 Okay, welcome everybody. I hope you can hear me well. So formal welcome, everyone who has joined us here this afternoon in person as well as online for this very important side event called how a gender responsive approach can better equip us to respond to climate change, food and security and migration. Let me briefly introduce myself. My name is Ingrid von Haase. I am the global coordinator of the Germany funded making migration safer women project at UN Women. Today with me I have Mr. Reinhard Hasselflug, counselor for migration affairs at the permanent mission of the federal public of Germany to the office of the United Nations here in Geneva and I have Ms. Eliana Sinciana-Puskas, program officer on migration environment and climate change at IOM. Online we have three excellent speakers who will be discussing the linkages between gender, migration, climate change and food security. They are Ms. Georgia Prati who is a migration and climate change specialist at FAO. We also have Dr. Janna Henebri, professor at the Baselie School of International Affairs Wilfrid Lurie University in Canada and we have Mr. Shakiru Islam, chairperson of the Ovi Bashi Kami Uneyan program which is a grassroots migrants organization in Bangladesh. So today's side event will be in the style of a fireside chat in which I will be guiding a more intimate, more technical discussion among the expert speakers. So the expert speakers will be asked to draw on their own experiences to respond to the questions, sharing their views and insights on how a gender responsive approach can better help us address migration in the context of climate change and food insecurity. As we have limited time I would like to ask the speakers to be brief in their responses and then after the discussion I will turn it over to the audience, both online and in the room for further questions and discussions. But first I'd like to invite Mr. Hassenflug from the permanent mission of Germany to the end here in Geneva to provide opening remarks. Mr. Hassenflug, you've got the floor. Thanks. Thank you very much, Mrs. von Haase. Excellencies, colleagues, ladies and gentlemen, it gives me a great pleasure and honor to say a few words at the beginning of the side event on gender responsive approach to climate change, food insecurity and migration. I would like to thank UN Women and IOM for having taken the initiative and having organized this event on this very important topic. Please allow me now to share with you some opening remarks. In many parts of the world women depend heavier on natural resources than men and bear a greater responsibility to secure water and food for their families. Climate change has thus a particularly hard impact on women in all their diversity. Migration of voluntary and safe can be an empowering opportunity by improving access to resources, trainings and jobs. However, women are often not able to move in anticipation of hazards. They are therefore at greater risk when a disaster strikes, including the risk to be displaced. To ensure that everybody, regardless of origin, gender or identity, can benefit from migration, we need a greater, we need a gender responsive approach. Therefore, Germany is following feminist foreign and development policies to help break down discriminatory power structures, social norms and roles. But what does this mean for climate induced migration? For us, there are three important aspects. First, equal rights for women and girls must be ensured before, during and after migration. This includes having access to land, education and work. Second, gender must always be considered when planning early warning mechanisms, climate risk insurance schemes, evacuation or resettlement. And third, women must be included as equal partners in the formulation of climate and migration policies. That is a call to action for all of us, particularly looking ahead at the upcoming COP 27. To follow this call, Germany will, amongst other activities, continue supporting the platform on disaster displacements, stay engaged through the migration multi-partner trust fund and intensify our cooperation with UN women and other key actors in order to further promote and implement a gender responsive approach to the global challenges of climate change, food insecurity and migration. Thank you very much. And I'm now looking forward to the conversation between our expert speakers and to a fruitful discussion afterwards. Thank you again. Thank you so much, Mr. Reinhardt. Hasenflug, for these powerful words and for the call to action and for highlighting the importance of giving women and girls equal rights during all stages of migration as well as the importance of their meaningful participation in the development and implementation of migration and climate change policies and laws and services. To get us started, I also have some reflections that I would like to share. As Antonio Viterino already highlighted in his opening statement, women and girls very much bear the brunt of climate change. This is because women and girls across the world must find food and water for their families due to deeply entrenched and traditional gender roles and norms. Given that climate change is a major driver of biodiversity loss, women and girls must now travel longer distances, which increases their risks of sexual and gender-based violence and reduces their time for paid work, political participation and simply just rest. Also, two-thirds of the world's farmers and developing world are women, many of whom may be compelled to move elsewhere due to national disasters and changing climates in order to make ends need and in order to provide food for their families. While sex-disaggregated data and gender statistics on people migrating in the context of climate change are scarce, we know that 80% of people displaced by climate change are women, given their limited access to productive resources and formal rights. Also, while climate change-related slow onset events, as well as climate shocks, tend to lead people first to internal displacement, many people also cross borders. However, due to a lack of safe and regular migration pathways in response to the climate crisis, many have no other options but to turn to more unsafe and irregular pathways. Without gender-responsive migration policies and laws, migrant women and girls as well as LGBTIQ plus migrants are exposed to greater risks of rights violations such as sexual and gender-based violence, forced labor and trafficking in persons during their migration. Let us now turn to our expert speakers who are online for a deeper discussion on these issues and also look at solutions. So, I will pose three questions and ask each of the panelists and responding to one of them first. After all of you had a chance to respond, I will then move on to the next question. And without further ado, I would like to ask our first question of today's side event. What