 in her tenure and but already she is tackling the major challenges of our time in relation to sustainable development and the promotion of the OECD's wider objectives. So I have a couple of housekeeping points at the outset. I'm asked to request that you put your phones on silent and the institution encourages tweets bynnag, dwi gyrsgafodd y deall, yw yml bersi particular ac ar gyfer y cyfnodol, mae'r gwybod yn swud g arrós, ac wedi gwneud o'r pethau cyhoeddon yng nghymru, dywed i chyfnodol y blynedd e wedi'u cyfnodol, ac yn gwybodaeth, mae'r ceisio'n rhai bod yn ein hirionedd yn rhaid i'r pethau, mae'n gofyn wneud i deall, yn ddw i'n gwybod gyrsgafodd yng nghymru, mae'n gyddi i'r gwneud yn gan gweithio, ac yn Passadol i'r cyfnodol i nhw. Seven Pear or many other participants. So with that I would like to call on Roy Daberca the director general of Irish age, Where as I write to say a few introductory months, Roy. Thanks David, hello everyone. It's a great pleasure to have Susanna Anida here today. As part of this series on development matters here in the IAEA. The Dac, the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD is in our view a really, really essential cornerstone of the architecture that underpins development cooperation that are kind of like the police, in the sense that you know as a donor that if you're not really doing what you're told you'll hear that, And that holding to account. And that's absolutely as it should be because in many ways the decision to go to somebody else's country to invest in making changes in their place is one of the most political and intrusive things that we as outsiders can choose to do. And it has to be, if not regulated, it has to be orderly, it has to be ethically ac mae'n ffordd maen nhw'n meddwl iawn, ac yn y ffordd, mae'r ffordd maen nhw'n meddwl iawn. Mae'r bobl hwbidio hefyd yn gweithio'r bobl hwbidio'r bobl hwbidio, rydych chi'n cael ei gondol. Yn y gallwn gweld, mae'r ffordd maen nhw'n meddwl iawn, rydych chi'n meddwl iawn, as oed yn cael ei ddechrau, ac mae'r ffordd yw yn mynd i gwybod y gwerthoedd yn ymdill yn y Carlywyr. Ond soedd yma'r cyfrifodau, a Susana yn y rhan o'r rhan o'r unig yma. Ymgyrch o'r môl o'r ses, mae'n edrych o'r rhan o'r rhan o'r môl. Mae'n gwybod yw'r môl o'r rhan o'r rhan o'r môl. Mae'n ymgyrch o'r rhan o'r rhan o'r rhan o'r rhan o'r rhan o'r rhan o'r môl, mae'n ymgyrch cerddol o'r Rhaglen. felly mae'r opion yn argynniad ar y cyfnodd roedd yma, ac rydych yn rhoi gwybod tannacht i gyda'r WCO yn dyffït.akesiwch collre Марthu thatid yn dyfodol, ac yn y bydd yn ydym nhw'n dwy'r ddymarfod, sy'n gofynau bryd yn gwirpsiwn i'r Parg sydd yn gweithio, a chwy'r peithio ar jechyd, byddwch yn chi'n blaen, byddwch yn chi'n bwysigol ac mae'r pwysigol i'r pwysidd yn clyw, y gallwn gweld yn ystod amdano yn ddweud y cyfnod yn ymweld. A mae'n fidein i'r ddod i adael y cyd-dau, a dyma'r cyndrygu i'r ddod i'r ddod i'r ddod i Oeddeu. Felly, mae'n gofyn am y cyfnod o'r llwyffordd, hynny i'r llwyffordd, mae'n rhaid i'r ddigonwyd. Mae hynny'n ddod i'r ddod i'r ddod i'r ddod i'r ddod i'r ddod i'r oeddeu. Dwi'n ddod i'r prysgwp. And before working for the OEC they did actually work for Irish aid as well, so not only she namba's man she's also fifth columnist, we really appreciate your work, and I don't work some of the production of the OEC Development Co-operation Report which is I think a really important instrument. Finally, this visit comes at a really useful time for Ireland, felly mae'n ddysgu when we have our sort of three or four year health check or our DAC peer review. That process is just about beginning at the moment and will really kind of get into gear in the autumn. So having you here for these days is going to be very rich I think in terms of helping us prepare and to tell what I think are good stories. Not just from us and Irish Aide but across all of the actors in Ireland ..y'r ardal, yn fawr, yn ei wneud... ..y'r ardal a sydd yn cael ei gael gyda ni'n adroddau'n cymwyng. yr adroddau'n cymddiad, roedd yn gwneud ar y cwylio'r rhannu... ..y'r adroddau yn cymryd a'r adroddau yn cymryd... ..y'r adroddau'r rhannu arfer... ..o'r adroddau'r rhannu, yn ymdill ymgyrch... ..di'r adroddau'r rhannu ar y cymryd. A oedd ymdill fod ymwysau'n cymryd... mae'r horda'r yw lle ddechrau wedi cael eu meddwl, ond yna'r miradau dechrau'r ffordd yma, ond ond ond o oed. Ac mae'n dweud bod nhw'n éch bod y prud Со'r tîm i ymddiwr y Llyfrydd. Ac yna y hynny'n gymryd yw chi'n... y dych yn cychafol. Yn nu ymddi yn cefnogi mewn meddwl, a'u gwneud wneud ond edrych i gyfrif yr hollig. Er haydyn nhw gweithredu, gyda Ile Morher a Ile Macdonnell? Reg, hen i'n glas gwirio'r wordau gwaith, Ond mae'n ddechrau yn gweithio i gyd, mae'n dweud o'r syniad. Yn gyflaen i'w anodol, ond ac i'w ddechrau, sy'n gweithio i'w ddechrau, mae'n amlwg i'w ddechrau, ond mae'n ddechrau, ond mae'n dweud o'r fwylo'n gwahanol i'w ddweud o'r rhan o'r ysgolї, ond mae'n meddwl yn iawn i'w ddweud o'r ffoetol. Ond mae'n ddweud o'r hyn yn cael bydd yw, ond mae'r wneud yn dod yn y cyflawni. Felly mae'r gafodd o'r ddyggrifennu, efallai. Mae'r ddaach yn y cyflawni gynrychiad cyd-feydd i wneud bod ym mwyn yr oedd ym 30 ingynebu. Ond rydyn ni'n gweithio i ni'n gweithio i ni'n gweithio i ni'n gweithio i ni. Mae'n gweithio i ni'n gweithio i ni'n gweithio i ni'n gweithio i ni. Rwy'n credu ychydig yn y cyflawni'n gweithio i ni. Ieiland rydyn ni yw'r cyhoedd o'r cyd-dweithiau. A gynnyddio