 And so for our next presentation, we welcome Dr. Sun Phuong Ho, who is now also a doctoral student at Harvard University. Thank you. Thank you, Dr. Lefebvre. I'm very grateful for this opportunity. I'm sorry I have missed quite a lot of talks. I believe from the talk given by Dr. Dai Zhongpui and Dr. Dai Tsef, we already have the impression that there was a problem of communication. And my talk today is also about maybe not directly on the linguistic barrier between the two people, but also something related. So let me share my PowerPoint here. So we'll briefly read a letter from the famous Gagyu Master, Jidangunbo, and then read some episodes in the live stories of Gardangba and briefly Dishireba. And I'll give a very brief concluding remark about the Tibetan Tangut Road, we can say. From what we would have obtained by the end of this talk. So the letter itself is, was from Jidangunbo and to a certain Guoxi, I'm not 100% sure who this person was. Probably was Dishireba, when it was due a Guoxi before he got promoted. So we'll just read some excerpts from it and get some sense and raise a question about escape Tibetan zhe or chhe here. I can read the English and I put the Chinese equivalent underneath for those who want to read Chinese. If you, I quote, if you do not put your mind on that region, I guess it's Tangulian, and want to escape like a cage bird, you should build a peaceful Mandala of benevolence and compassion. To me, it means you should cultivate your, your kindness, so you can stay longer in that foreign land. Okay, this is another one. If you offer the great burden of holding up the teaching, and if you are bothered with many actions out of selfish jealousy, or desire for wealth and fame, the politics and religion of the king. I guess it's Tangu King will both be ruined. So here, the picture is a little bit more complicated and the addressing of this letter seems to have faced some risk of moral corruption. And then another one, even if it is living in hell, if there were beings, if there are beings to benefit or cultivate, where else would the you again choose to go. This is the part that originally aroused my curiosity when I first read it, because I know it's a different land. It's a foreign country. But how, how bad was it. What exactly the danger that one might want to escape from. So, these lengthy biography. So, the Tibetan Lamas I view is only recently available due to the finding of a lengthy, I call it Simon autobiography of a very important imperial preceptor. And was first introduced by the omniscient the Martin, roughly, roughly two years ago. Here, I think we can read just one example, because this year by is not our protagonist today. When the King, the Tangled King, of course, went to God, and in the text guys use for the capital area, or maybe just the city. And there is, there were two people with me. So we three. And we did some magics. And then we were invited for the king for to protect the king. And this person. I'm not identified, but the name is quite given in details. You run away. You run away back on our way to the capital. As a result, just the two of us, the rest of us arrived at the capital. Very briefly, example from the same biography is then arrived. So this is the shape of speaking arrived at this city and consecrated the fort. I prayed for the dead. At that time, I dreamed of the King by Shyavana, and he showed me the sign of my escaping westward. So he actually is already escape awkward in Tibetan. It could be westward. So he showed me with his with the direction he's facing, where I might in the future escape to. These two examples. By reading these, I realize, okay, people did escape. And it's not, maybe not that uncommon thing for Tibetan Lamas in Tangu Court, or at in the land might escape back to Tibet. A very similar kind of life story is of is about guard down by. So there is a brief English introduction on him. He is from the trailer of lives, and he's relatively young than other Tibetan master who went to Tangu. And he studied with jidangumbo and the person who wrote the letter, but probably not him. You see, jidangumbo might be a pivotal figure that connect people one way or the other. And guard down by visited the Tang Empire. Some time before the empire was invaded and collapsed in 1220s. Here we come into the text. All right. So here is guard down by speaking. Then I met the King's Royal Champions. And maybe not very, very accurate translation for larger, but I'll just stick with that. So these two person do see and betchin. She'll be put up. It's too important figure in garden bus. Tang would experience. Oh, sorry. And all the friends. I don't know what the text means here. Tibetan is trouble. Of course in modern Tibetan it's just friends or helpers or just acquaintance acquaintance. But here I don't know if they knew each other before. So he changed gifts. Then the royal captain said, you should say, you should say here, we will help you, we will respect you as maybe our leader. Yeah, here, the staying, the theme of staying comes up for the first time. And the betchin Shilipuba. Yeah, he was another student of Jidangwimbo. So they belong to the same sub school. Please stay here. You will please the king better than all of us, you will benefit the king more than all of us combined. He also literally demanded things to make me happy. Yeah, he didn't like this guy. And one time the royal chaplains and ministers