are the biggest gender-specific challenges right now for migrants and their families and communities in the context of climate change and food security? Jena, I would like to ask you to please initiate the discussion, after which I'd like to turn to Georgia and then to Shakirul. Jena, you've got the floor. Thank you very much, Inkri, and thank you colleagues for the opportunity to participate today in this cutting-edge, I think, discussion and way in which we're trying to approach it. So, thank you very much for including me. I guess I would start with a rather, maybe it's provocative, maybe it's not, but I want to basically start with a statement that in reality the challenges we're talking about are not really new. They're not entirely specific to climate change and food security. The very same structural inequalities and gender cultural and social economic systems are actually the terrain on which climate change is being borne out. And as noted already, these sort of underlying, deeply rooted inequalities that happen well before migration even occurs are leading to the kind of experiences of migration that are highly gendered and pose particular risks to women in particular, as well as LGBTQI plus migrants with diverse sojis and basically cause heightened risk to personal security as well as experiences of food security, experiences that extend and impact particularly women and LGBTQI plus migrants. But we know that gender impacts all people regardless of their identity, regardless and intertwined with many other differentiating factors, socioeconomic location, disability, age and other factors, alongside whether they live in rural or urban contexts and their geographic realities such as near oceans or deserts and their political realities such as regions with conflict. All of these factors combine together and mean that the challenges are exacerbated in this context. For men and boys, for example, climate change means higher rates of unemployment, difficulty accessing employment, malnutrition, family separation and for those living without resources of poverty, increase of human rights violations, including trafficking for the purposes of forced labor in particular. Also for increased risk of detention and deaths we've seen in the context of the Mediterranean. For LGBTQI plus migrants, we're talking about increased risk of sexual exploitation, trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation, as well as concentration and risky and unregulated work, sex work, for example, in delivery services. We see this among the LGBTQI plus migrants in Ecuador from Venezuela, for example. There's real protection challenges that migrants with diverse soji face, in particular, often not being recognized in terms of their gender identity, having different potential risks and facing more discrimination. Women and girls we know are primarily caregivers often and in these contexts, feeding and bathing families, still doing mostly uncared care work in a long way and also experiencing risk of maternal health risks and increased risk of sexual reproductive health. Generally speaking, we know too that women experience higher rates of violence during conflicts, during crises, including environmental disasters, as we've seen in the context of Ebola, COVID-19 pandemic and other environmental disasters. We've also seen it in the context of migration, obviously, and to say that it comes down to this, climate change, both slow onset and acute crises continue to be important drivers of migration, but we know already migration is gendered and with dwindling options for sustained livelihoods and acute crises and displacement, migration is the only option for survival for many. So the biggest challenge I believe facing migrants at this point in time is access to regular pathways that do not further their insecurity or deepen their gender inequality. Thank you. Thank you so much, Jenna, for this rich intervention and I'd like to call now on Georgia from the FAO to take the floor. Thank you. Thank you, Kerry, and I would also like to thank the organizers for having me today in this very relevant discussion. I'll try to answer your question, giving to it a raw development and food security focus. And as we heard this morning from the FAO's Director General, climate change impacts every aspect of agriculture and post systems affecting the lives and livelihoods of men and women in so many ways and these impacts we know that are not gender neutral. They are in state shaped by the underlying conditions of inequality, different roles and responsibilities, and also by cultural and social norms. As it was said already women are disproportionately affected by the impacts of climate change. And obviously there are different degrees of and types of vulnerabilities also within women and men, social groups depending on age, ethnicity, marital status and other intersecting traits and social identities relevant to a particular context. If we zoom for a moment into gender inequality in food insecurity and nutrition, we notice that compared with men, women are more vulnerable to chronic food and nutrition insecurity as well as to shock induced food insecurity. According to the State of Food and Agriculture report published this year, globally and in every region, the prevalence of food insecurity is higher among women than men. If we disaggregate the number of moderately or severely food insecure people worldwide in 2021, there was a 4% points gender gap between men and women, which has grown of one point from 2020. The impacts of climate change and food security threatened to widen even more inequality and to exacerbate vulnerability. In terms of mobility, there might be various outcomes which include change of migration patterns, forced migration and forced displacement and also mobility considered as the inability to move. If we apply a gender lens onto these scenarios, there are at least two broad considerations that can be made which point to specific challenges. First, as it was mentioned already, higher vulnerability to the impacts of climate change may increase pressure to migrate or lead to forced displacement with a consequent exposure to gender-based violence, exploitation and all the risks faced by migrant women. In addition to this, because of their roles and responsibilities, women's vulnerability to climate change continue also after migration and displacement. Most refugees and IDPs, for example, living in camps, merely depend on firewood for cooking and in situations of resource scarcities, collecting firewood exposes women to life-threatening challenges ranging from sexual violence, health hazards and tensions with the host communities. The second consideration should be made with regards to the women who remain behind in areas vulnerable to the impacts of climate change when men migrate. Migration leads to a distribution of tasks and responsibilities