ddyn nhw'n gofyn niogau i'r cyfnod, ond rwy'n cael eu bod nid i'n mynd i chi'n rhaid i'ch ffordd rhaid i'ch rhaid i'ch gyd-dweithio'r cyfnod i'r cyfnod ar y cyfnodd iddyn nhw. A rwy'n cael ei bod nhw'n bryd i'r cyfnod ar y cyfnodd yn gweithio'r cyd-dweithio. Rwy'n ei fudio'r ffordd o'r ffordd. Rwy'n ei fudio'r ffordd i fyf. A rwy'n credu yn ysgrifennu, rwy'n credu'r ffordd i i'r Coddi'r ymddangosol gyda'r ysgrifennu. Rydyn ni'n gweithio'r ysgrifennu o'r ambasadau pobl yn Ithiopyr. I'm particularly delighted that we hope that the forthcoming peer review that you will use Ethiopia as your case study. So we'll just keep our fingers crossed that the country will remain stable enough for you to do that, which we're all watching very closely. I read A Better World with a huge amount of interest. I was delighted. I think the DAC was name checked four times I counted. So I did read it very carefully because once I'd seen the DAC I thought I'd carry on. I'm not going to skim it like leave no one behind because it's a very manageable document. But I think it's always gratifying when the launch of a new government strategy document happens at more or less the same time as a DAC peer review because the point of the peer review is that it's useful to you, that you can actually take the peer review and say, OK, this, this and this is going well as with any review room for improvement on this, this and this. And it should be a living document that helps you implement that very challenging strategy. So what I really want to do is to hear from you, but let me just say a few words about my priorities. I was reminded the other day that when I was being interviewed by all 30 DAC members for this role, you're actually elected that I had made the commitment that I was going to spend 70% of the committee's time on what we decided were our top three priorities. Because you can imagine chairing something like the DAC. It's a bit like trying to pin jelly to the wall. I mean, everything is relevant. And so you have actually really got to focus. And I've been very clear that we need to have difficult discussions, but there is far more that unites us than divides us. And we need to build on consensus around where we agree. And if there are areas of severe disagreement, which there are on some issues, then we need to find a way of knitting together that middle ground because with 30 countries plus the European Union, there is bound to be differences of opinion. And these are political differences of opinion. They're not technical. There's only so much that either in her colleagues in the secretariat can resolve through technical means. Sometimes you've just got to have those tough political discussions and come to agreement. But in doing that, we have to remember what our strategic intent is. Which is using this very, very precious resource that is ODA to the best way possible to achieve the sustainable development goals. And that is work in progress because we don't always get it right. So what are my three priorities? The first one is financing development, both through ODA but also beyond ODA. And the reason for this is very clear. We will be meeting in New York this summer as the international community to take stock of where we are with the sustainable development goals. And we will learn that we are off track on most, if not all of them. And one of the main reasons for that is that we have not delivered on the other half of the sustainable development goals, which was the Addisababa Action Plan, which was how we were going to pay for it. So that heady summer of 2015, which some of you will remember, when we thought, you know, we've got the goals, we've got the targets, we've figured out the financing, we've put them together. And hey presto, by 2030 we have solved the scourges of our planet of humankind. But in fact, both aid and multilateralism are under threat. I mean if we just look at the most recent data published by OECD DAC, 2018 funding to sub-Saharan Africa fell by more than 4% and for low income countries by 6%. Moreover, if you look at foreign direct investment, that has dropped by about 30% to the poorest countries. So all the things that we thought would happen are either not happening or not happening fast enough. Now, ODA is a very critical part of this recipe, this blend, but it is an increasingly small part of it. I mean ODA is about $150 billion a year. At the moment it's stable, it's not going up, it's not going down. Some countries achieve 0.7, not Ireland yet, but I'm delighted to see that your t-shirt has recommitted to that. Other countries are much lower. But the reality is that ODA on its own is never going to be enough to achieve the SDGs. So we've got to look at new innovative ways of crowding in both public and private finance. And there's a huge amount of work done by the secretariat on various forms of blended finance, how you might get the private sector more involved, how we can make sure that all public resources are used as creatively as possible. And I think especially how we recognise, and I know this is something that is very much on Ireland's agenda, that the transition from being a very, very poor country to a lower middle income country to eventually a high income country is taking far longer than we anticipated. Inequality is rising far faster than we thought and it's very, very hard to get a grip on. Debt is going up. So in short, the optimism, if you like, about how