said this to the king. This llama garden bar is a true Buddha. He needs to be our royal chaplain. And because he has the intention it is disobey, it doesn't want to say, let's set him up to this person, you the king, please bestow him. This is the interesting part. The royal costumes, a parasol with tassels, a seat with, I'm not sure about the translation, but maybe some, maybe the back support or, I don't know, like a curtain and a brown horse with his head in red. I don't know about the Tangu, how to call it, courtly culture or the court ceremonial protocols. But these articles are supposed to be only belong to the king or the emperor and whoever has it will just break the law. So here it's quite delicate, a plan. The king sent a golden badge bearer to relay his order and saying to garden bar, if you do not be my royal chaplain since you have broken my law. So we have here the So chim is a very difficult word to translate. It can be just his jurisdiction or his role in a very general way. So I put two options here and It means you wanted to contend against me. I mean, for my position, my gatekeepers go song will not let you go. If you do not have a. So here I have another problem. So the Tibetan is long, so long is the Imperial order or degree and I don't know it's it's a handwritten And the certificate or it's a portable. So I put the port of a degree here and The king continues once you meet the Chim. So all the team should be added and asked if you want to read it. You want to amend it. So I don't know what is Chim here. Although later the word was used for Mongolian Daru hachi here is not very clear. We'll see this word again And your life will be in danger. So let's keep some pages and here. Godamba And his entourage have decided to leave Without the king's permission. So then the teacher and disciples went west. Here we see the same direction. The disciples were afraid. Therefore, sometimes they pretended to be those people And they will see the name is still I didn't I haven't figured out and sometimes cookies people. So When they were about to come out of the capital city, don't but did not feel happy about those words. So he said to the disciples, instead of this, let's not do this. We should go to that large and the biggest house. And then they went there and they started to make tea and We have a very specific number. 175 armed. Okay. But anyway, this number. Chim. Chim. Chim came and asked, are you with Dushi or Gucci? Where are you going? Do you have the king's portable decree? If yes, show me. And Damba said Very confrontational, but not Dushi or Gucci. Either our way, are we doxy or pixie. Here is Shagamuni's portable decree. And then we can imagine. Some people draw their weapons. And another specific number. I'm not sure how this, how this specific is doing in the text, but that's a number of Damba remembered. And Damba did this magic. He stayed in the posture of prostration. Presumably ask for help from some deities or gardens ordered. Make these bad people lie down. They trembled and drop the weapons on the ground. And Damba said, make these bad people rise up. He rose up with this cuck sound. As was as stiff as tree trunks. Yeah, this, this is the way Damba and his disciples left Xixia safely. Now this example is presented. Some people may say, okay, this is just This is only true for a time when the Tangwood Empire was facing many problems and was about to fall. But I have another an earlier example. About a person called we're named Gijian. He was remembered to have been detained by a local king, I guess a tongue or some local petty laws in a place where the language was different from Tibetan. He spent the rest of his life as a court chaplain. And he had no choice but to send tea to his teacher far away in Western Tibet. And we have one fragment of Tibetan manuscript of a teaching traditionally ascribed to this person. So this is another example of detention. Right, here we come to the, here we come to our conclusion. So about the Tangwood Tibetan road or Tibetan road to Tangu land, we We knew that it's a road of knowledge. And quite a busy road of goods and knowledge. But now I want to give it another feature that is risk and courage. And the concrete danger include state violence is number one. And through that, you might face persecution from your colleagues other court chaplains. And epidemics, we haven't read, but it's your biography and wars, international wars, not necessarily from the Mongol invasion. So my conclusion is, however realistic or imaginative. This element of fear in Tibetan mentality may have influenced later Jigong hierarchs judgment when they recommended saga bandida to the Mongols. They had this memory of fear. And the option of going back home. The way as the Mongol empire expanded. So, finally, very briefly, I think from other similar Tibetan biographical texts. I got these lists lists. What is to be expected of you. You, if you want to go to the Tangwood court, you need a reference letter. You need good reputation training Buddhism, and you need language ability. And you need constantly renewed knowledge because you face some computation from other chaplains. And what you may expect is your colleagues bring you some newest works by a master by a shared master. Buddhism from Tibet. And probably also your teachers encouraging letter. And maybe you may expect to escape back home. I think that's my whole thing today. Thank you.