I would like to welcome everyone to our first week of our Water Productivity Masterclass series. This Masterclass series is put on by the Water PIP project, which stands for Water Productivity Improvement and Practice. And this project is a consortium of organizations. So first, IHE Delfts Institute for Water Education, Bakhani University and Research, as well as MetaMeta. And each one of us are based in the Netherlands, but we have a very international focus. And I think many of the people who are attending today have met someone from one of these organizations at a training or at a conference. So we're very excited to be here with you today. So my name is Lauren Zalinski. I'm part of the project team at IHE Delfts and I will be helping to moderate, as well as Abraham Abashek from MetaMeta. And he'll also be helping with the IT part of things, so changing the presentations and the audio and video settings. So if you haven't already, we encourage you to introduce yourself in the chat and say, you know, maybe your first name, where you're from, which organization you work for, and then it helps us get a better understanding of who we're working with and how we can help you guys in the future. So this is the first week of a six-week Masterclass series. So today will be an introduction or maybe a reintroduction about the concepts of water productivity and how to monitor water productivity. And then in the next five weeks, we'll continue on with more advanced topics and more of the masterclass components. And that includes how to monitor water productivity using the WAPOR database from FAO, water productivity and sugarcane production and how they interact with each other at different scales. The socioeconomic components of water productivity. So it's not just the amount of crops, but it's also how it impacts the local economics and communities around them. And then the last two weeks, we'll focus on monitoring water productivity using aquacrops, which is another open source program from FAO. So if you would like any of the information that's about upcoming webinars or the recordings and presentations from previous webinars, you can visit our new project website at waterpips.un-ie.org. It's a new website, so it should be live by tomorrow morning if it's not already by this afternoon. And you can also go to MetaMeta's channel, the waterchannel.tv, and the recordings will also be there. So some of you may be new to the WaterPIP project. I just wanted to take a few minutes to go over what our focus is and our objective and how today's webinar series fits into our larger project activities. So again, WaterPIP stands for Productivity Improvement in Practice. Our objective is to work with different partner countries and water projects within those countries to achieve a 25% improvement in the agricultural water sector. And we would like to do this by applying different concepts of water productivity, excuse me, as well as utilizing information from the Wauport database from FAO. If you're not familiar with the Wauport database, next week and the week after, we'll go into great detail about it. The main activities of our project is to develop and apply the water productivity protocols. So part of this is doing a lot of the scripting and the technical computer parts of it using the remotely sensed data and then taking that and applying it to different case studies in different countries. Our next activity is to assess different national and regional policies that are related to water management and seeing how water productivity can combine with them and maybe improve particular practices in different countries or regions. We're also looking to support country-level development of water productivity through promoting local innovation. So that's working with local businesses and think tanks and organizations to develop new applications for water productivity and the Wauport data, as well as develop knowledge hubs. So that would be working with research institutions or universities to help expand the amount of water productivity students we have and practitioners. And finally, we work to outreach about the usefulness of water productivity to different groups and donors and organizations, as well as provide technical training and capacity building activities. So this webinar series is part of the technical training and capacity building part of it. And we're excited actually that it's online and we're able to reach so many people from around the world and there'll be more activities coming up in the future. So we're looking forward to getting some feedback from you to really target how those trainings happen. This project is active. We started about two years ago in 2018 and we'll continue until the end of 2022. And we're hoping it will go much further into the future. Right now we are funded by the Director General for International Cooperation within the Netherlands. And we're working on case studies mostly in Africa and the Near East at the moment, but we really want to expand it to different areas. So if you say, oh, I live in Asia or I live in Latin America, I'm not seeing case studies about my region yet. We really are interested in finding new partners and working to make better reality. So just a quick agenda for who we'll be presenting today. Because it's an introductory webinar, we'll be having a few different people such upon a few different topics. So first we'll have our colleague Simon Shavalking from Metsimeta. He's an agricultural and water management specialist and he'll be focusing on water productivity as an indicator for agricultural and water use. Next our colleague from IET Delft, Hula Karimi, will be talking about monitoring irrigation performance across different scales. So that could be at the crop scale, at the field scale, a theme, river basin. He'll get more in details about that. Next will be Abebe Shukala also from IET Delft and he'll be talking about monitoring productivity and other irrigation performance indicators. And he'll also provide a case study from Xenovada in Mozambique. And finally we'll watch a video about social water productivity and our colleague Petra Helichers from Wageningen University will join us for the Q&A session to discuss more about the social and economic components of water productivity. And then after all those we'll have I'll say about 30 minutes to do a question and answer session and so Abraham and myself will be the moderators for that. And we since nobody can use their microphones, we just ask that you put in your questions into the chat box and during the presentations Abraham will be collecting your questions and then we'll put them on the screen and we'll have a discussion with the panel of experts after all four presentations are finished. So with that I think we can have Simon begin his presentation. And then just one final word while we're transitioning here is that in the Q&A session and after the end of the webinar we'll send you to a link to a survey. And this survey is to tell us more about you and how you would like to use water productivity and how we can target our trainings in the future. So you just need to fill out the survey once. So if you plan on attending multiple webinars maybe you can fill it out in a few weeks. But it's really important to us that we get a good understanding of who you are, how you use these concepts and how we can improve our training component. So thank you very much and now I'll hand it over to Simon. Well thank you everyone. Thank you Lauren for the introduction. To kick off with this masterclass I would like to dive into water productivity as concept. And how it can serve as an indicator for agriculture water and water use. But before bringing up the indicator and explaining the numerator and denominator I would like to explain why water productivity is brought up and explained in this series of masterclasses. So why water productivity? Why this series of masterclasses on water productivity? Also considering that masterclasses have been held before on the topic in 2017 which by just to remind are available on the water channel. Well simply said the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs is embarked on a distinct course in agricultural development being that of increasing food production whilst maintaining or reducing water consumption in agriculture. This course is seen as an important one to tackle global growing water scarcity. This word will just highlight what the UN water scarcity first name page shows in terms of word counts. As you can see it's water scarcity people. We all know the implications of scarcity can be in wet and dry areas. Which if considering non-consumed water can be repurposed and if the food produced also actually is eaten really makes sense. This course of the ministry meant to meant projects that were supported by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs would need to comply