quickly we can do this is not coming to fruition and we are going to need significantly more resources. So while retaining the critical role of the DAC as the custodians of the rules, the keepers of best practice, the values-based group of donors, we have also got to say we need to take this resource and see how we can use it. It's almost, I think, of it as alchemy, in a way. How do we take this order and convert other things into useful, sustainable resources for achieving the SDGs? That's priority number one. Number two is what I call getting the balance right. When we do the Development Cooperation Report for this year, which Ida, I was going to say for your sins, but you probably don't have any. It's going to, you know, it's task in writing this. We are going to write a piece that describes the story. What is the case for development assistance in 2020? Because we think the narrative needs refreshing and we think there are a number of really quite tough trade-offs and that they are in a resource constrained environment that we need to think about. We don't have the answers to them, but they are as follows. By 2030, we know that 80% of the very, very poorest people in the world will live in fragile and conflict affected states. So many donors have taken the decision to put more and more resource into these states. Ireland is very much leading the way on that. It has, in fact, the highest share of all DAT members of bilateral funding directed to fragile countries. So well done Ireland, but there is a but. It's an open question, which is, are we investing too much in fragility and failure and not enough in very poor countries that are trying and that are pursuing pro-poor policies and are really trying to achieve the SDGs? And are we sending the wrong messages to those pro-poor reforming but still very poor countries if we are not rewarding them enough for good performance? I mean, I'd be really interested to hear your views on that because we don't, I mean, I don't know what the answer is, but I do think it's a question that we need to ask ourselves. And also just in your, this very important second half of the phrase, which I have told David you were responsible for, which was not only leaving no one behind, but putting the furthest behind first. Inevitably, the furthest behind are women and children in conflict zones, but as we know there are an awful lot of desperately poor people. For example, living in areas that are now affected negatively by climate change. So unfortunately, the furthest behind are not, I think in the future, just going to be limited to fragile states. So we need to think about how do we target those people, but also how do we target them in ways that are going to allow them to get out of that state? Rather than just, if you like, providing humanitarian resources, which brings me to the second balance piece, which is have we got the balance right between development, humanitarian assistance and conflict prevention? And this one I can't answer, and the answer is no, we haven't. The DAC approved, I think it's only its sixth ever recommendation on my fifth day in the job at the end of February, which I can take no credit whatsoever, on something called the humanitarian development conflict prevention nexus. Not a word I particularly like, but what it means is that the committee has agreed collectively that we will hold each other and ourselves to account to improve the way that we work across that spectrum. So you'll all be familiar with it, those silos between humanitarian work and development work, and I think most important of all the lack of investment in conflict prevention. Now, again, Ireland, you are making the weather on this, but many, many donors don't. Only 2% of official development assistance goes to conflict prevention, and yet we know that conflict is development in reverse. And we know that prevention is far better and far more efficient, if you like. There's much better value for money than once countries have descended into conflict. We know this, but we don't do it. Now, part of the reason for that is it's not very easy, but these are the kinds of difficult trade-offs that we have got to think about, and they are trade-offs at the moment because ODA is more or less stable. So that loops back again to then how do we get more resource into this whole space. And then the third element of getting the balance right is between short-term results and longer-term threats, particularly climate change. So, you know, I think you'll remember when we all started delivering development results. I know this was quite contested because many of us felt we've been doing that for years anyway, it just haven't been labelled like that. I think one of the unintended consequences of the focus on results was that we focused on things that you could achieve quite quickly and things that you could photograph. Kids in school, clinics, vaccinated babies, et cetera, et cetera. And inevitably, the incentive structure within aid organisations, within civil society organisations, indeed governments, erd towards the quick wins, the low-hanging fruit, and away from the really difficult stuff, conflict prevention, that slow, tortuous business of building those critically important institutions, and of course climate change. So I think there is a need for us collectively to recalibrate and to move away, if you like, from the simplicity and the short-termism and recognise the complexity