within the household which most often results in increased work burden for women. While this is a typical gender implication of male auto migration, the effects of climate change on natural resources intensify even more domestic and care workload, putting an increased burden. Male auto migration can expose women to new mobility and present new challenges to their ability to adapt to climate change. When women take up agricultural activities, they are faced with numerous barriers with regards to access to inputs, assets, credit and services, including access to climate smart technologies. And these barriers not only limit their opportunities and ability to adapt but also affect their family food security. So women's limited participation in strategic decision making, for example, over natural resources management is a significant limitation and has broader implications for community resilience, especially in context of high male auto migration. And finally, a last point I wanted to make is that there are also some considerations to be made with regards to disaster preparedness and evacuation during disasters. The absence of men, in fact, put women at higher risk in contexts where cultural and social norms may limit women's ability to learn life-saving skills, for example, swim or to evaporate without consent. That's up here. Thank you. Thank you so much, Giorgia, for highlighting these issues in such a powerful way and also for sharing the data on the widening gender gap in terms of food and security, which is only likely to increase as a result of climate change. And now I'd like to ask Shakiru for his response to the question. Thank you. Thank you, respected moderator, expert colleagues, friends. Thank you for inviting me in this important discussion. I just want to share in the beginning of this, you know, my intervention is like, well, we are talking here in this conference a strong super cyclone named Citrang is coming approach to Bangladesh to heat by tonight. So it is, you know, supposed to heat all 13 coastal districts in Bangladesh. So nearly 35 million Bangladeshi population in the coastal districts are under threat at this moment. And apart from that, actually, you know, what I want to share as part of from my experiences in the research, longitudinal research that we are going to do at this moment, we actually heard from the people of the coastal area in July that there is no rain. So they are, you know, feeling, I mean, in the feeling that this year will be will become barren here and there is no scope to to cultivate because of no fresh water, because they depend on the rainwater only. On the other hand, when we went to visit the same places in the end of September, we heard that there was a heavy rain during this period and it has unleaded everything. So that, I mean, the rain actually indicted everything, but it helped them to cultivate, to start, you know, prepare the grounds and, you know, start cultivation of crops. But, you know, these are the realities, actually, and now the cyclone is coming and then everything will be really, you know, inundated because it is like eight feet high. Waves are coming to heat areas tonight. So in this situation, actually, people try to find a new place to live in and try to find new place to find new jobs and, you know, the livelihood opportunities. And in such a context, actually, in Bangladesh, we have both type of trends like internal migration and also international or cross-border migration. If I talk about the internal migration, our experiences and research shows that mainly male members of the family migrate, but again, 10 percent from our previous research, 10 percent women actually take part in seasonal migration with their husbands. But, you know, the women, especially, who take part in the migration, but also who do not take part in the migration, but still live behind in the community to take care of the children. They take a number of challenges, you know, in terms of lack of protection, in terms of lack of food security, in terms of, you know, the adolescence girl, the insecurity of their adolescence girl. So these issues really very common and severe, but, you know, but these issues are really addressed in the policy and the implementation or actions at local level community. But if I talk about the international migration, yes, we have legislation for migration, we have policy, but I will say that the unfair practice in recruitment process is really evident and that's why the women actually face different kinds of difficulties and problems, violation of their rights, sexual exploitation throughout the whole migration cycle. And if I give a particular evidence of a woman who recently returned back with the support of our organization, which is a grassroots migrant organization, and he said that he went to Saudi Arabia with the support of recruitment agencies and he was supposed to work in a house as a domestic worker. And when she actually arrived, she was forced to work in different houses because the employer had a number of relatives, so she actually forced her to work in all the houses and within two or three months, she became sick and then she actually asked the women to send her back to home. But the employer actually sent her back to the recruitment agencies and that was a torture sale for her as she described. She said that she was forced to go to hotel and have, take part in the sex business because the recruiting agencies actually forced them until she was returned, she was sent back home six months. So these all are challenges that the women migrant workers or women particularly in this context, when they are forced, they are compelled to leave their country because there is no livelihood and particularly because there is the critical impact of climate change in the region. So they are facing these kind of challenges, abuse exploitation in the whole cycle, particularly in migration cycle. So I think I can end now and wait for the next questions. Thank you, Shakiru, for sharing these experiences in Bangladesh and also for highlighting the specific challenges of migrant women domestic workers in your country and beyond. Now I'd like to move on to the next question and the question is from your experiences, what does it mean to take a gender responsive approach to the design, development and implementation of policies and programs to address the complex challenges of climate change, food security and migration? What are the challenges and what are the opportunities of taking a gender responsive approach to these issues? And Georgia, I would like to ask you to start us off on this question and then followed by Shakiru and Jenna. Over to you, Georgia. Okay. So rural populations are, we know that they are among the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because of their high dependence on natural resources as it was very stressed out and overall