 I am going to be making introductions of the organizers, all the partners that are contributing to this session because I wanted to start the program right away. I will start with myself. My name is Marlene Ramirez. I am the director for the Regional Office of Biodiversity International. Now our next speaker is Luis Gonzalo Moscozo-Iguita from Forestpa in Colombia and he will talk to us about a natural approach to reforestation, gold mines, spoils, carbon credits and rural development. Let's go inside. Buenas tardes. Como inicio quiero compartir la experiencia vivida durante mis últimos 20 años en proyectos de reforestación como empresa privada. Como ejemplo puntual vamos a ilustrar con un proyecto de restauración de suelos degradados por minería de oro. Como ustedes conocen, estos proyectos de minería de oro es una de las formas más severas de degradación que existen. No es únicamente de restaurar y recuperar estos suelos, sino de involucrar a las comunidades presentes en ellas para un mejor futuro. Podrán notar también que es un desarrollo, una nueva desarrollo de la parte rural y un gran potencial económico y ecológico. Si detallamos lo que es un paisaje que deja la minería, vemos de verdad lo agreste y desolador y triste que queda. En Antioquia, departamento colombiano cuya capital es Medellín donde yo recido tiene 45 mil hectareas de suelos degradados, la diapositiva que continúa es un proyecto en el cual tuve la oportunidad de trabajar durante 12 años, los últimos años y podemos detallar las dos imágenes, inclusive la diferencia del paisaje. El paisaje inicial como era de cárcabas compuesto de cárcabas, un paisaje compuesto de cárcabas lleno de huecos con materia orgánica muy incipiente en algunos casos sin presencia y el paisaje después de los 12 años de edad. La comunidad como decía anteriormente es la base, es lo primordial en los proyectos. Aquí vemos una comunidad del proyecto Nechi, son la garantía del éxito de ellos, incluso gasto más tiempo en la parte social que en lo técnico. Ellos y más aún en mi país que existen tantos problemas de conflicto social. No únicamente plantamos árboles, sino que involucramos en la seguridad alimentaria producción agropecuaria y hombres y mujeres, todo el núcleo familiar tiene que ver con la realización del proyecto, hombres y mujeres y escogemos los líderes como capataces y supervisores del proyecto, están así que el conocimiento es recíproco, de ellos vienen muchas enseñanzas como es el caso de esta especie el dieteris oleífera, un árbol de madera muy fina que era arca pionero de la selva humedatropical, el cual cuando inicialmente germinábamos no por ese fruto tan leñoso, el porcentaje de germinación era mínimo sus semillas, pero los mismos campesinos nos contaron que ellos precisamente casaban y hacían sus plataformas cerca a estos árboles de dieteris oleífera porque allí venía la pava, el Pautsi Pautsi a Nidar, arrumaba las semillas, las calentaban y ellas reventaban a los dos o tres días y daban origen a los arbolitos, nosotros hicimos los semilleros de esa misma forma, con ojarazca y hoy tenemos plántulas a los tres días con un porcentaje de germinación del 95 por ciento, hay un problema con el control, anteriormente veíamos incluso que con proyectos, con prácticas sencillas, se pueden hacer los proyectos de una forma muy práctica y cogemos todo lo que en la naturaleza a bien nos ofrece, los germinadores aquí tenemos contestas prácticas sencillas y con los insumos de la región producimos las plántulas con un sistema de calidad y gestión ambiental muy preciso porque en el sustrato innovamos con hongos y baterias, ahí pueden ver los germinadores, la producción vegetal, las eras de crecimiento, como es la calidad, cualquiera vería un paisaje de esto tan desolador entrando ya a hablar la cuestión del estudio de caso, el ejemplo tangible en estos suelos degradados por minería, creeríamos que no se puede recuperar, sin embargo, mire la calidad de sitio donde realmente son escombreras y residuos de cárcaba, pero con un bulldozer liviano se empieza a hacer lo que es el paisajeado, luego preparamos el sustrato o materia orgánica, utilizamos nuestro ingrediente principal en la fertilización es orgánica, más del 80 por ciento, utilizamos hongos y baterias biológicos, utilizamos productos de aves de corral porquerizas, o bovinos, acondicionadores de suelo, hidro retenedores y además la base principal son lodos, lodos resultantes de las planta tratamientos de agua residuales, previo trabajo de compostaje, son preparados en su mayoría de veces en la mismo sitio donde vamos a hacer la reforestación, como el trabajo difícil lo hace el establecimiento de la plantación que es la restauración en estos suelos degradados lo hacen mujeres cabeza de familia, un 85 por ciento por lo generalmente son viudas que han estado quedan sumidas en un abandono y una empresa y únicamente ellas establecen los árboles, hacen la siembra y ahí se ve la materia orgánica colocado en los surcos, esto es la plantación con un mes establecido, cinco meses de edad y siete meses, mire la diferencia lo que es la restauración del paisaje, el de la cuestión del desarrollo rural, la garantía de la parte del rendimiento ecológico y económico y la misma trativa de la biodiversidad. Aquí tenemos una fotografía, una imagen de un proyecto que tiene 10 años de edad, si lo detallamos notamos que hay muchas diferencias diamétricas lo que queda para la continuidad de nuestros proyectos porque nos faltan dentro de la ecuación varias variables por resolver como es la descontaminación de los suelos, la selección de las semillas, los mismos sistemas de fertilización, en fin, muchas otras variables que tenemos que continuar. Incluso encontramos en el proyecto que se hallan ya árboles superiores, mejores que los otros promedios en general. Estos árboles son los que continúan para los proyectos futuros porque tienen otro potencial, pero de este tema les hablará Ebert Tomas en la conferencia que continúa que es una herramienta en el manejo de las semillas para continuar unos proyectos que tengan mejor ganancia y mejores rendimientos. Como conclusión digo que no hemos inventado ni creado nada. Hemos observado con mucha atención y encontrado cosas que siempre han estado en la naturaleza de la que hacen parte muy importante los nativos y pobladores de la región. Muchas gracias. Now I would like to invite Ebert Tomas to talk to us from biodiversity international to talk to us about the importance of genetic considerations in ecosystem restoration for enhancing resilience to climate change. Ebert, I hope that works. Muchas gracias Marleni. Sí, yo voy a hablar un poco más el paso más allá. Sorry, switch to English. I'm gonna, what Luis Gonzalo was introducing, I'm gonna explain a bit more in depth what follows because his method has proven to be working, but there is need for some more science based further development of the methods to make sure that it is resilient in terms of climate