to improving water productivity. But also the policies of countries that are being collaborated with need to learn to address this and knowledge and expertise would need to be developed locally. This meant that when putting water productivity improvements in practice we would really need to explain, visualize, draw in collaboration and expose the full dynamics of water productivity. Why now again? Well there's an advancement in understanding the possibilities and increasing the level of detail of data which is becoming available on the open source VAPO portal developed by FAO. As well as the opportunity to field validate the data with field practice through amongst others crop growth models such as AquaCrop. So a lot has been developed in over the past three years. So water productivity the more crop per drop as how Netherlands policymakers framed it could be a starting point to explain but before diving into the numerator and the denominator of water productivity it is maybe good to know that the concept evolved from different fields that were looking at water use efficiency. Crop physiologists as shown here started looking at how plant would grow and the amount it would transpire or sweat which would later on be coined as beneficial water use or beneficial consumption. They later expanded it to also include how much water would evaporate from a given planting area. This water evaporated would later on also be called non-beneficial water use or non-beneficial consumption. Irrigation specialists would well simply said consider water use efficiency as how effectively water is delivered to crops and how much is non-consumed. This leaving out the most important part of what crops crop is actually able to do with the delivery of water. But then again that was the concern obviously of the crop physiologists what a plant does with the water in the soil. An important point that irrigation specialists or water management add however is that non-consumed water as depicted here may by virtue of it infiltrating or running off into surface water become usable again also called a recoverable fraction. This opportunity of reuse then implies that water applied and not consumed the first time may be consumed the second or third time around. However water that is applied to crops often dissolve salts and fertilizers which affects the quality of water and they eventually imply that water is not suitable for all purposes. Reusing would then come at the cost of reducing the amounts of load of fertilizers or salts or any other materials that have accumulated and it could also just be simply considered a lost water. So as to engage both fields of expertise and go way beyond also the biological crop processes and that of bringing water from A to P the plant the concept of water productivity comes in. Now although it is good to remember that at the heart the crop physiologist definition is actually the one that won one depicted here is water productivity the amount of kgs per evaporate evapotranspiration so the amount of kgs per cubic meter of water consumed. Water productivity is the amount of kilograms per drop or otherwise said as mentioned the amount of crop yield per amount of water used for making that crop. The kgs I showed in this equation are the nominator and the water is the denominator the outcome of this equation is a number. Now as I want to show from these numbers for cereals in the table in this case is that improving water productivity can both come from the nominator side meaning to improve yields as well as from the denominator side meaning to reduce water consumption. Now if you look at the output or the denominator the kgs per cubic meter the cubic meter may in the case of the indicator seems as a fixed cubic meter but when considering how the results of the equations are established that cubic meter is when comparing two different systems able to achieve a lot more so that's the important things to remember with this equation. And here is where the irrigation engineers and water managers come into play because it is the irrigation engineers that would have to re-adapt schemes to be able to accommodate these savings and water managers to determine what can be done with the water saved. The crop physiologists farmers, agronomists play the pivotal role of actually achieving the same or higher yields in the given circumstances. In summary water productivity when considering the kgs per cubic meter it is always important to remember the composition of the equation considering the benefits i.e. the yields and the costs i.e. the water consumed which opens the door for me to introduce other nominator options that are also running around and very important to consider when discussing water productivity. These include for example nutrients per drop or money per drop jobs per drop or even sustainable livelihoods per drop which we would call social water productivity. These nominators bring as you can see the complexity of choice with regards to the benefits and costs and this complexity is determined by what would a farmer, a steam operator or a policymaker need to or want to achieve. So it's a complexity of choice again. Finally to add to all these considerations and certainly not least important is that the amount of food produced on farmers field is much more than is currently necessary for the global population. The losses between farmer and actually our dinner table is equivalent to a loss in water and consequently reducing this food loss and wastage reduces water needs in agriculture. So this is another important consideration to take along when we look at water productivity and particularly the aspect of water use and production. Now coming to practice about water productivity. In rain fed agricultural systems water harvesting can play an important role to reduce the amount of water lost by direct evaporation. This can often be very high in rain fed systems and it can increase the water available for transpiration as we showed in that picture. We plant actually transpiring water and using it to grow. Elements that can improve water productivity would be water harvesting and then we are not looking only at soil and water management practices such as mulching, adapted plowing, but also certain systems of agroforestry, windbreaks and looking at adapting microclimates. All of this really focused on reducing the evaporative losses. We could also look at alternative crop varieties which could mitigate the impact of dry spells and also looking at the soils and improving soil fertility. These can further enhance let's say the beneficial consumption by the plants. In irrigated agriculture reducing the amount of irrigation would be a first also known as deficit irrigation, irrigation where you are using less water. But essentially also the soil status is very important in an irrigated agriculture. Soils are essential substrate for moisture, nutrients and microorganisms as well as oxygen. And in irrigated agriculture all these elements can become run down. Water may start to log, soils may turn saline to name a few. Underlining the importance also of thought out drainage. Other systems that exist in agricultural production such as spate irrigation or recessional agriculture which make use of floods are actual production systems in which farmers typically already take duly consideration of risks and uncertainties. It's a production system that are very much based on risk and uncertainties. And this is important to consider because in systems such as irrigation there is a lot more adaptation possible right. So I wanted to bring these systems up as well. Now I've tried to highlight that the concept of water productivity should serve as a goal that can bring together various stakeholders in agricultural water management. This is from farm to agronomist and to irrigation engineer and water managers. But also considering the extent of costs and benefits the social and economical aspects that the decision making relate to it is important that policy makers such as also the Dutch understand the concept of water productivity. Livelyhoods and field reality including the risks and uncertainties related to them need to be understood by policy makers and vice versa to have policy makers make right decisions with regards to prioritizing and distributing or redistributing water for all its usages. It is when we start unraveling the farmer dynamics that we can also specify real impacts of improving water productivity in production systems. It is in that sense not an end in itself water productivity I achieving the highest water productivity but I see it as a means to determine the most appropriate production systems in a given context also when we can compare with other similar contexts. This is where I would want to leave the presentation as it is now. Knowing that it is not a very lengthy presentation but you're very welcome to follow up with any