low capacity to adapt and strengthening the resilience of rural people, the forest of utmost importance and that should be done obviously in a gender responsive way. Now gender responsive actions are in fact key to effective adaptation strategies and gender sensitive approaches are needed to ensure that gender equality and women's concern in climate resilient agriculture, for example, are addressed. Strengthening climate resilience in a gender responsive way requires an integrated approach and policies and programs need to simultaneously address structural issues such as improving access to lontaneous and other natural and productive assets as well as integrate women farmers into agri-food value chains and relevant decision making processes. And this can be achieved by making agricultural systems, for example, responsive to socioeconomic and gender issues. And to give some examples of how climate smart agricultural development can be made gender responsive, it is important for instance to conduct gender sensitive vulnerability and capacity assessments at the design phase to ensure that programs and policies address differentiated needs and capitalize on women's capacities. It is important to take measures to improve the productivity and reduce the time and work gardens of women's small-scale farmers. These entails, among other things, improving access to productive resources which contributes to reduce women's exposure and sensitivity to climate shocks, making climate information systems accessible timely and user-friendly for both women and men and promoting positive social attitudes and practices about women's roles in agriculture and women's uptake of climate smart technologies. Public and private financial situations should be made also more gender equitable. For example, consider women's limited collateral and increase the level of credit for women farmers. It's important to promote opportunities for women to participate in all segments of the value chain. So the assessment of agricultural value chains should also take a gender responsive approach to ensure that opportunities are provided to men and women and that entry points are identified to strengthen women's capacity to move, for example, from production to other segments of the value chain. And it is obviously key to ensure women's participation in planning policies and budget processes and these cuts across all sectors, I would say. And the second point of reflection is that take gender responsive approaches in climate, agriculture and migration policies and programs should always strive at addressing the structural constraints to gender equality. As I generally said before, I mean, this is not new and inequality is a major underlying factor of vulnerability to climate change and gender inequality affect women's adaptation options, too. So climate adaptation policies and programs, including those agriculture related, have over focused on what will be called specific adaptation measures, meaning technical solutions to manage specific climate risks, which could be developing specific technologies, for example. There is however the needs to bring back the development dimension of climate adaptation and address at the same time the underlying socio-economic and cultural factors that generate vulnerability and limit the capacity in the first place. The risk is otherwise to reinforce inequality and further marginalize vulnerable social groups, including women. So gender responsive and inclusive climate action should steer towards transformative adaptation, which aims at designing and implementing adaptation policies and programs that really bring transformational change and do challenge inequality. Thank you so much, Georgia. And I think it was very important that you underscore the importance for transformative adaptation strategies that take into consideration the different needs and situations of women and girls in response to climate change and food insecurity. And now I'd like to hand over the floor to Shakuru, please, and then to Jenna. Thanks. Thank you very much. I think it's really important to talk about the gender responsive approaches to address the crisis difficulties in line with climate change, food security, and migration. Being a migrant organization, we have a number of interventions actually from from the beginning of our organization. So if I give our experiences as a reference, how we actually address gender in our interventions, then I think it can help you to understand. Because we really believe that the women, particularly from the perspective of gender, their special vulnerability, that we really need to consider when we design or develop any kind of interventions. For example, if we design intervention for the women migration, then definitely we need to consider what kind of, I mean, we need to consider the pre-decision orientation. And in the pre-decision orientation, which is we usually contact at community level to provide all kind of information, the leaks and vulnerabilities of women in the whole migration cycle, and also the opportunities for them so that they can take informed decision for migration, depending on consideration of the leaks and vulnerabilities they might face, or the opportunities that that there are exist. On the other hand, you know, very often we provide, I mean, from different perspectives that we actually offer some kind of the skills that they do not really need. But no, from our organization, we always think what kind of needs of the women are, and what are the resources and local opportunities that they can use. So we actually consider this kind of thing when we prepare the skills training for them. Because, you know, if we need a training, for example, to become an entertainer, but we actually provide, you know, provide them some kind of other training and we did no use of, then there is really, that is really a problem for the women. So it's really important to consider their need and also the local opportunities so that the women actually can use the skills training as the light for them. On the other hand, you know, we have pre-departure training, which is actually for those who are at the stage of departure, so Bangladesh government actually organize pre-departure training for both men and women, which is mandatory. But in the pre-departure training, what kind of information they really need to make their migration success. So that is really important to consider rather than, you know, giving all the information to them when they are waiting for departure. So that kind of context, situations and the need of the women really need to be considered if we think about, you know, gender-responsive, you know, program for women migrant workers. For the other hand, you know, the women who are left behind, we really need to understand their needs and context. So what kind of problems they are, you know, they are facing. For