change. So in this talk I want to draw the attention to the importance of genetic considerations in ecosystem restoration for enhancing resilience against climate change. And although most of the, or many of the concepts I will discuss are more widely applicable, my focus here will be on tree based restoration. So we all know by now that the scale of ongoing and planned restoration project is really unprecedented. CHI target 15 sets the bold goal to restore 15% of all degraded land on earth which more or less corresponds to 300 million hectares. There are several initiatives around the world that are working towards reaching this goal. One of the best known is the bond challenge, but tomorrow we will have the official launch of the 20 by 20 initiative which aims to restore 20 million hectares in Latin America and the Caribbean. Now with this enormous scale come huge ecological, social and economic opportunities as Luis Gonzalo already introduced. So restoration has great potential to contribute to not only to biodiversity conservation, to combating desertification, climate change, mitigation and adaptation, but it also has a lot of potential to boost really the production of ecosystem services and as introduced by Luis Gonzalo has a lot of potential for income generation and rural development. However, with the big scale of these planned projects come also risks of failure and failure can come in many forms. One of the probably most extreme forms is when seedlings and zepplings die shortly after planting. Another form which is less strong is when plants do survive on site but show poor growth. In the photograph you see an example of an African tree species that was planted with its two individuals of the same species. So there is one individual in the red circle. Both individuals are planted at the same time, but from different seed sources. So it's clear that the one in the circle is not growing as well as the one in the back. It also happens that there is delayed mortality. So initially trees grow well but then all of a sudden start dying and this can be related to extreme climate events. There is a famous example of a plantation in Europe in France. 30,000 hectares of a pine tree were planted with germplasm obtained from Spain and after a cold winter it was destroyed because it didn't have the necessary frost resistance. And a last example I want to give that is an example of failure is when we see a drop in the quality and quantity of seeds that are produced in planted forests. So in the photograph you see on the left you see what fruit production looked like in a healthy stand and on the right you see what it looked like in a less healthy planted forest. So how can we reduce risks and failures? It's of course important to apply good silver cultural practices but we also need to give sufficient attention to the choice of the species we use and this will of course take into account future uses of the forest but also adaptability of the species to the site both under current and future climate conditions. And a third and equally important factor are genetic principles in the selection of the planting material. So if we want the trees we plant today to become the healthy and resilient forests of tomorrow we really need to give careful attention to the quality of the planting material we use. And this means taking into account some basic genetic considerations. So just to frame it a bit genetic diversity is the foundation for survival of trees on site. So for this it is important to make sure that the origin of the seed we use is matched to the conditions of the restoration site so both under current and future climate conditions. Genetic diversity is also the foundation for promoting good growth on a site and to promote reproduction and resilience across generations. And for this it is important to make sure that the seeds we use are genetically diverse enough in order to avoid inbreeding which can result in a drop in seed quality and quantity. And also to make sure that there is sufficient genetic building blocks available on site to allow evolution to select the best individuals. So this all sounds nice and important but how to apply it to the field. So at present we are working on a project to restore tropical dry forests in Colombia which we think could serve as a model not only to apply to tropical dry forests but also maybe other ecosystems and mostly other countries etc. So our objective here is to provide restoration practitioners with all the necessary information they need to carry out restoration in any given site in Colombia in this case. And we want to present the information through a map based interactive tool. So let's have a look if this works. Okay so the idea is to show a map on which both relic forest areas are visible so here in green and areas with potential for restoration of tropical dry forests in red and so the user can select any site of his choice and will then be given relevant information to guide restoration activities in each of those sites. One first piece of information relates to the species selection so what we want to do is we want to provide for every specific site a list of the potential species one could use to carry out restoration. This will be based on climate modelling under current and future conditions. So but in tropical dry forests there are more than 900 different tree species which already complicates the decision making. So our first filter is to work with only three species that have already established propagation protocols and those in this case we have found already 300 or so so that is our first filter. Next we well and this is also based on reality at least in Colombia that most restoration projects don't work with a very high number of species. They use five to ten sometimes 20 different species but that's it. So how to decide what combinations to use on each site. So in the next step we want to provide users with different options of species combinations that are available and first and foremost this the decision of the species combinations to use will be based on the future use because the species one will use could be different depending on if the objective is productive purpose it has a productive purpose or if it is for biodiversity conservation or if it is for carbon sequestration etc. So once the species choice has been made we will then look for combinations of different sorry once the future use of the forest has been decided we will then look for different species combinations that maximize the functional diversity. This means that we would look for combinations of species that are complementary in the use of the limited resources that are available on site but at the same time also are complementary in the functions they contribute to the developing ecosystem. An example is combining a tree with a tap root that has access to underground resources with another species that are superficial roots that