questions that you have and I'll be available later. I've also specified the open resources that I've used this presentation will be available later online as well so feel free to browse through and look at the resources that I've used or thank you very much. Over you to you Lauren again. Thank you Simon that was a really nice introduction or reintroduction for some of us about water productivity and what it means as a concept. Again we'll be posting these presentations and the recordings on the IHE website as well as the water channel so there'll be opportunities for you to go through and look through some of the resources and reread the slides if you missed something. So now I would like to move on to Pulad and he can talk about monitoring irrigation performance across different scales. Yeah hello everybody thank you Lauren. I'm very pleased to have this opportunity to actually speak to you guys and then it's very nice to have you participate in this presentation. Simon has already put water productivity in a very good context so we begin as Simon explained on water productivity concept being the output for water consumption. The output would be different things as we be depending on our intended use and also water consumed would be depending on different factors. Basically the numerator here depends on the it goes back to the which crop are we talking about what are we what scale are we discussing what kind of benefit are we getting out of it and the denominator relates to what drop I mean where this water is going what water consumption are we speaking about and how do we how do we come up with different basically understanding of at what a scale what do we use because there are so many scales that we have and there could be so many relevant definitions for each of these non-numerator and the denominator. Basically if you look into the irrigation act as a practice we have different scales we start with a crop and we go on to the field that's basically a lot of land that one crop is being cultivated and then we go on to a farmer scale farms typically a land that is managed by a farmer but there are multiple crops there and there could be livestock and other activities within a farm and then we have an irrigation scheme where there is like number of farms and that depends a lot on the size of the irrigation scheme we have this irrigation scheme as small as say 20 hectares and it can go up to millions of hectares an example in Pakistan or India and at the end of the road there is a basin so all these systems are located within a basin so it's important to see all these activities connected to the basin around them so this is one of the most important concepts around water in agriculture for us to understand as agricultural specialists, as an irrigation engineer, as an irrigation practitioners that everything happens within the context of the basin every component is related and we have to always understand where we are and then how do we connect with the higher level and lower level for instance if we want to change the practice within a basin we have to decide at a basin but we have to implement at farm level or field level through the help of manager of an irrigation scheme so we would need to understand different cons I mean water productivity at different scales starting with a crop a crop would be it's a single crop that we are talking about here and this is where our production or our numerator is based on physical production of biomass or yield and that can be measured by kilogram when we talk about a crop a single crop are water consumed or our denominator with the only transpiration because as you may know only transpiration is the process that leads to biomass production hence we only at the crop scale we only think about transpiration at the water country and this is the purpose of doing this is mostly to understand what are the what is the what is the ability of the plant or a crop in conversion of bio the energy to biomass or harvestable yield and this is very relevant to plant physiologists or even farmers who would like to have varieties of a crop that actually produce more with a with a less input or more with a similar amount of input hence improved water productivity at this level the next level is a field at a field we have one single crop being cultivated over over an area so here again we talk about kilograms or the for the output part and that can be biomass or can be yield and then our water consumption now is moved on from being only transpiration being transpiration and evaporate evaporation or in short evapotranspiration so this would be evaporation around the soil and as we connected back it would be transpiration from the plant and this can be used to to assess the biomass and harvestable yield in relation to what amount of water consumed so that is the that's how we can we can assess at the field level how much of water productivity do we have and this could also be important and very useful for farmers to understand because they would like to know what is the what is the water productivity specific crop that they do over a field and also from the soil and crop scientific or scientists interest that they would like to help us to increase this water productivity so the next step would be at the farm level so at a farm level we have multiple I have to change the the title there because it's a field but it is a farm level at a farm level we have multiple activities we have multiple crops that changes some of the equations so when we have say maize wheat sorghum alfalfa together we can no longer only base our our our calculations on kilograms produced because inherently the crop production has different aspects in in in wheat than maize a wheat would be around say on average you could say around four times per hectare but maize would go up to six to seven so we cannot compare the kilograms of maize to kilograms of wheat because they have they are inherently different that is why they bring in an economic or or monetary term what we will do is to actually look into the market value of wheat and market value of maize and try to convert everything into dollar value or into a a kind monetary value of a certain location whatever that works better so you usually use dollar to be come to make it comparable with internationally however for local studies you can always use your own currency so and the water consumption here could also be defined in two other ways I mean we can all still look into evapotranspiration go after the net water consumption or water the consumption use or we can also look into irrigation supply because at this level there's a lot of deliveries and then the interest in delivery is also important because the amount of far the irrigation managers the farmers also are interested about seeing how much crop is produced per irrigation supply so again we would like to do this to understand our yield or economic value of our product against the water perfume and that can be broadly used by the agriculturalists and farmers and also at a higher level to to kind of see in how a certain farm is productive in converting water to benefits at another level level higher we will have our irrigation system and irrigation system as I said is a number of is it's a large area providing water through canal system or sometimes through a conductive use of groundwater and canal system who is with quite a number of irrigation fields and farms so at this level again we have we can use looking to buy to water productivity from kilogram produced in terms of biomass or dollar in terms of the value of the crop that has been cultivated and if we add the livestock who is actually maybe using this water that can also go and lump within this economic water productivity part the water terms here are irrigation deliveries depletion depletion is again that similar to net consumption or consumptive use that we have and the total available water that's important because for the planning phase at the irrigation management scale we would like to increase or somehow optimize our level of benefits against the available water that we have in our irrigation system and that can be used for assessing irrigation system performance in terms of the harvestable yield or economic returns in comparison with water consumption and the users could be a broad range of people from again even farmers could also look to these numbers and also compare themselves with the other other other farms within this team and also is useful for irrigation engineers and water managers to understand how the system works and how we can improve this system down the line at the next level this is where our basin and sits the basin is actually close to everything that we have it would be our irrigation system rented systems forest wetlands urban areas industry all the water consumptions are sitting at a basin level so they would be multiple sectors in