example, I say many, many female women, the many female spouses of the migrant workers, you know, they stay alone and there is no much support for them. So what kind of protection they actually need, we need to consider if we really want to ensure the security and protection for them. We really need to consider the education or information they need. For example, from us, from OCAP, we organized spouse group orientation. We call it a spouse group orientation. This is basically for the female spouses of the migrant workers so that they understand the whole migration context. They have knowledge on rights. They have knowledge of the protection mechanism, which is which are available at the local level. We also provide them orientation on the uses of the remittances and also how to maintain good health, particularly sexual and reproductive health. And you know, one of the female spouses was saying, you know, when I went to visit them after two years of the project about the impact she was saying that after the training, she didn't need to go to the doctor with her child or also for her. So it was really impressive that yes, the women really need the interventions that really make sense for them. So that we really think about. On the other hand, it is also important to create agency and empowerment among the women so that they have some sort of capacity to resist them while all kind of challenges they encounter for and they have enough ability to go to the mechanism to get redressed to file complaints. And that's why it's also need unity among the community people particularly the spouses, female spouses. And and and also it is important to link them with the services, the local services provided by the local government because it's really important that there are many services at local level, but the women may not avoid of these or they have lack of access because of, you know, many issues. For example, political influence, for example, they have no no no ability to to to fight for that like something. So so so that's all our real challenges that the women actually face in the context of migration, in the context of climate change and finding livelihoods or, you know, you know, to to live on, actually. And these are very small and very less. It seems to be very small or very less, but I think these issues really need to consider at all levels from international to local. And we should have a very comprehensive policy, coherence policy, integrating all the challenges that the women face on ground. So so thanks, thanks all. That's from my end at this moment. Thank you, Shakiru. And also for highlighting the importance of gender responsive pre departure trainings. And I think what you pointed out about the spouse orientations, I think that's very innovative and something I think that can be considered to be replicated elsewhere so that everybody knows for those who stay behind, you know, what are some of the you know, their rights and responsibilities and how to access services such as health services, as you pointed out. And now I'm turning over to Jenna. Thanks so much, Nkri. You know, I'd like to highlight, you know, while on the one hand, we realize that these are longstanding gender inequalities and structural realities. We have a lot of, I think we have a wider scope. We have climate change and environmental degradation affecting more and more communities globally. And we still have responses to those challenges happening in very localized and kind of ad hoc ways, I find, certainly not integrated, as mentioned by my colleague, and certainly not going multi-scaler from local to global in terms of response. You know, we see the situation of, you know, women in Peru, for example, in rural areas of Peru, facing massive challenges in terms of securing food and water because of temperature fluctuations that are so extreme that it means that they're now having to go through logging areas and all the way, you know, really far distances to be able to secure food and water. And that does require a localized response. And what I think ends up happening is there ends up this being this tension that the localized responses end up being the stopgap measures that they kind of immediate one-off things we need to do to address something that's acute or something that's a very localized problem. And I think integrating those together and having a broader look at what are all the factors that are leading to this context in the first place and trying to address those root causes, I think, are still being left by the wayside. And to be truly gender responsive, I think we need to be doing that. I mean, we see some exceptional initiatives happening, such as the women-led fog harvesting in Morocco, which I think is fascinating. And I think a really interesting example of how a technological solution can be used to actually address a situation in a very localized context where we're facing difficulty in accessing potable water. And I think in this, in those contexts, you can come up with or you've seen some, I think there's exceptional examples out there and some really great options to think about in terms of trying to address particular kinds of problems and situations in a gender responsive way. But I think what's missing is a broader approach that is one to run around governance, where we're thinking about a system that enables hearing the voices of women in our decision making about what needs to be done. It involves consultation with organizations that work with women, with gender diverse populations, to really try to understand what are the challenges, what are the ways that they would like to solve those challenges. And if migration is one of them, then how can we facilitate that, for example? But maybe it's not, maybe it's about coming up with a way to have potable water in their community. But I think it's about integrating an approach that absolutely foregrounds the perspective of migrants or of individuals in communities themselves where the issues are taking place. And I think that must happen early on. I think we need more gender disaggregated data on the experiences of climate change and of the experiences of those things that we, from a migrant migration perspective, would call drivers, right? And we also need more data on gendered experiences of migration in the context of climate change. So if moving because of flood or disaster, what are the gendered experiences along the way as people try to access protection and security in that process? We know something and we know a lot more about the experiences, the gendered experiences of migration in the context of conflict, for example, than we do about that in terms of the context of climate change. And I think the other thing is that those that are experiencing acute and sort of moments of disaster or crisis, there's a very different set of experiences. And I think a set of realities and