then protects the soil against erosion and yet another one that fixes nitrogen and so on. So then once the species selection has been decided we will then give recommendations on potential seed sources and so the decision making on the seed sources will be based on a number of information sources we will use climate modeling and combine it with information available on the distribution of genetic diversity in these species but it will also include information on providers of seeds. In Colombia we have the particular situation at this forest type the remaining forest is almost all on private land so we want to involve private landholders in the provision of seeds for future restoration projects and this is a way to reward them for conserving forests by selling seeds and this can be significant because there are several species for which one kilo of seed is more than the amount of a wage of one month labor. This will also include best practices on how to collect seeds because still too often seeds are collected just from one tree which can have complications for the genetic diversity so we want people to collect at least 30 trees per population. And then the last piece of information we want to give potential restoration practitioners relates to propagation protocols how to propagate different species and how to plant them in the field. So I want to end with a number of concluding remarks. First of all I want to draw the attention to the fact that IG target 15 is not only quantitative it's not only about restoring 300 million hectares it's also qualitative. It also matters what species are used and what the seed sources are. Unfortunately this was recognized recently during the 12th cup of CBD in Korea where which invites stakeholders to give due attention to both native species and genetic diversity in restoration activities. For this there is a need for political commitment. We need to create demand for good quality seeds of native trees and this could for example be done through appropriate regulatory frameworks or resource allocations. We also need to make sure that decision making by restoration practitioners and most definitely we will have growth in different actors working on restoration. So we need to make sure that those actors have access to knowledge based guidelines and protocols and they need to be available in tools that are useful for them. And we need to apply adaptive management. We need to learn more from mistakes from previous mistakes and failures and we need to continuously integrate a new knowledge because this is really an emerging field. And last slide. We need to take a landscape approach when we develop individual restoration projects. We need to try to interconnect different projects among each other but also with the remaining vegetation to promote gene flow and species migration. Another field of work is that we need to invest more in evaluating the effectiveness of different restoration methods that have been developed around the world to establish viable ecosystems and that are able to restore genetic diversity. So we need to start measuring adequate indicators and putting in place appropriate monitoring protocols. And last but not least I think there is great potential to combine restoration with conservation. There is a lot of potential to plant endangered species in restoration plots and experiment with assisted migration. And this is my last slide and I want to thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Eber. We have collected a few questions and while I organize some of them I'm going to start with a few that have to do with livelihoods. There were two questions for Luis Gonzalo and one of them says if agriculture is possible in the restored areas, that's one, considering the possible heavy metal contamination. And the other one is what do people do after they have been employed in the restoration efforts? So those two are sort of related if you can answer them. Sí, qué bien las dos preguntas porque me ha quedado la sensación porque se me han movido las imágenes. La primera es porque siempre en estos sitios que se hace restauración hay suelos que no han sido tocados con minería. Que se pueden aprovechar haciendo la parte de la agricultura. La otra pregunta que se refería era qué hacen las personas que están directamente en el proyecto. Toda lo que son las labores culturales que conciernen al mismo se capacitan y se sensibilizan. Por esa razón decíamos que se gasta más tiempo en lo social enseñándole lo que es el cambio cultural de la minería a la restauración, a la conservación. Y hay algo que se me ha pasado porque se me movió la imagen, es decirle lo que en esas dos diapositivas que ese proyecto que apenas lleva 12 años nos ha aparecido un caguar, otros mamíferos, Avifáuna en Tomofáuna. Es el primer proyecto en América Latina, en Suramérica, registrado para bonos de carbono y en el mundo que genera bonos de carbono único, porque es de minería, porque es de restauración, porque involucra personas que están en un conflicto social y porque se están dando otras iniciativas de desarrollo rural. Son mil 292 hectáreas y genera en bonos de carbono $150,000 no más sin contar los eco-beneficios, como en la madera porque el proyecto es comercial, no es un gasto, es una inversión, es una inversión que se retorna en los turnos de reforestación, porque hay especies que se pueden aprovechar en el año cuarto como el Echroma Piramidali y la Guaduan Cifolia. Es un proyecto integral de mejora del paisaje, de desarrollo rural, de biodiversidad y un proyecto económico. Thanks, Luis Gonzalo. We will have another segment of questions and I will reserve some of the questions for that, but I have another one forever and if you can respond to that one in one minute, it would be great. It's just a point of clarification, if the tool that you're developing is limited to the dry forest in Colombia or is also applicable to other forest ecosystems and other countries in the region? Well, the idea, as I said in the beginning of the speech, the idea is that we see it as a model. So we hope that it will be applicable to other ecosystems, to other countries, I mean eventually it could be developed into a world map of restoration, but this is obviously very optimistic. Thank you very much. Now we have the second block of presentations around agriculture in the Andes and the first speaker is Alejandro Argumedo from Andenes and he will talk about the potato park landscape, the potato park landscape based adaptation model and the seed potato park repatriation and Dave Ellis will also follow him on the same, it's the same title. Gracias, Marley. Buenas tardes con todos. Mi nombre es Alejandro Argumedo y lo que voy a hacer es que mientras yo hablo voy a pasar una videofotografía que contexto en inglés. Primeramente quiero agradecer a CAFs y especialmente a Sonia Bermulen porque nos ha permitido traer a nuestros compañeros del parque de la papa y otros compañeros