place and that is where we look into when we look into water productivity at broader scale we have we look into to the economy economic value of production that could be a loan for the cropping system or it could be combined with other sectors so even if you have a method if you have methods to actually do come up with those values in terms of economic returns you can always see where a rich sector is more profitable and where and the water consumption here water terms could be entire available water for the system so when we look into the basin we let's say okay for for this basin for instance for the Nile basin we have 2000 billion cubic meter of water available through rain within a certain year on average so then we look into what are the benefits that actually drive or produce using this amount of water overall the basin this would be everything that we have in the basin from the direct use of rainfall into our rain system or or into our forests or wetlands up to through our irrigation system so you can look into this whole irrigation system where agriculture as a whole and only focus on the crop water productivity or you can have a broader point of view into general water productivity across the system and the purpose is to understand water allocation to guide us in making decisions on water reallocation understanding that how much water is actually profitable and productive is in agriculture practices and how our irrigation system across the basin are producing benefits for us and it can be used by by water managers at basin level hydrologists policy makers decision makers all sorts of people that who are having a stake in decision in making decisions at the at the basin scale beside the water productivity we do have other performance assessment criteria that are relevant to to irrigation and then understanding how we can improve irrigation one very important one is adequacy adequacy to in a in a simple definition is actually the ratio of water the targeted deliveries to the actual deliveries for instance say I have a hectares of one hectare of wheat and I've been promised 6,000 cubic meter of water over over a few so but that's my target maybe a system does not give me that much and I actually have received 4,000 so my adequacy would be up to two thirds so nearly 60 percent and that would affect my my production hence it's very important for us to understand within a irrigation system how much of adequacy have we had through the season so we calculate this based on the comparison comparing our seasonal is actually vapour transpiration and our potential evapotranspiration the actual evapotranspiration could be dry strong models or remote sensing or field surveys and then the the potential evapotranspiration can be calculated using the the definitions that we have and also the assumptions that we have on the crop coefficient and also in another practical matter of may they then use remote sensing by looking into higher percentile of actual ETA that is offering within the same area the other indicator that we use is for adequacy is relative water deficit relative water deficit compares the actual evapotranspiration with a maximum crop evapotranspiration this is very important because it also the similar ratio applies to yield against yield maximum so if you have say 60 less ETA over ET maximum we can calculate based on the crop and they're based on the the type of the response and at different stage of the growth of the crop how much yield reduction will we have in toward the end of the season to do that we we have the FAO 66 publication has the graphs and the these sensitivities at different stage for a different crop so you can refer to that to see how your crop will be affected by this water deficit different at different stage of the crop growth and the next criteria that is very important is reliability which is speaks to the how reliable has been the system who is delivering irrigation water and time for for the use basically irrigation is not only a seasonal act it's for over a season we have say seven or eight irrigation or five irrigation events and it's very important for us to get water at the at the right time at the right amount so the right timing can only be seen towards looking at the reliability imagine a system provides the first irrigation but for the second irrigation we don't have we don't we wouldn't have enough water to irrigate or my farm doesn't receive water so my crop goes to stress and then I lose a lot of my lot of the output that I was supposed to gain so reliability is very important factor in a system the other criteria that is very important is equity equity is about the degree of fairness to our water distribution so typically if you're looking to the to the to the uh schematic view of an irrigation scheme typically we have much higher water availability in the head reach and then much lower water availability at the tail and this is the story that happens almost all over the place across the globe so it's a typical problem in an irrigation scheme so that means that people who have been sitting at the tail have not had a fair chance compared to other people who are actually at the head reach to have water for their agriculture and for their irrigation practices and that you can imagine those would be deprived from having enough outputs for from their fields so this is not indicated that we would be looking at we could be looking at using remote sensing and also using the indicates that we can drive from remote sensing for water productivity and we can do that using looking at the evapotranspiration and how it varies between the CDF evapotranspiration special variation of evapotranspiration actually evapotranspiration which we are a CDF ETA so I think next example that was provided by by Abebe would actually show a good case study that that how these indicators have been calculated for a certain area in Mozambique so in summary water productivity has different numerator and denominator across the scale it's very important for us to understand the scale that we work to pick the right numerators and denominators and to understand what is it why are we doing what we are doing in different scales also to understand how these scales are connected when when we would like to create a change or we would like to introduce interventions all these things have to be said no these things need to be have need to be seen together also we looked into the other it's performance important performance indicators for irrigation which are at adequacy reliability and equity these are important to make sure that we have adequate water flow crop we have reliable service delivery and we also have good level of fairness and equity in our irrigation system thank you very much and these are the by the way the some of the references that I've used and all our open source you can always download them and then read much more about the the information that is provided in this presentation thank you very nice presentation Poulod it's it's really interesting to see the different scales and if you are a water manager or a farmer you can knowing what scale you work at and which which indicators and and parameters you need to work with would be really useful to know at the the planning stage but also during the execution and monitoring so very interesting next we have a presentation by a baby and he'll be continuing on and talking about monitoring productivity and other irrigation performance indicators and then applying them to the case study in Yinivane and Mozambique I think you're still on mute there baby you might have to unmute yourself first okay thank you Loren so my presentation will build on the previous two presentation by my colleagues Simon and Poulod then it will try to apply the concept into real world problem and it will be on monitoring biophysical productivity and other irrigation performance indicator at irrigation system level which will be the case for Sinovana and it's a work done of course with my colleague Marlos Moul and Poulod Karimi and one of the thing happening past is the sugarcane plantation which is expanding and that is in fact the reality in Africa but then somehow that one that expansion is of course driven by so many interest us at least to mention is energy driven which is a biofuel and also driven by consumption for more sugar but then that's increasing production from sugarcane by expansion somehow under overlook the the increasing production from the existing irrigation system then that is of course happening or the reality all over Africa but it's not also different for cases in Sinovana which is in Mozambique then the question is can we identify best performing spots within irrigation system and can we learn smart management practices and can we let's improve still a production from existing irrigation scheme is equation so my presentation will have an objective to provide insights