challenges, then those are experiencing slow onset. And so I think trying to understand the gendered ways and unpack that in that same detail level is vital. And so there we just say research and evidence, we need more of that to help us find solutions. I think we need to have gender-based evaluation of policies and programs aimed at addressing climate change. And not all of these have to be those that are actually specifically focused on women or those that are even about migration per se, but they could be things like thinking about when a government or a country decides to implement a given policy on carbon, for example. What impact does that have in terms of a gendered impact? Really thinking about how gender will actually play a role in all aspects of climate change related policy. And then thinking about the way policies are linked, right? Climate change policy on itself or policy directed around environment is still relatively nascent and it's still only one domain. And we know that it's cross cutting, right? That it impacts policy on labor and that the policies on labor, on migration, on climate, on development do need to be in conversation and so not stuck in policy silos. In terms of thinking about gender responsiveness more broadly, how important it is to do those things I've mentioned, but also to do things like gender-based budgeting, thinking about how much funding we're spending and where we're spending and is it having even or equal rather outputs in terms of impacts on women and men? Is it actually furthering? And this is the important part, to not lose track and to have our eye on the ball. The eye on the ball is not to just respond to whatever current crisis is happening. Yes, that's important, especially from a humanitarian perspective and a protection perspective, but really the eye on the ball is gender appalled. The eye on the ball is how do we respond in such a way that we're not back here again in two years, five years, ten years? How do we respond in such a way that it's transformative towards actually rethinking things? So we're not just saying, oh great, we're going to find you a regular pathway so you can go and become a domestic care worker and face precarious employment as a woman. That's your pathway, knock yourself out. That is not about trying to actually re-think our responses so that we don't perpetuate gender inequality going forward in our responses. Thanks, I'll end there. Thank you very much, Dana. It's important that you underscore the need for more participatory inclusive approaches to developing solutions and also for the importance of cross-cutting policies across these different sectors and when there are policies we need budgets, so we need gender-based budgeting in order to ensure that these are resourced. Thank you very much. So let's move on to our final question. I'd like to speak, please respond in a very brief manner, just two minutes because we are running a little bit behind our schedule. So the last question is, thinking about these issues that we discussed, can you share with us your top three actions for policy makers and practitioners to address these issues from a gender perspective, including any actions targeted towards the LGBTIQ plus migrant community? Shakiru, we're looking forward to learning from you and your experiences in Bangladesh and then we'll ask Jenna and Fani Georgia to take their turns on this question. Shakiru, over to you. Thank you. Yes, I'll be very brief actually. I think we really think from two levels. One is local level and also the national level. From local level I will say that it's really important to think about the community-led interventions and it should be to create awareness among the people, both men and women, because when we consider the migration, particularly women migration, this is a taboo issue in many parts of the country because of the patriarchy and that's why the women actually face stigma and discrimination because of the migration experiences and there is no unity. There is lack of empowerment among the women. So I really believe that if there is a community-led interventions, including awareness-raising activities, enhancing capacity and leadership among the women, that can really create some kind of positive impacts at community level to increase respect to the women throughout the in different cycles actually, cycle of migration or if they want to stay back home. For example, if we talk about female spouses of the migrants, if they are organized, they know how to ensure their rights, how to access to the government entitlements and facilities and they are united. That is very easy for them to go and access. On the other hand, I think it is also important to have some interventions for livelihoods, which is actually to enhance the economic empowerment of the women because this is really important in the context of Bangladesh, like countries, because if the women have economic empowerment, then they can actually overcome many challenges, many struggles, their face. That is an important thing. We really need to consider what kind of livelihoods they can start from their own community. Sometimes we actually provide training. For example, if it is women, then we provide tailoring training. Tailoring training is not something that only the women should receive. We really need to consider the local opportunities and context that I have already mentioned to design the livelihood options for the women and for their economic empowerment. Third one is strengthening local government actually, because local government can increase budget for inclusion, women-friendly, social safety net programs at local level. That would be really great if the local government units take this kind of initiative. It is really important to enhance their strength in this regard. They can also ensure a local redressal system and improve the local redressal system so that the women can file complaints and get access to the justice at local level instead of going to the courts and some other places. It is also important to have a comprehensive protection mechanism in place, particularly in the local government level so that it really ensures protection and safe women and the girls from insecurity in different aspects like sexual abuse and exploitation and so on. It is really important to improve strength in the local government and also increase the budget for them. Apart from that at national level, I must say that what Ms. Jena already mentioned that there are different policies and legislations in place at this moment. For example, we have Migration Act 2013. We have Migration Policy. We have Disaster Dispensement Policy and Strategy. So there are so many, but it really needs to have a cohesion among all these policies and we have to ensure the gender dimensions, the gender needs are really addressed in a way so that the women have really access to them and it really