de varios lugares. El contexto de esta presentación es el cambio climático y la agricultura, sus impactos en la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria y como en la región del Cusco, de donde venimos, estamos tratando de responder a este gran desafío. Sabemos de que el cambio climático, o lo que decimos cambio climático, que dentro del contexto andino lo vemos como una desestabilización que está causando una reacción de molestia de la Pachamama, de la Madre Tierra, tiene una historia bastante grande o bastante antigua, tenemos 8000 años de agricultura, una sociedad que se ha desarrollado dentro del marco del niño, entonces pues nuestros pueblos han evolucionado dentro de un laboratorio vivo tanto de diferentes cambios que han tenido como de respuesta, de adaptación, que continuamente se vienen gestando. Y en estos momentos se ha vuelto bastante agudo, está los diferentes impactos que se ven, están creando cambios en la manera como el conocimiento tradicional les tratado, pero obviamente también en la supervivencia de la población y el contexto de la seguridad alimentaria. Los problemas de baja productividad son mayores, el incremento de enfermedades, de plagas es mayor, y pues para responder esto en el año 2000, seis comunidades del Distrito de Pisa se unen para de una manera conjunta responder a diferentes tipos de desafíos que se venían presentando y con una respuesta integral. Muchos de los indicadores que hablamos aquí se vienen experimentando en el Parque de la Papa, particularmente el movimiento de cultivos a zonas más altas a causa de enfermedades y el calentamiento del suelo, la ocurrencia de eventos extremos es cada vez más frecuente y sobre todo el impacto que había tenido en la diversidad de cultivos. En los años 1970s para arriba se perdieron un buen número de papas nativas y esto tuvo efectos en los conocimientos tradicionales en la manera como se respondían a partir de los indicadores biológicos o indicadores culturales para seguir manteniendo productividad. El Parque de la Papa misma es esta asociación desarrollar una propuesta o desarrollar una propuesta en el manejo integrado de paisajes cuyos objetivos buscan, en primer lugar, obviamente la mejora la producción agrícola para responder a la inseguridad alimentaria, tener un modelo de conservación que combine conocimiento tradicional con conciencia, utilizar esa diversidad para mejorar la economía local y crear una institucionalidad que pueda servir para coordinar actividades y planificar respuestas. Y dentro de todo este contexto pues utilizar la cultura como un elemento unificador y tener también propuestas que puedan articular la conservación de bienes y servicios ecosistémicos al manejo del paisaje agrícola. Las prácticas que se realizan, las prácticas económicas siguen teniendo un marco de economía ecológica y economía más de tipo de mercado monetaria y todo esto ha dado la posibilidad para que tanto estas prácticas y las prácticas económicas tradicionales como las posibilidades de articular a los mercados regionales pues dieron la oportunidad para que se pueda generar esta propuesta. En el 2004 tuvimos la oportunidad a través de una relación inicial que habíamos tenido con Centro Internacional de la PAPA de trabajar juntos para crear un marco de colaboración a partir de un acuerdo de repatriación por el cual el Centro Internacional de la PAPA restauraba la diversidad genética que se había perdido en el parque o llevando de vuelta de regreso las papas que se habían perdido dentro de la región particularmente en la zona del parque de la PAPA. Este proceso de repatriación ha tenido un impacto que en este momento contabilizando o haciendo un análisis de qué tipo de beneficios se han generado que nos da como resultado como esta colaboración entre científicos entre autoridades del gobierno regional ONGs y el Centro Internacional ha producido beneficios concretos. En primer lugar la repatriación de 410 variedades incrementó la diversidad de una manera bastante amplia con el regreso de las papas regresó mucho en las prácticas culturales como el Santuruma. Mis compañeros pueden contarles un poquito más de esto por el cual se amarran el espíritu de la PAPA para que esta siga manteniendo su productividad. Se han creado proyectos de agroecoturismo proyectos de producción de champus, jabones, chocolates, todo de PAPA y esto ha generado ingresos económicos adicionales a las comunidades. Por supuesto, todo este proceso ha servido para tener la oportunidad de que los miembros de la comunidad se capaciten tanto en la adquisición de nuevas técnicas de producción de estos productos, pero también en capitalizar sus comunidades. Existe una red de bancos de semillas de invernaderos de un restaurante dedicado a la PAPA nativa y una infraestructura que es propiedad de todas las comunidades. En conclusión, el tipo de relación que se puede tener entre los científicos y las comunidades cuando los objetivos van más allá de una investigación o un marco de investigación reducido y ven beneficios más amplios pueden producir impactos o efectos que tienen un beneficio directo con el desarrollo sustentable de las comunidades, la sucreación de capacidades y el mantenimiento de sus derechos. En el caso del parque La PAPA se usa una marca colectiva que no solamente promueve los productos del parque pero también es un modelo de protección tanto de ese nombre de identidad como facilita la cohesión entre las diferentes comunidades. Creo que el este más allá de esto la articulación que tiene a procesos tanto nacionales como internacionales es bastante claro podemos decir que las metas de Aichi pueden ser respondidas a través de este tipo de proyectos igualmente mucho del protocolo o mucho de los articulados del protocolo de Nagoya pueden estar contenidos y dentro del marco de las NAMAS y otras políticas de adaptación nacional creo que este tipo de acuerdos pueden ser muy relevantes. Muchas gracias. Es esta, si? Hi, now I'd like to invite Dave Ellis from the International Potato Center. Thank you. Thank you Alejandro and thank you my brothers and sisters from the potato park. Could you please stand up? Muchas gracias. What I'd like to do is talk a little bit today ¿Puede sentar? What I'd like to do is follow up on Alejandro's talk. ¿Puede? And talk a little bit about the diversity of the potatoes that we have. ¿Quieres enseñarle a toda? And talk about the science a little bit of the science behind what we're doing with Parque de la Papa. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. ¿A nombre parque de la papa Xotempe? Buenas tardes o buenas noches con todos ustedes. A nombre de todos mis colegas del parque de la papa, quiero hacerle mi agradecimiento y un saludo de hermandada a todos. ¡Gena ya! ¡Huay que pan hay cuna! No canches y manas tinchos no cajañao paxta y con los gradicios cuestao en el centro internacional para Myers y ahora para Mujocuna y Spada para el mar para Mujocuna y para Mujocuna para el mar para el mar para la Pajama para el mar And as explained before, and as our colleague of the Center Internacional de la Papa is saying, we are very grateful to the Center Internacional de la Papa as well as other institutions that are involved in maintaining this diversity of Papa that in front of this global warming that we see, they are the best, the best life insurance we can have in the world. Thank you. I want to finish by saying that the conservation of the Native Papa should not only be a responsibility of institutions that accompany us here, but of all, particularly the farmers like us, that we should again appreciate diversity, only with the diversity that we will be able to respond and ensure that our children can have food in the future. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Following up on what Alejandro mentioned, he mentioned an agreement that we have with the Parque de la Papa and really it's a partnership and it's a three-way partnership between Andes, Parque de la Papa and CIP, at least the way we see it. And it has many components started to highlight the use and understanding of Native diversity and it's become very much an information exchange. And what I'd like to talk about briefly today is just expand a little bit about what Alejandro said about the repatriation. Parque de la Papa, he talked about climate change. Let me give you a little bit of data on how fast this climate change has happened in Parque de la Papa unprecedented that I know of in the scientific literature. 1982, 3,800 meters is the lowest point that, or it's the highest point that, I'm sorry, the lowest point that potatoes were grown in the park. By 2007, it was, what's that, 19, 950 meters. Last year, the lowest point we grew potatoes in the park was about 4,020 meters. If you look at that, that's a 200 meter change in 30 years. This 200 meter change in this 30 year period happened because of warming environment lower down where you could no longer cultivate potatoes. And I'll show you data on that a little further on. But more importantly, we can grow potatoes lower down. It's just that they're so heavily diseased and insect infected that it's not worth getting a cultivation on. The Sip Gene Bank, we heard earlier about an Exito Gene Bank holds 15,000 accessions, collections of cultivated material, mostly potato and sweet potato. What we'll talk about today is this potato collection. Our goal is to conserve diversity, but it's not to conserve it in a museum. It's to conserve it for use. And what I want as a Gene Bank manager is I want my great, great, great grandchildren and their great, great grandchildren to be able to have the same genetic diversity and opportunities to help use that diversity in plant improvement to ensure food security as my father did. And so we want to preserve this material for a minimum of 100 years and beyond. When I talk about repatriation, what we're doing is taking the varieties that grew in and around these communities and they're no longer growing and giving them back to them. A real easy example to understand is this community in Ayacucho that we repatriated material due to terrorism. Shining Path moved in, they moved out, dropped everything because they were feared for their lives. Cows, chickens, pigs, and potatoes were left in the field. Many years later when they returned, they had nothing. Fortunately, we had preserved that material at SIP and so we returned it to them. But what I want to talk about is the six communities in Parque de la Papa and the partnership that we've had using this same kind of theme as repatriation. With global climate change, we know we've got a large challenge with drought, frost, and disease resistance. We do continual research looking at this. There was an artificial drought study that we did where we just had flowering, covered everything so they got no natural water and looked at what survived. What was interesting and what was rewarding is that those that we found that were resistant to drought and resistant to frost were the same things the farmers selected in other sites. So we've got good correlation on what we're doing and the knowledge that the farmers have. Taking this into Parque de la Papa, we took these varieties into Parque de la Papa and we set up an elevational gradient where we have plots going every 100 meters on up the mountain, up to 4,450 meters. This is the third year that we've done this. We're going to plant these plots again next week. Here is for those of you that know the Parque de la Papa, here is Paro Paro, the weather station that we have in Paro Paro. It's a collaborative effort where we plan these plots together. We talk about what our goals are. We talk about what we want to accomplish. We then have joint planting. There it's growing here. This is the 4,250 meter plot. You can see some of the varieties have been affected by frost. Some are still doing very well. And then we harvest together. After the harvest, we then come back, look at what we have, and as a group, analyze the results. This is what happens below 4,000 meters today. This is the type of potatoes that you see. They're all eaten by bugs. The harvest is none. But what we do at the end of the day, after we've done all the harvesting, after we've analyzed everything, weighed everything, looked at disease and insect pressure, we then sit down and we talk about the results. What did each one of us individually from SIPP and what did each one of us individually from Parque de la Papa see and how do we interpret the results that we have and how can we use these results for next year to build the database and to start to help look at how we're going to combat together this phenomenon of a warming climate. I want to just close with the concept of Aini, very, very strong. Alejandro mentioned it as well. In Spanish, it's yo te doy, tú me das. I give to you, you give back, and that's very much what the Parque de la Papa does every time we go up and every time we get together. In the context of repatriation, we've gotten over 250 varieties back from Parque de la Papa that we did not have in our gene bank. These are now varieties that will be conserved, but more importantly, these are varieties that can then be distributed or made available to help move our issues with climate change forward. I'd just like to reinforce that we're working with identification of frost and drought resistant varieties for Parque de la Papa and Parque de la Papa for the other communities in the Andes and that there's no question in our mind that collaboratively this is a living laboratory that we're able to do these experiments and without the association with Parque de la Papa without all our brothers and sisters, we wouldn't be able to do this. So thank you. Hello. Thanks, Dave. We have a couple of questions for this very brief session of questions before the last presentation. I think there's one that is, what were the original reasons or