into water and land productivity and also other irrigation performance indicators and also identifying bright spots from which we could learn best management practices and this will be analyzed for Sinovana sugarcane state which is segmented by irrigation method and then it will be for five seasons that is from 2014-15 up to 2018-19 so the irrigation system I am referring in those in this area Sinovana is typically divided or segregated into three the one that you see here the circular one blue is the center pivot and the square block with the pier in the center is the farrow irrigation system and the rest are a mixed irrigation system which is a combination of sprinkler and farrow then how we achieved our objective so we have used data from a VAPOR for those of you who not know what is VAPOR you could follow this link it is a portal to monitor water productivity through open access of remotely sensor-derived data and we have used four layers of water consumption and production related data and also while layers of land cover classification plus other local informations which helps to fill it out and then crop from the layers and then using those data we first aggregate them into the seasonal basis and then calculated those indicators that you see here of course the definition are pretty well explained by the previous two presenters so water consumption when we shall fraction equity adequacy reliability water and land productivity then the next step is identifying the productivity target which is defined by 95 percentile of both biomass water productivity and land productivity which is just a biomass itself and then all pixels or let's say spots which have productivity beyond those targets are identified as bright sport but then those bright sport of course traced also geographically across the area where they happen exactly on the on the in the scheme and also they have traced let's say across all the season how frequently they happen at a particular sports and then this of course will take me into the result but before that let's say the definitions could be also referred from those references I placed here and also the methods and the data of course will be explained very in detail how to download and how to do the analysis in the subsequent webinars and also you could read here the the links shown here at the bottom of this slide so the first result is in the left is water consumption seasonal water consumption as you could see here especially there is a difference in water consumption from about thousands and up to let's say one thousand six hundred and even beyond so the water consumption here around the center pivot is higher compared to for instance the plots identified as or to be irrigated by faro irrigation and of course this happened not only for one season that is 2017-18 also across all the five seasons and then it shows that center pivot to have the highest consumption compared to faro and then the other beneficial fraction the other sorry indicator is beneficial fraction also here clearly shown the beneficial fraction which is the transpiration over actual evapotranspiration is higher at center pivot irrigated pixel or spots compared to let's say faro or other or other spots irrigated by the mixed irrigation system and the equity also compared let's say across area and also segregated by those irrigation the three irrigation methods I described and here we found that the coefficient of variation of actual ET is the lowest alloys or in all season under center pivot compared to for instance faro so what does it mean is the equity is higher or it is the coefficient of variation is the the uniformity is higher under center pivot if compared to faro irrigation method and of course we have different threshold to say if it is good uniformity fair uniformity or poor uniformity and of course along across all this area in sinavana we found that the equity the uniformity is from good uniformity to fair uniformity so next is adequacy and the one that compared what is currently used to what is let's say required or what is at least promised us and then here we found also the faro irrigation is not let's say or have low adequacy if we compare with the center pivot and those are also traced across seasons and then that will lead us into reliability and we found that more or less the water delivery or water use in sinavana is closer to acceptable range of reliability except for some years for instance in 2015 in secicity the reliability I mean it is lower compared to the and also in 2018 90 it's lower than the other seasons and here I come to biomass and biomass water productivity so the biomass also seemed to vary across the the the areas and then we found the biomass at at areas irrigated by center pivot to be higher than other areas or other spots irrigated by other irrigation systems in fact we compared also the biomass we estimated with FPO stats from Mozambique and the one that here the lower that you see is biomass and yield in the y-axis and of course along all the five seasons and the the bar at the at the for the bar is the data from FPO start and here you might see it's a bit lower compared to the biomass estimate of let's say under other irrigation system the three irrigation system but of course it can be justified because we are talking for the three bars biomass but then for the data from FPO it is the yield so the explanation is first of all it's harvest index and the other is explanation could be the FPO stats report yield across all Mozambique which also included the sugarcane production and the rain feed agriculture which is of course much lower than the production under irrigated agriculture and to the right is the biomass water productivity of course you see the biomass productivity map opposing in terms of comparing irrigation technology to the biomass here you see the center pivot to have the lowest biomass water productivity than for or other irrigation system and of course that is consistent throughout the five seasons of course the margin could be very small but always the water productivity by faro is much more than or higher than the water productivity on areas irrigated by for by center and here we compared all irrigation technologies across the synavanna and uh build on of course the the the all indicators and here what we could learn is there is no one single irrigation technology that stand out to be the best uh having let's say good indicators of all so next we come to the identifying bright spots so as I already defined earlier the bright spots for biomass is taken as 95 percentile of the biomass and then of course that is stressed in the lower graph is uh it shows where those spots are there and also the biomass water productivities are stressed here the red spots are those areas which have a biomass water productivity greater than the 95 percentile and then at the end we identified the intersection of the two those spots who fully fill both criteria that is the spots which have higher both biomass as well as biomass water productivity so we identified it for one season and we did this for all five seasons it means we trace those spots across the five seasons and we found out that uh the areas or spots which appear most frequently or four times out of the five season are located to the west side of the synavanna scheme which are not within uh areas irrigated by center pivots or faro irrigation so this will bring me uh to the end that is the conclusion then we already have seen that uh those indicators biomass as well as other irrigation performance indicators can really be used to answer a real problem let's say one of the challenge is okay can we spot out the best uh production uh the bright spots uh within uh the same agro climatic zone that's what we have did and also we compared irrigation technologies if one is better than the others so what we found is there is no one single irrigation method that stand out to be the best in all indicators there is always a trade off for one or the other irrigation performance indicator if we choose this or that irrigation of course this is based on only this study which required of course to be validated in other cases and we found that center pivots have higher advocacy land productivity in equity but that is of course compared to faro but that is also at the cost of low water productivity and it uses excess seasonal water consumption which is beyond even the required water that's of course it's nothing to do maybe with the technology itself it could be how we are managing the whole system and then we found that uh water deficits might not be let's say the undernailing problem for the variety the variation which is happening between these irrigation technologies that's the difference in land productivity between those technologies can be attributed to other farm inputs such as water logging or it could be other problem like water logging