that is reflected in the SDGs and just how long this journey is going to be. I think the sort of final big objective is leaving no one behind and I'm unapologetic here about for me this is about women and girls and gender equality. I mean there's a huge richness in this report and I commend it to you and it is available online and there is a summary at the back room. But 52% of the world's population are discriminated against in many of the countries in which we work. Now there is overwhelming evidence to show that if you invest in women and girls you get a whole series of positive developmental outcomes and that societies where gender equality is relatively good are also better about how disabled people are treated, about how ethnic minorities are treated, about how LGBT people are treated, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. So if you start with the 52%, you build a virtuous circle and we have been talking about this for more years than I care to remember and I'm ashamed. And I said this at the senior level meeting that only 4% of official development assistance is principally targeted on gender. It's 4%. I mean it's pathetic really. Ireland I have to say is doing much better than that but there is still a very, very long way to go. So 86% of your Irish bilateral aid included a gender equality marker so that compares to about 63% of bilateral aid overall. But you were 15% where it was a principal marker I suppose to the DAC average of 4. So you are sending a very, very clear signal there and I want you to shout that from the rooftops and particularly to shout about what the positive externalities of that investment are. So if you do that what else follows that is good and I think we do have a lot of evidence but we need to be far more vocal about it. And let me just finish by saying as I'm speaking here at IIEA and that you are an international affairs think tank as well as development. I think it would be remiss not to touch on the foreign policy and development cooperation piece. I mean Rory mentioned the fact that I have a development background but I've also served as an ambassador. I have a foreign policy background as well. And it seems to me that just as it will be impossible to talk about development and climate change separately in the next 5 to 10 years, I think it's increasingly unhelpful to try and talk about development without the foreign policy or the diplomacy dimension. Now that's partly to do because conflict is playing such a big role but also for a variety of other reasons. We know for example that China is investing massively in Africa. I mean that is as much a foreign policy question as it is a development or a debt question. We know that the post second world war international system is I think being questioned and challenged in ways at the moment from many, many quarters in ways certainly that I haven't seen in my lifetime. And that that will have an impact on our collective commitment to the SDGs and many other things. So unless we sort of put the politics back into development assistance, I fear that we are going to struggle to achieve what we're trying to do. And let me be clear that is not to say that we should weaponize aid. It's not to say that we move away from the principles and values that the DAC holds so dear, which is that the principle intent of development assistance is poverty reduction and achieving the SDGs. But it is just to say that in 2019 the rail politic dictates that we take into account the foreign policy dimension of our interventions because I fear if we don't we will not be a seat at the right table. So let me stop there. Thank you for having me. I'm very, very happy to take any questions. I'm delighted to have you and thank you for a very rich presentation. Quite challenging and there is much to provoke and to think about what you've said. Ida will now present very briefly on the joining forces to leave no one behind report. You'll see a copy over there and Ida in fact was sentry involved in production of it. And then we will have a I hope about 20, 25 minutes for questions. OK. Ida. Thanks David. Good afternoon everybody. It's really a pleasure to be here to be here at home and to tell you a little bit about the work that I do with an awful lot of people in the OECD. And so I don't want to take too much time because it would really be great to hear from you maybe hear some of your questions and certainly responses to Susanna because this is a great opportunity to see how we can move forward some important issues in the DAC. So we did a massive report and I'm going to tell you actually in a moment why we did such a big report because there's a good reading it links with the subject which is leaving no one behind. And I just want to give you a sense of the scope of this report assuming that the slide moves down. But to give you a sense it's a large chapter because when we were asked to focus on what leave no one behind means and to drill down a little bit beyond the slogan of leaving no one behind that's in the preamble of the 2030 agenda, we thought well this is going to be a risky job because when we started consulting with people we heard that it meant something very different to everybody and it depended on which interest group and what their particular interest was in development cooperation. So there were various dimensions of it that it was a priority and if we focused too narrowly on what leave no one