creates chains among the women. So that's all from my side. Thank you. Thank you for highlighting these local as well as national level interventions and actions that are critical. I'd like to now go to Jena and again if you can answer within two minutes, that would be fantastic. Thank you. Thanks, thank you. I'll try my best. So, you know, just to echo a little bit what Shekharals said, you know, I think we need to be thinking about things such as access to justice, access to education, skills, employment in countries of origin, transit and destination from a migration perspective. Because those things are all important to addressing barriers that would be there for women and LGBTQ plus to mitigate and climate change impacts and to be resilient. I think the second thing I think is vital to do is to consult women and LGBTQ migrants or individuals prior to migration, during migration to identify problems. What are their issues? What are their primary concerns? What are the short-term and long-term ideas that they have for mitigating the situations that they're in and to involve them in design, implementation and evaluation of policy responses along the way throughout all stages of the policy cycle? Finally, I'd say we need to be aligning responses with existing frameworks. I mean, most countries are signatories to set off a convention on the immigration and involvement towards discrimination against women. It is vital that our responses do not deviate away from that. It is vital that responses to climate change don't lead to human rights abuses or challenging or things that actually put those kinds of international frameworks into question or contrary to them. We have to ensure that our responses are actually calibrated around our long-term sustainable development goals. Goal five and really thinking about gender equality should be the way in which we try to calibrate all our responses. So always asking that question, how will this response have an impact or how will this policy impact gender equality? Does it actually further it or does it further entrench it? And I think always asking those questions along the way is vital. Thanks. Thank you, Jenna, for this record and answering the question. And now, Georgia, two minutes for you to answer the final question. And then I'd like to open the floor for one very brief round of questions. Thank you. Thank you. I will be brief, especially as my colleagues already covered most of the points that I wanted to raise. But yeah, I mean, just to reiterate the importance to strengthening knowledge on the gender aspects of the climate, migration, food security, nexus, that's key to inform policy making and ensure that policies and programs do effectively respond to differentiated needs and capacities. And also that they do not unintentionally exacerbate inequality by disregarding these issues. And in doing so, I wanted to stress that it's very important to analyze gender through the lens of intersectionality again. So not to limit the gender analysis to binary interpretations of men versus women, but really to look at the full spectrum of vulnerabilities related also to age, ethnicity, race, et cetera. So there is a need to promote systematic data disaggregation and that should be done, should be applied to all disciplines, because only by doing that we can gain a good understanding and really unpack these complex relationships. I wanted also to strengthen, I mean, to reiterate the point about the importance of strengthening multi-settler and also multi-scale coordination and coherence to promote the gender responsive and integrated approaches. As we have seen, these processes are so interrelated that silo approaches simply do not work. And gender cuts across all dimensions of migration to security and climate change. So it is very important to foster dialogue and to promote cross-learning also across these sectors as they all have specific insights into gender which can help develop holistic approaches. It's important to strengthen the capacity, obviously, of national and local actors to close the gender gap. And thanks for highlighting the gained importance of paying attention to local actors. And climate services and national extension services, for example, need to be sensitized even more on gender differential needs and approaches to make climate smart technologies more accessible to women. Rural advisory services will need to become more responsive to gender issues. And this has to be done from global to regional and local level. We should assess the trade-offs of climate change adaptation and mitigation policies and programs. Climate change adaptation is not inherently positive. We already know that there is evidence of that. And that does not benefit everyone equally. There is the risk to increase inequality and marginalization to climate change adaptation and mitigation policies that disregard these differential needs. And yes, again, as Geno stressed out, the importance of having gender responsive climate and agricultural budgeting. And finally, I conclude by saying that we should not forget to raise and promote women's participation in decision-making at all levels. Have their voices heard and capitalize on women's capacities as women already make a tremendous contribution to strengthening the resilience of the families and communities. And we need to raise and we have been saying this for a while. We need to raise women's voices in global climate negotiations such as the Conference of Parties, which is about to start in a few weeks. Thank you. Thank you so much, Georgia. And also, and just, you know, underscoring, you know, the importance of an intersectional approach to finding solutions to these pressing issues, the importance of intersectional policies, and the importance of raising the capacity of various stakeholders, and also empowering women and girls to participate meaningfully in all responses. And so we are almost running out of time, but if there is a question in the room, please let me know. And I'd like to then hand over the floor to anybody who would like to answer or ask a question. I see Australia has a question. Please, Australia, take the floor. And then I would ask the panelists to respond within 30 seconds. So this is a super, super quick answering Q&A session for this event. Australia, you've got the floor. Thank you very much. And thank you to the panel for a really interesting discussion. I think it's very timely and wonderful that we can discuss these issues in this forum. Georgia, something that you said that I found really interesting was the potential over focus on specific adaptation measures, so things like technical measures, and perhaps we need to focus on things a little broader, like underlying socioeconomic factors when we're thinking about the notion of climate adaptation. I was wondering if you might have seen any examples of this or have any ideas