and salinity which of course require further investigation so the bright spots from which best management practice could be learned are identified at areas irrigated by mixed irrigation system and that's let's say the lesson of applying those concepts into answering those real problem on the ground thank you very much and see you later with question in that. Great thank you very much Rebebe I was a really nice showcase of how the the concepts that Pulau describes in his presentation get applied in the real world and of course how things get much more complicated when you do that so thank you very much again we encourage you guys to ask questions so please put your questions into the chat if you have a specific speaker that you would like to address please include their name but in the meantime we will move on to the social water productivity so we'll be sharing a short video on this topic and then during the discussion Petra Helihers will will help us out so Petra would you like to introduce you. Thank you Lauren well I'm also very pleased to have this opportunity and I look very much forward to their master class on the 1st of July so I see this a little bit as a trailer or teaser and I really hope that the questions you will pose will help me to prepare for the 1st of July so that I can incorporate the answers as indicated already by the previous speakers there's no one definition for water productivity and similar that also holds for the society social water productivity as there are different performance indicators countries can have different societal objectives like poverty alleviation of food security of food self-sufficiency or an equitable distribution of water or equitable distribution of the revenues generated by water and I think in this video it's nicely shown that also the benefits can be distributed differently which you generate with the water and that's precisely what the social economic water productivity is about so yeah let's have a look at the video and then I'm willing to answer your questions so thank you. In agriculture water productivity is the amount of value in terms of socioeconomic benefits services and jobs created per unit volume of water consumed. The different stakeholders involved in agriculture receive different proportions of this value for example let's look at this pineapple it was grown at a plantation in Costa Rica and is being sold at a supermarket somewhere in Europe research shows that of the revenue from the sale of this pineapple at the supermarket 21 percent will go to the plantation within that 21 percent 17 percent will go to the plantation owner and 4 percent to the worker. Social water productivity is an idea that describes how equitable is the distribution of value generated from agricultural output per unit volume of water used social water productivity can be used as a parameter for decision making when it comes to allocating the water available in a river basin or an irrigation scheme for example in southwestern Peru a project was proposed to divert annually nearly 300 million cubic meters of water from the mountains where it was being used by small subsistence farmers to commercial grapes asparagus and avocado plantations near the coast. The government initially approved the project on grounds that grapes asparagus and avocados were high value export crops and would yield much greater returns per unit volume of water so this would be a more productive use of water and this was kind of correct the net income per 1000 cubic meters of water used for asparagus was around 935 dollars about five times the return from subsistence farming of staple crops such as beans by small farmers in the highlands but on closer examination it was revealed that plantation owners would have pocketed most of those 935 dollars. Plantation workers or small farmers in the area would have earned only 75 dollars per 1000 cubic meters of water which is only half the benefits being drawn by farmers in the highlands. This shows that the social water productivity would have been higher if the water was used for small holder cultivation in the highlands than if it was diverted to plantations on the coast. The discussion around boosting water productivity is invariably a discussion around competing uses and tradeoffs. This is especially true in arid or semi arid countries where water is a scarce resource. For example, for a few years now commercial farms are being developed and are expanding rapidly in the middle of Egypt's desert areas irrigated by fossil ground water from the Nubian sandstone aquifer system. These commercial farms are highly water intensive. They take a heavy toll on the non-renewable fossil ground water reserves. Much like the commercial plantations in coastal Peru, the social water productivity of these desert farms is limited. They focus on export crops like Egyptian olives. However, the center for environment and development for the Arab region and Europe, an intergovernmental organization recommends that a more socially productive use of this fossil ground water would be for domestic purposes, such as subsistence farming and use as a strategic reserve for a growing population. That was a really nice video and a nice reminder that you know when we talk about equations and numbers at the end of the day, water productivity is about people and communities and making sure that they're supportive. So thank you everyone for watching and thank you to all of our presenters. I think it was a really nice way to start as what is water productivity. Look at the specifics of different indicators, how they can be applied in a real world case, and looking at the kind of holistic view of how it all comes together. So now I think we'll begin the question and answer session. And Abraham has been gathering your questions from the chat, so I think we'll read a few out and have the expert panel answer them for you. So it looks like the first question from Paul, so a question for Simon, and he said, may I use evapotranspiration as a baseline for water productivity efficiency? Yeah, well yeah, Paolo Castro, thank you for the question. Maybe just to, I think I'll start off with answering and maybe colleagues can take over. I think it's important to, when we're talking about water productivity, should really stick to discussing water productivity and not so much the efficiency. It is really the question of water productivity, what a plant can do with the water that is available around it and that is applied. And the efficiency aspect is more about what is happening with water that is not actually consumed or that is evaporated. So I think it's very important to distinguish conceptually that water productivity and if we're looking at irrigation efficiency or the word efficiency, that we really try to distinguish the two. Now coming back to the evapotranspiration, as a baseline I would say yes, generally speaking you'd say evapotranspiration, the total of the evaporation and transpiration by a plant is a good or a B means to have water productivity as in the case of this consumption of water. So yes, so KGs versus evapotranspiration, yes that's how you would see the biophysical as well as the others actually. Yeah, there's only other colleagues wishing to add on that, otherwise I hope I've answered it. Yeah, I just said it's just very important to understand that the three things are different, water productivity, efficiency and evapotranspiration in terms of the evapotranspiration speaks to total consumed water, water productivity is the ratio between output to that total water consumed and efficiency is more of an engineering or a different indicator that speaks to the total water consumed in terms of 80 over the amount of water that has been delivered to us. Paulo, they answered your question, a new question for Pulan from Felipe, how do you measure the water price? Is this a negative for productivity? Yeah, it's a good question actually, but the water price thing is I mean the concept that we have been speaking so far has not included the water cost so much yet, so you can use the kind of new water productivity based on, we are talking about the physical amount of water consumed, but those physical amount of water that is consumed can be translated to economic or cost of water that is there based on the market price of water or the amount of water that you have to spend on energy to extract that water to calculate the cost of water and then relate that to the output that you drive. So per se say if you're pumping water from 300 meters deep with a pump and then doing a low value crop, it's a very likely that to your cost of extracting water and then getting to water, it would be much higher from the benefit that you gain from your yield or selling your crop. Thanks Pulan, moving on to the next question, is it possible to compute water productivity in the mix of problems? Yeah, I mean thank you again