behind would mean that we would really be skewing the discussion. And really what our objective here was is to start a discussion, to start a debate about what leaving no one behind would mean in the practice of development cooperation. Translating policies and commitments into practice is extremely challenging. So really this is our table of contents and you can look at it for those of you who aren't on the right side but you can also look at it in the highlights. And we look at why it matters and what it means to be left behind and here we've got lots of different perspectives from poverty experts and equality, fragility governance, disability and here through looking at those dimensions we actually saw also what were the cross cutting dimensions of leaving no one behind and the intersecting reinforcing elements that then gets us to talk about the root causes and the drivers of what actually has people being excluded or marginalised. Then we look at some policies and practices that work and the role of key actors. We look at civil society, the private sector but actually micro and small medium sized enterprises in developing countries rather than the big global multinational corporations and their role in promoting development. And then we drill down obviously on our core business which is development cooperation. And so there we look at the policies, the financing and the programming. We have over 43 case studies and contributed in a special separate document that looks at lessons learning. And I have to say that I'm just speaking in part on behalf of all of them but 2,250 contributors to this report. So I coordinated the report, I helped edit the report but I didn't do it. All those people who contributed to it made the report. So just a few words on why we chose leaving no one behind. David can say an awful lot more about where leaving no one behind came from in the 2030 agenda. But really we see leaving no one behind and reaching the furthest behind first as something radically different and is potentially transformative. But because it's radically different and potentially transformative it's extremely challenging as to how you put into practice because it implies a lot of reform and it implies really thinking through those reforms and resistance to change. The bottom line is that the SDGs cannot be achieved if people are left behind. And so really we've set ourselves up for an extremely ambitious agenda and it's a commitment that's universal. It applies to Irish citizens as much as it applies to people in other countries. In the committee we saw a major risk that this is going to become a slogan. It sounds great and we're going to do this in the spirit of leaving no one behind but there's no accountability behind it and very little guidance around it. So we wanted to also open that Pandora's box. So ultimately we see it as accelerating progress for the furthest behind but also lifting the boat for everybody, for everyone. So this comes back to attention that I'll speak to a moment. And a positive slant we put on this is really about being inclusive, equitable and sustainable across the policies that we pursue and our programming and our partnerships. Now onto the next. Why it matters now and why it matters now more than ever. So these charts are just to give you a glimpse. We have reached a point in time where we have had phenomenal global development progress. So that is great. The World Bank told us earlier at the end of last year we were below the 10% mark on extreme poverty. We have had great progress on vaccinations. All you need to do is read Hans Rosling or look at the charts in our worlds and data. And there is a very good narrative there around progress. But the problem is that that progress has left an awful lot of people behind still. We have the 730 million people living on less than $1.90. But we also hear Martin Revaliant talking about the fact that there is actually a very stable number of people that even in the MDG period have not shifted at all in terms of the intensity of their poverty and that they really are the poorest of the poor and nothing is improving for them. So here I think it's important to contextualise leaving over behind in global development progress. And now looking more closely at those who are left behind. We can have the next slide. And we zoom down a little bit on SDG 1 and SDG 10 because extreme poverty is getting to zero on extreme poverty and then SDG 10 on inequality. And we see these as two major issues that emerge from the report that really matter. And so if we look at this, we are actually off track now and for 2030 on SDG 1. So where we're going and this refers to what Susanna mentioned is that where the kind of... Homie Carras talks about it, the pathways out of poverty. We cannot rely on the strategies of the MDG period because we know it was China and India and Bangladesh and Indonesia. But these are in severely off track countries which require very different kind of engagement than before. This is where governance is weak, institutions are weak, we need to look at peace and security. And here investing in pure economic growth is not going to be the way out in terms of including people. So that's on poverty. And then we also have this challenge around inequality. And this is an issue that the OECD, even the IMF, is increasingly talking about because we realise that rising inequalities, both in income and wealth but also in rights