drivers to shift from non-native potato varieties in the first place? And who drove them? And are there any crop-wild relatives within the potato park? And what is their efforts for conservation in Sichu or Exichu? And yes, would you like to take some? My apologies if I misled you. We are not working with any improved varieties in the park. We may do a participatory selection, but right now everything is land-raised material. It's material that has been collected over the last 30 and 40 years and it's conserved at SIP and what these 400 varieties that were repatriated through the park were varieties that had been collected 30, 40 years ago in the Sacred Valley and for the most part were no longer being grown in Parque de la Papa and what we wanted to do was bring those varieties back and see whether they might be able to be used. The other question? Yes, that was about the crop-wild relatives. Lots of crop-wild relatives of potatoes in the park and we do document. There has been studies done. There's no active effort right now with them. They are more endangered, but there are lots of, I can probably name five species right now of native potato that we see in the park. A quick question is how is that the state in Peru can access the information about the germplasm? It's all publicly available. Right now the best source actually is an international website because we're redoing our website called Genesis G E N E S Y S. You can just go online, Google it, find it. You can enter in Peru and everything. The entire potato collection that we have at SIP is now online at Genesis publicly available. For Alejandro, a question about if you can name what the success factor for the potato park? I think the success factor has been that against the current, six communities join together and create a common institutionality to manage territories that would be competing in another way. So, I think that for any type of success we need a strong institutionality. And this institutionality, in this case, has maintained normativity, rules, and constitutionalities that have been able to create an agreement between the communities for the equitable distribution of benefits, following both this constitutional normativity and the international framework of access and equitable distribution of benefits. Right, and a related question is how could, yeah, I guess, how can we, I guess, take up or utilize a tool as the biocultural community protocols to protect and value the traditional knowledge? I guess you mentioned some of that, both within the communities and from the state. This is related to, obviously, traditional knowledge for the development of adaptation and mitigation strategies. Yes, I think this is a very important topic because the experience with genetic resources is where biopiracy has been a constant and an appropriation of both genetic resources and traditional knowledge. In the case of Peru, we can maintain the Maka, the Quinoa, the Nyunya, and many other cultures and the associated knowledge that has been a source of patents out there. And also, the... a national policy that is not yet very strong, I guess, in the protection of these knowledge and resources, its associated resources. If it is not considered in these cases, I think that the processes associated with adaptation, where technology is going to be used, derived from traditional knowledge, where practices are going to be used, I think they need to be considered so that there is a protection and an adequate framework that does not violate the rights of the communities. Thanks very much. We have a number of questions, but we will leave them after the last presentation. I'd like to invite our last presenter, Christina Sviderska from C4 with S and IIED to talk to us about the role of traditional crops, knowledge, and innovation in adaptation. Thank you. Yes, I'm from IIED, but the project I'm going to talk about, if we can get the slides up. Hello. The presentation, please. It's called C4 with an S. I apologize to everybody from C4 with a C, but this was the best acronym we could come up with. This project is a partnership with Andes and the Potato Park and also other partners in China, Kenya, and India. The title is Small Holder Innovation for Resilience, it's a five-year project that aims to strengthen traditional knowledge-based innovation systems for food security in the face of climate change. I want to highlight some of the findings from a baseline study we've done on innovation that's going on in traditional farming communities in risk-prone environments which have been quite affected by climate change already, like the Potato Park, it's one of them, but also some coastal Kenya, dry land and semi-arid areas there, and also two other mountain cases, the Indian Himalayas and Southwest China. So the baseline study looked at trends in livelihoods, crop diversity, climatic changes in the last 30 years, and then looked at the innovation responses that the communities have developed based on their traditional knowledge and traditional crops. We've also done quite a big quantitative survey to complement that, but the findings haven't been analysed yet, so I'm just going to talk about the qualitative one. So the impacts just to summarise all of the villages have had significant challenges for production, particularly in the last 10 years, and key challenges are reduced and more erratic rainfall, more extreme events, and an increase in pests and diseases. So in Yunnan, Southwest China, they've had a severe drought for the past four years, which is unprecedented in their memory. In central Himalayas, there's been a sharp decline in crop productivity in the last five to seven years, partly due to rainfall decline and partly due to forest degradation and increased crop raiding by wild boars. Eastern Himalayas, they've found that they now have about 50% less water available for irrigation and for drinking. The water sources are drying up. Coastal Kenya, they've had frequent incidences of drought and hunger and high levels of pests and diseases, and the potato park you've heard about quite a lot, so you'll skip that one. So what responses, how are they coping? Well, a big finding is that traditional crop varieties have been absolutely essential in every case in all of those 64 villages that we looked at for reducing risk, because even though they might be less high-yielding, the modern varieties very often have higher resilience to these climatic changes, and so they're really critical for food security. For example, in the central Himalayas, they've switched to traditional finger millet. It needs less water. It's very nutritious. Eastern Himalayas, they've switched to traditional mustard. It's more resistant to soil pests, to dew damage. South of China, they've switched to drought-tolerant maize, wheat and rice landraces, and I'm going to show you another slide with some evidence of the comparison between the maize landraces, and