for the question, yes it is, that is where you actually move on from the physical water productivity by physical water productivity in terms of cages to economy water productivity and sort of value of that product. Imagine you have five crops with different five different yields, you can convert those values to using the market value to amount of money that you drive by selling those or the based on the output, based on the economy curve and then use that to calculate water productivity for a multiple crop system. Thanks again, next question from Tye, in a non-water limited situation, let's say in a large river from which very few farmers are pumping water for irrigation, is water productivity not an unsuitable parameter to assess, for example, for project impacts? Since farmers might expand their areas, thus increasing their harvest and livelihood, but without improving their water productivity. So yeah basically this is actually, it's a secret question but and then you have to come to the, the reason we are looking to productivity of a resource is the fact that the resource is limited, right? So water productivity by nature is more relevant to where the water is limited and you would, this limitation could it's not only about the total availability of water, it could be a system has a lot of water available, but there are many sectors wanting their share of the water. So water becomes limited, will have limited availability for a specific sector. However, you have to also think about the seasonal variations. Imagine Indonesia is a country that receives like about 2000 millimeter of rainfall a year, but through a dry season, water is limited. There's water scarcity through the dry season. The water productivity is an important factor within that period. So it's not all about the total amount of rainfall, it's also about when rainfall comes and then in the driest part do we have enough water available. So in that situation, still water productivity is an important factor to consider. Yeah, yeah maybe just to add to that, I think there's also a what I tried to highlight in the presentation is that there's also a policy dynamic to this as well, right? So, you know, at the moment that you're talking water productivity, then and you're saying you want to improve its reduced water usage in this kind of situation, then it is obviously very important for farmers, but particularly for policy makers or irrigation scheme managers, etc., to be aware of what do we want to achieve, what I mentioned, I mean, where do we want to go? And that has to be, you know, aligned because obviously a farmer would indeed say, well, let's increase harvest, etc., expand area. But I think that is the importance of this water productivity concept is that it should really bring together these different expertise and these different levels. The two different viewpoints, really interesting. And the next question, can irrigation adequacy be determined with a vapor transpiration at the crop level? I will just give a head to one tip and then, yeah, my colleagues would add on that. Well, as it said, what is relevant at crop level is, of course, already explained by PULAT, is transpiration. But maybe if we are referring into, let's say, evaporation from the leaf, that is an interception. That could be, yeah, that's what I could say. PULAT, do you want to add on this? Yeah, sure. I mean, irrigation by definition is an act that does consider a field at the minimum scale. You do not irrigate a single crop unless that's the plant in your apartment. But in agricultural irrigation, irrigation begins at the field level. When we speak about one single crop, this would be more about the amount of water that the crop absorbed from the soil, from soil moisture. So this slide definition or terminology difference between the levels that you're speaking. If you take that to using, I mean, using the evapotranspiration to do adequacy per field level, yes, we can do that. Thank you. And a question from Muhammad. Could you please elaborate how the relative water deficit in yields are related? Yeah. Basically, this follows the work that FAU did in the report number 33. It says, I mean, the concept is that the actual evapotranspiration over the optimal level or ETX or maximum crop evapotranspiration is related linearly to the amount of the yield to the yield maximum by the factor we call it crop, the yield response factor, which is indicated as KY in the equation. The yield response factor, however, depends on the type of the crop. For instance, if I remember correctly, for maize, KY is 1.25 and for wheat is about 1.05. So meaning that maize would be more sensitive towards yield reduction if the water deficit is happening. However, you have to also take it to account that the SKY or slope of the relationship depends on the stage of the growth. So if you are in the initial stage or the maturity or the other stage of the growth, that response could be different. So you can find details about this in the FAU 666 report, which lays down all the scientific background and also the numbers that you can work with different crops. Thank you, Pulas, for Abebe. The next questions are what are the bright spots? And maybe a few questions on bright spots. How do you interpret them? And maybe you can just talk a bit more about the bright spots. Again, good question. Well, there is a different meteorologist approach how to identify these bright spots. Well, some identify, let's say, the highest water productivity. I mean, spots, areas in one agro-climatic zone, let's say, because if you compare spots at different agro-climatic zones, maybe it doesn't make sense because the variety, the difference could be also not only management, but also other issues. But then within the same agro-climatic zone, let's say if you compare indicators. So some compare only, let's say, water productivity and the highest water productivity. So areas with highest water productivity could be the bright spot. And in some studies, for instance, even by PULAD also, there is a recent study from 2019. Of course, I mean, comprising not only one or two indicators, but all indicators, all performance indicators, that is, including ADC equity and others that we already discussed in this webinar. So I mean, considering those, waiting and then still you could identify the bright spot. So it means the one which has the lowest coefficient of variation. But in this particular definition, or the one that I followed, is taking spots which have highest both guilt or biomass and also water product. And then what threshold? 95%. Of course, that could vary. And then in fact, that's an assumption. I just put a 95% title. You could say it's like a thumb pump. But then, yeah, 5% differences I allow because there could be, yeah, some soil and other parameters in natural biophysical limitation, which maybe you cannot bridge those differences. But apart from that, the assumption is the difference in productivity should come from management, especially in the same irrigation system. And maybe if the water is delivered, well, by one authority, then I think it's important. And it makes sense to compare those productivity across areas and also to take the 95%. Maybe still colleagues, could add? Yeah, I could say a little bit. This 95% title, it's about the assumption that among a big sample that we have in an area, some of those farms are achieving what they have to achieve. So it's like say, at least the top 5% of the population will have the highest, the ET that they have to do, or will have irrigated as much as they needed to. So that becomes based on a statistical assumption that within the population, at least a percentile has to have to reach this. Otherwise, a theoretical maximum may be actually out of the reach of everybody. So it's slightly using that to make sure that what we are setting as target, or what we're setting as the picture that we'd like to achieve is even achievable in the first place. Very nice discussion. Thanks, Abebe and Pula. Next question, I think for Abebe. Another question is the yield production estimation algorithm. Are they limited to? I'm not sure if I understand this question. Well, of course, this data, we have it from Vaport, and I think it's maybe good to send a link here, methodology, how those data are driven. Because one, I also saw one question which is related to Albedo, if Albedo is considered in calculating those data. So it's very explained already in that methodology. In fact, yes, Albedo is one of the inputs to estimate the evaporation and also transpiration and also the summation of those layers. Then we get layers, let's say that could be about ET, that could be about biomass. And of course, the biomass estimation or the net primary production, let's say, layer that we have from Vaport is only for assuming C3 crops. So the only difference to translate is maybe to C4 crops. In this case, for