based globally and within countries, is a break on growth. It's a break on sustainable development. It's going to be a bottleneck. So we have to target inequalities. And so this is where we're talking about shifting to an inclusive growth agenda. We're talking about getting beyond GMP as our measure of economic success to talk about wellbeing, looking at redistribution policies, looking at wages and decent work and ultimately becoming people centres. So then talking about people and this is also quite evident in Ireland's policy. Here I think there's an important point to be made about obviously specific people and groups are left behind. And there is a, in development cooperation, an effort to target those groups. But there's a debate around this as to how we remove the barriers to their inclusion and their cross cutting issues. And this is where we need to start looking at how we make all the policies more inclusive and equitable and have targeted and corrected measures when you need to. But they're a short term solution because they're not going to get to the drivers and the root causes of being left behind. And of course in that context data systems are really important in getting better data. So on to the DAC and the development corporation in a few words about Ireland and I'll go quickly. So the good news is, and we surveyed the members, the good news is that actually across the DAC most are very favourable and interested in principle of leaving no one behind. They're attaching it to their policies and they really like to talk about it. So there's a lot of interest but there is not a lot of capacity. And these few points here speak to some quite political and operational challenges as well as the financing challenging because we're actually not coming up with the financing, we're failing on Addis. And the political challenges are those that Susanna spoke to and I'm not going to get into them in more detail. But it's also this issue of if you want to get the root causes of exclusion globally then we have to also look at the global rules based system and the reform that's needed multilaterally and in the international system. And here it comes back also to issues like tax and so on. And so I'll move then on to our call for reform is that we think that really if you're really serious about leaving no one behind and translating it into practice we actually need to really rethink the framework for development corporation. And there are narratives and I think it comes out quite nicely in a better world. Narratives need to link the national interest with the mutual benefit idea that by actually investing in people and having more inclusive development everybody benefits and is prosperous for everybody else. In the programming it's a really challenge in the sense that we have to get beyond vertical programs that target specific groups and we have to see how the whole portfolio things through inclusiveness, things through equity and things through the effect even and the impact of those programs on the furthest behind and those who are left behind. And then on ODA I think it's a very important point in terms of that we have to leverage and get more financing but it's actually tracking those flows and we had a very nice box in the report where a researcher has found that ODA going to the poorest countries but it gets to the richest areas in the poorest countries. How are we dealing with that? We're not even tracking the resources below the national level. So on Ireland and I'll just show a couple of points. Some questions looking at your new programme or new policy. Ireland has been a champion for poverty reduction for years and is well known for that and we see a gender equality humanitarian needs, climate change governance as clear priorities. It's really interesting to hear from you and to discuss where poverty fits into that and how your approach is to extreme poverty globally but also in the country level. And we see your motivations are around mutual benefit. The financing you have had a strong focus on countries most in need and progress for them for the most vulnerable and there is an issue around partnering and how you partner with agents of change and I'm going to skip actually, well just slip to the second, not the next slide but the next one here where we look at Ireland's support for civil society because here we can actually see that almost 40% of the bilateral programme is channeled to and through civil society organisations. So they're a major partner for the delivery of Ireland's Development Corporation and I'd really be interested to, we say in the report and it's a very good chapter 6 on civil society as agents of change but really protecting and nurturing the civil society that's closest to the most marginalised people and how are we connecting with that civil society and the reform agenda to be pursued there. And so I'll leave it at that. I can share the slides, there's some other slides on your focus on LDCs which actually appears to be declining in where Ireland has historically been one of the better performance on least developed countries. How does that meet with the leaving no one behind commitment and a very positive chart on your support for gender equality and women's empowerment and there's a couple of questions that I threw out there at the end but I'll leave it at that and please feel free to follow up with us if you want to have more questions. Thank you.