of how we could do this. Of course, no problem if not. Maybe that's the message that we take home that we all have a lot more thinking to do on this. But thank you for that very important point. I thought that was very interesting. Thank you. Roger, would you like to respond? Yes, I'll try to be brief. Thanks for the question. Yes, the issue is that, especially at the beginning, and because of the need to differentiate programs and policies on the focus on climate change adaptation from those focus on development, there was this tendency to over focus on technical solutions, most of the times top-down solutions that disregard them. In fact, all the structural issues that generate inequality and vulnerability in the first place that we discussed today. So, for example, the development of climate smart technologies per se doesn't lead into an increased uptake of climate smart adaptive technologies, at least not equally between men and women, because there might be issues related, for example, social norms that impede women to access such technologies or inequality in terms of access to credits, or even inequality in terms of education and access to information. So, this is just to give a very brief example of how a mismatch between specific and generic adaptation and adaptive capacity is a risk to really reinforcing equality rather than help addressing the structural causes of vulnerability. So, what I was trying to say before is that we need to bring back the development dimension into climate change adaptation and mitigation. Thank you, Roger, for this additional clarification and information. I think that was probably very helpful and Australia's nodding, so thank you so much. And now, without further ado, I'd like to hand over to Sinziana from IOM to provide closing remarks. Sinzanya, they have the floor. Thank you. Thank you so much, and thank you for the excellent discussion. I think we all learned a lot today, and we have had fantastic panelists and fantastic organizers, and I just want to start by thanking you and women and the Prime Minister of Germany and the women in migration network who together with IOM put together this fantastic discussion. When we look at the links between climate change, human mobility, and women, I think there's something very striking to say, and I think our panelists brought the right examples on all these issues. I'll try to summarize some of the key messages that we heard today, and I think perhaps the most shocking one is the unequal participation in decision-making processes of women, and this is something that we have to work a lot more today. We have to make sure that women fully contribute to the climate-related planning, to disaster preparedness, to disaster prevention, but also policy-making and implementation, and this doesn't mean just consulting women, it just means including women on decision-making processes. We've also heard that women tend to hold less negotiating power and control over natural resources than men. This impacts back into the lack of access to decision-making and consistently puts them into more vulnerable situations in the face of disasters. We've also heard that women and girls are more likely to die in the extreme weather events that lead to disasters compared to men and boys, and when they survive, women tend to struggle more through recovery efforts. This is very concerning when we think that often women are forced to work harder to secure the resources, and we've heard the issues related to land, the issues related to water, and they have to work further for these resources. It's the same for fuel and in the current context, we have to think about the energy contributions as well. We've also heard that disaster scenarios can create very strong conditions for gender-based violence, and this is particularly of concerns for women, and this is also linked to the trafficking discussion and the trafficking points made by our colleague from Bangladesh as well, and the protection questions that we have in the situations of disasters for women and girls. We've also heard that disasters tend to result in increased role to urban migration among men in some countries, and this means some women are left behind with additional household burdens. They need to obtain remunerated work, they need to be in charge of the land, they need to be in charge of the household, they need to be in charge of raising the children. All this put on the shoulders of women in the situations of disasters. We've also heard that women and girls can be more dependent on natural resources and climate-sensitive work to sustain livelihoods, and if we lose these climate-sensitive livelihoods, women and girls' ability to safely secure resources for their families and their households can diminish. Finally, we've heard that women's capacity to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change and environmental degradation can also be more limited. We know that women wait longer to migrate because of the higher social costs and risks and burdens put on them. These include social structures but also cultural practices, lack of education, and the reproductive roles in society for women. While these considerations are very bleak and make us ask a lot of hard questions, we've also heard great solutions that are partners, that member states, that civil society, that the UN are putting in place, and I think we've heard nine, six priorities, three priorities from each, but I think I counted in total like 15, so I think we don't lack solutions. I think we really lack our capacity to implement and to move into action. And I'll try to summarize some of the ideas that we were put forward. We need to place women's leadership at the center of our collective action. We need to make sure that women and girls are recognized as right holders and active forces of change regarding climate action, and we need to make sure that disaster risk reduction agenda accounts for the enormous impact of disasters on women. We have heard a very strong call for desegregated data by age, sex, and gender. We need to make sure that we have this incorporated into comprehensive analysis and comprehensive risk management. We've also heard the need for secure financial resources to make sure that these are put into the hands of women and women led organizations. And finally, we've heard the need for coordination, multilateral coordination, bilateral coordination, and just in general more collaboration among all stakeholders. With this, I want to finish. I'm not sure I did extreme justice to our panel, but thank you so much again. Thank you so much, Susyana, for this excellent summary and closing remarks. Thank you very much, everybody, for participating in today's side event. Thank you so much for the excellent speakers, for their rich discussions, and also for the solution-orientated approaches that they shared with us today. Thank you.