instance, sugarcane, if the specific crop in that ground is then C4. Otherwise, it is just pixel specific. The data we get, the biomass we get, the algorithm works, because that is the whole energy balance and remote sensing results. And then it should work by pixel and then it should work, let's say, for that specific pixel. And then, yeah, I don't know, that's to the level I understand. Let me get the hand also if the colleagues understand it either way. Maybe, yeah, maybe I was thinking that this relates to the Vaport and if Vaport actually has, you know, identifies crops right in certain areas. I'm not sure if that relates, but for certain areas Vaport database does deliver crop maps, but in general, the database does not. And so parameters like harvest index, moisture content, etc., are the ones that would have to be put in by the users of the data, as you explained. I have a bit of a follow-up question to that one, actually. So the examples that we've been using are sugarcane and maize and wheat, and there's a big change in the amount of above ground biomass in those particular crops. Could you also use it for a crop that is, let's just say smaller and doesn't grow as tall and doesn't have as much biomass, or even crops where much of the biomass is underground? Ideally, yes. Well, as it already said, let's say the crop map, if it's not there from the layer in Vaport, then somehow it has to be provided by the user. But for some pockets of areas already there are crop maps, and then associated with that, of course, yeah, all the datas are relevant to that crop specific. But in general, can those, let's say, layers data speak to all kind of crops? Ideally, yes, especially crops where the canopy covers most of the soil. For instance, for three crops, it should work. It's just a simple energy balance. But then if they are far apart, and then if there is more soil than just the trees and then the crop development, maybe then that could be a question. Of course, that also requires a bit of more comparison and also yeah, evaluation. But otherwise, it should work. Yeah, that's what I could say. Great, thanks. Nice discussion. Okay, next question. How do you account for it? Again, good question. Of course, those indicators that are explained by our colleagues, the biophysical, that's the part now I am speaking to because the socio-economic is more into the Petra side. So those biophysical indicators estimation could be with the supply side irrigation, or it could be from water consumption side. And all indicators that I presented are calculated from the consumption side. That is using water use. The water use can be applied, or it can be just a concept of water use. So it means the irrigation supply is not considered because we approach it all indicators from the ET or water consumption side. And in that, it consider precipitation as well as irrigation. Because the ET could happen from water available in the soil. Very nice. Thank you. Yeah, thank you for that question. Unfortunately, we cannot ensure that. I think it helps tremendously if you provide insight on how the benefits are distributed. And I think on the basis of that, you give some insight, some transparency. And hopefully that might affect the policy makers in their decisions. Do we really want to support local farmers? Or do we want other parties to come in? And it's not to the researchers to decide. But I think by making these trade-offs explicit, that might help. And also assesses in the broader policy assessment framework, what are the different societal objectives you want to achieve, and does a certain water allocation contribute to that? So it's not up to us to decide whether we want to maximize these benefits for the farmers. But it might help to make it more explicit, hopefully. Nice discussion. Another one for Petra. Would a social water productivity be a useful metric to value a Sahalian wetland like in Mali, which has an inherent high water consumption but sustained multiple... Yes, I truly believe that social water productivity can be fairly helpful in that sense. Because what we have seen in the past is often that only monetary values, which can be expressed in dollars per cubic meter, have been highlighted. Whereas by emphasizing all these other benefits which water has, which cannot be expressed in monetary terms, like supporting subsistence livelihoods or other ecosystem services, which are often difficult to translate in monetary terms, but definitely have a value. So by refeering these more societal values, I think that helps tremendously if you could express these. But we struggle often with the units. Because we do not want to translate everything in monetary terms, whereas we know these things have a value. So by refeeling these values, that it supports ecosystem services, etc., or subsistence livelihoods, that in itself is very valuable, I think. So making that explicit, that a certain water allocation contributes to these societal values, that's precisely what the social economic water productivity indicator is about. So yes, it's very helpful. But eventually I would also have to emphasize that values are also political in nature. It's again not up to the researcher to determine what this value is. It very much depends also on what the national government wants. What are the societal objectives? Is that indeed an equitable distribution? Or is that a maximization of production value as such for external parties? So that it's really political in nature, but it helps indeed to have a policy framework to make these trade-offs explicit. Maybe others want to add. Well, I think that covers it all. A really nice discussion. We have one minute left in our webinar. So I think this will be the last question that we take. And then if we will review the questions, I think many of them will be answered in the upcoming five weeks. I see some technical questions on Wapour and different questions about field monitoring. I think those will be answered in the upcoming weeks. But if there's more questions, we'll review them and try to answer them the best that we can. So the last question of the day is, which methods of water... I will just give one and then we'll hand it to colleagues. In fact, the question is not only about which method because it's not only the technology, it's also depends on who are the operators and what knowledge do they have and in what situation under circumstances they are managing it. So yeah, because I'm trying to answer this question also tied to other questions because they are asking is then FARO is the best irrigation technology and so on, kind of because that's also what is seen or what is less a conclusion from at least for some parameters indicators out of our research study. I would say it's not really, it depends in some areas you see that the center people stand out the best. And in some area, FARO really does good if you operate it, if the FARO length is good and then if the management and also if the timing, how frequently and also maybe if you are adding other technologies and mulching and nodes for instance. So yeah, it depends on so many factors operators, not only technologies. That's what I would say. Yeah, maybe just add very shortly also getting at this about the fact that in particularly in arid semi-arid parts of the world, if there is rainfall, then yeah, rainfall can reach actually up to 90% of evaporation, right? So it's sort of non-beneficial loss. So it's really trying to focus on getting that rainfall that does fall to really try to capture it, to really focus on all water harvesting systems that reduces this evaporation that just usually happens. So I think that should really be the focus, reducing the amount of evaporation and allowing as much water to transpire. Great. And with that, I think we will close out our webinar for this week. So I would like to thank the expert panel, Simon, Abbe, Pulad and Petra. Thank you for your nice presentations and your nice discussions. I would like to thank Abraham for all his help behind the scenes, doing the audio and visual questions and working as a fellow moderator. And I would like to thank all the participants. It's been a really active chat. It's been really nice to read all the questions that you've had in the discussions you've been having between each other and the different areas that you work in geographically and within water management and irrigation. So it's been a really nice first week. I look forward to seeing everyone again next week. We're going to begin our monitoring water productivity using WAPWR. So that's week one and then the following week will be part two. So look forward to that. I look forward to seeing you all again. Again, all the presentations and the recording will be available on the website. And then if you can, please fill out the survey that's been going around that Abraham has been putting in the chat. It would really help us.