here we go. So there was a big drought in the spring of 2010 in South West China, and if you look at this picture here, these are all the landraces. You can see some green there. They all survived, and here is where the hybrid maize was planted, and there's nothing that survived there. We also, going back to this point, our partners did some DNA analysis of 191 maize landraces and compared them with varieties held in gene banks for the last 20 to 30 years and found that there's much higher genetic diversity in the landraces and also more traits that provide drought resistance. In Kenya, they're also switched to pest and drought-tolerant maize and cassava, and planting them alongside fast maturing varieties so that it reduces the risk of crop loss if they just plant fast maturing varieties which are less resilient than they could lose everything. Also, another important strategy to reduce risk is going back to traditional farming practices because they're more biodiverse. Mixed cropping, for example, has now intensively practiced in eastern Himalayas. Intercropping has been revived in South West China also to improve soil fertility, and in some of these cases, they still plant some modern varieties, but there has definitely been a revival of much stronger dependence on traditional crops in the last 10 years or so. The other point I want to highlight from our findings is that farmers are actively breeding new varieties based on their traditional methods, their traditional knowledge, completely on their own without any scientific help. Here are some examples. In the central Himalayas, a farmer bred an improved radish variety, crossing a hybrid with a traditional variety during lots of experiments over six years. It's been a very successful, it's in great demand. Eastern Himalayas, a new cultivar of black bean rice with higher yield was developed, a new pest-resistant cardamom variety. In the potato park, I'd like to refer to the gradual selection of native cultivars resistant to pest disease, frost. In Kenya, they've had some success with breeding livestock based on crossing indigenous and hybrid varieties, and the result has been livestock, which is both more productive and more drought tolerant. And then traditional knowledge has also been used in other ways to improve adaptation and resilience. One of the things in Kenya, they've domesticated quite a number of food and medicinal plants and trees because there are forest communities, and that's been really important to confront problems with reduced productivity and also provided new market opportunities. For example, planting fruit trees has helped with that. Traditional knowledge in all of the cases has been used to develop effective biological pesticides, which have really helped them cope with this increased pest that they're facing. In Kenya, they've used some traditional treatments which have been effective in treating livestock. They've developed also in a number of places new composting techniques for improving soil fertility and moisture. Oh, here's the radish breeder. Oh, sorry. There we go. There's the enormous radish. Okay, so I wanted to point now to an example, which as I was listening to the experience of sip in the potato park, I thought there were many similarities with the experience of participatory plant breeding in south-west China, which is linking traditional knowledge and science in a mutually supportive, collaborative way. This program started in 2010 and it's had some really impressive results. It's bred eight new varieties of maize with about 15% to 30% higher yields and higher drought and pest resistance. It's conserved 200 resilient land races and improved 30 farmer preferred maize land races. So the farmers' land races are better adapted to the local conditions, but less high yielding. So this improvement has improved the strength of their yielding. And it's increased incomes by 30% and that is compared to villages growing hybrid maize because not just because of the PPB leading to greater productivity, but also activities related to it, which are strengthening market linkages and also benefit sharing agreements between plant breeders and local communities involved in the PPB. And this PPB program has also revitalized traditional farming practices because traditional knowledge has been recognized and used for participatory plant breeding. It's been much easier for farmers to recognize and value and start revitalizing their traditional farming practices. For example, the duck and rice integrated pest management, which means that they don't have to use so many pesticides and so it has mitigation benefits as well. I think what's important to highlight that participatory plant breeding is very much about joint decision making at every stage of the process. So scientists and farmers decide on the goals together and at every stage they decide on the design of the process and they do the analysis together. And that's very, very empowering for farmers and it strengthens local knowledge and innovation systems and thereby strengthens the resilience of farmers because with climate change, the most certain thing is that the weather is more variable and more unpredictable. So local capacity to innovate is really crucial for resilience. And then just as Dave highlighted before, similarly, in this case, plant breeders also benefit because they have access to a wider genetic resource base for plant breeding. So there's the pictures of PPB in China and some ducks. Oh, sorry. So this slide is really, because I haven't got time to tell you all the results of the baseline study, but it's just to give a summary of the different innovations that were identified, technological innovations, market innovations, institutional and policy innovations, and sort of key ones to highlight, as I've said, there's been a lot of domestication in the Kenya Place case using forest resources and livestock breeding. A cultural village they've established in one of the traditional Kaya forests, both to increase income from tourism, but also as a way to strengthen cultural values and plant land races and exchange them with other villages. To highlight, in the Peru section, these are the technological innovations. There's been a really strong level of market innovations and institutional policy innovations as well. And the other ones, it's a lot of technological innovations, but less of these two. And I think that probably reflects the very strong collaborative relationship they have with the NGO Andes. And all these are very much joint innovations that they've had support through co-research with the NGO Andes. In India, they've developed a huge number of innovations to change their cropping practices, and crop raiding has been really serious for these communities, and they've had to shift all their fields to come right next to their houses to stop this damage to their crops. And so they've really had to change their cropping systems. And they've set up a group vegetable collection for transporting to market because they're very remote and the smallholder farms don't produce enough, so that's a market innovation. And crop protection committees to monitor crop raiding by wild boars. And this labour sharing is a traditional institution which is very important for revitalising traditional knowledge. In China, PPB has been an important innovation in terms of developing new technological innovations. And they've also this market innovation alongside PPB has enabled them to make the transition to traditional organic farming and they have a direct link to organic restaurants, so they have higher income for their produce. Okay, I'm going to finish there, but these are just sort of estimates of the innovations because some of them are categories of innovation, so we have to look further to get the actual numbers of innovation, but I just wanted to put them there because I think it's quite impressive considering there's just a few villages really involved in this study, how many innovations we found. Thank you. Thank you. Now the last part of the programme is supposed to be a discussion around three questions that we develop ourselves. And I frankly don't know how to do that, Christina. I don't know what we thought about that, but there are three questions. What do you think? One is, I don't know, if somebody wants to take the map, it's sort of a wrap around. Yeah, I just thought there'd be a guide to the discussion. People could, they're all on the printed sheets, so if you have a look at the questions, if you can help us answer them, that would be great. One of the questions is what are the roles of genetic diversity and traditional knowledge in adaptation and restoration in different contexts? The second is how can native plant diversity be effectively, sustainably and equitably restored in agricultural and forest landscapes? And the third one, how can knowledge sharing and mutually beneficial partnerships between communities and scientists be promoted for adaptation? Because we have seen already good examples, but now the question is about promotion. So those are the three questions, and we welcome any ideas. This is so crucial and important, we see it from the beginning. We have very good intentions, very good scientists, but the projects are always successful and simply because the connection with local communities is not the right one. I want to congratulate you all for that great level of participation that you have in your projects. We hope that it will be reflected more in the future. Also, from the State, we are very interested in supporting the development of agriculture. The resources are always limited. Therefore, it cannot be helped by one or two isolated farmers. We are always looking for a union between them and representatives with whom we can talk to give a general impact at the level of the valley or the community. Thank you very much. Hi. It strikes me we are just entering a very interesting period of human history. Can you hear? Because with the potatoes going up another 200 meters every 20 years, eventually the area is going to get smaller and smaller, and with the sea level rising and taking over a lot of the fertile land on the seaside, we are going to lose land that way. That seems to be working against it is what you are doing, which is working out new species and experimenting with the help of the people who have been growing so many species for a very long time. It is like a push-pull situation. On the one hand, we can retreat from all the climate changes and on the other hand, we advance with trying to experiment with crops that might be able to go back into the areas which otherwise wouldn't be able to be sustained agriculture. Hi. I have a question for Cristina and it is on intercultural dialogue. Intercultural dialogue between say the West and indigenous peoples is key to a fair management of territory or landscape, including cultural freedom and recognition of rights. Do you think the systems of ABS access-benefit sharing of genetic resources or traditional knowledge help to generate dialogue that is critical in this way to the point that they dialogue about how to dialogue or how to make decisions? And second, what risks could some ABS systems take and how could the results of a good ABS system have an impact on other processes of policy-making, such as processes for granting rights to exploit natural resources? Yeah, that's an interesting question. I think the way ABS is currently conceived is kind of rather a top-down framework where resources or genetic resources are taken from communities used, added value to and then communities may get something but often get nothing. But I think this model with a SIP agreement with the two-way exchange of genetic resources does provide an opening for intercultural dialogue, but I think that the sort of more common approach of resources just flowing one way and communities may be one day getting benefits but no real collaboration in research happening doesn't really provide a very good framework for intercultural dialogue. But I think if you do have the two-way exchange, the reciprocal exchange and the collaborative research that goes along with it, I think that that kind of model can provide not just a framework for intercultural exchange and co-creation of knowledge between different knowledge systems, so sort of understanding and respect of different cultures between them, but also advance Indigenous peoples' rights to land and other resources in the process, as Alejandro highlighted in this concrete example. There was a question? Yes. Well, in first place, I give you a very affectionate, very loving, very affectionate in my name and in my communities of the Parque de la Papa. Well, first of all, I think we must congratulate the intervention of all panelists, whose names have been pointed out. Well, what I want to tell you is where you have decided to execute, to perform, design projects in those communities now that is going well, that is what I can observe. Well, and another thing, it would be good that you, the scientists, the ones who handle the academic scientific knowledge, push all the processes, do not put them below, but that there is a dialogue more or less horizontal between all the systems of knowledge. Well, I want to finally finish to tell you that we have to sit on a table and discuss our knowledge systems. That is to say, there is a traditional knowledge, that is, it is recognized, but in practice that does not happen. So what we want is that you, the scientists and us, the peasants, the Indians, with our scientific knowledge we can move forward and I congratulate all of you for your interventions because they have been in the bull. Thank you very much. Thank you very much for the rest of the evening or tomorrow. Thanks very much and thanks very much for your very good participations. I have lots of questions here.