 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Ayes academy. The display news articles along with the page numbers are provided here for your reference. The PDF link of the handwritten notes along with the time stamping of the news analysis is provided in the description box as well as in the comment section for smart mobile users. Now let us start our news analysis. This editorial talks about measles. In this context, first we will see certain details about measles. Then we shall discuss the details of this editorial. The syllabus which is relevant to the analysis of this editorial is given here for your reference. Know that measles is an infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus called paramixovirus and human beings are the natural host of this virus. Know that measles is a highly contagious disease. When we say highly contagious disease, it means that the infection can spread from one person to another person very easily. Therefore, note that human to human transmission of measles infection is possible. And even measles can be transmitted through the droplets from nose, mouth or throat of the infected persons to a healthy individual. And these droplets can spread the disease when they are released in the air. It can also spread by the injection of the virus into the environment by sneezing or coughing. So measles can also be called as a communicable disease because of these reasons. Now look at the symptoms of measles which includes fever, cough, conjunctivitis and common cold. Severe measles infection can lead to serious health complications such as blindness, encephalitis, severe diarrhea, ear infections or even some severe respiratory infections such as pneumonia or some of the serious health complications because of measles infection. Here one of the worrying factor is that severe measles is most likely among poorly nourished young children especially those with insufficient vitamin A. And severe measles was also noted among those children whose immune systems have been weakened by HIV or AIDS or other diseases. WHO calls this disease as a killer childhood disease. Now we will see how to prevent this measles disease. The best way and safest way and effective method is to prevent by vaccination of children on schedule. This is one of the best way to prevent measles disease among the children. Let us see what kind of vaccine is in use in India. At present, India uses measles rubilla vaccine or MR vaccine to prevent measles and rubilla jointly and this vaccine is given in two doses that is two doses of MR vaccine is administered to the children and first dose of MR vaccine is administered once child completes nine months of the age and then the second dose of MR vaccine is administered between 16 to 24 months of age of the children. You know that the Prime Minister of India launched the Intensified Mission Indra Dhanush on October 2017 and this is a modified version of Mission Indra Dhanush which was launched in 2014. Through this Intensified Mission Indra Dhanush program, government of India aims to reach each and every child up to two years of age and all those pregnant women who have been left uncovered under the routine immunization program. As per the program, the target is about 90% of immunization coverage by the year 2018. Know that under this immunization program only, measles rubilla vaccine is being administered in India. So, India uses measles rubilla vaccine to prevent measles and rubilla together. Also know that India intends to eliminate measles by 2020 and these are some of the facts with respect to measles that you should know for your exam point of view. Now, let us see the editorial in detail. In this editorial, the author has mentioned certain suggestions to India which are considered to be effective to prevent the measles outbreak. Before giving suggestions, the author has mentioned about the recent measles outbreak in New York City which has begun on September 2018. The measles outbreak was eliminated completely just before the completion of one year of measles outbreak in New York City and the author's suggestions in this editorial based on the experience of measles outbreak in New York City. Now let us focus on the suggestions given by the author to tackle measles outbreak in India. The author of this editorial mentions that India has a twin problem of addressing measles. One problem is that there are huge pockets where the children are under immunized and the second problem is regarding the immunization coverage aspects in India. You know that the immunization for measles is given in two doses and the old health organization has laid targets for immunization coverage of measles as per WHO. It tells that 95% of immunization coverage is required for protection and elimination of measles. But according to the recent estimates of WHO and UNICEF, the national immunization coverage in case of measles vaccine in India in 2018 for the first dose was about 90% and it was about 80% in case of second dose. Also the estimate report tells that reported coverage levels are likely an overestimation. So we can clearly see that India is lacking in the immunization coverage targets. In addition, as per WHO report, around 71,000 cases of measles have been reported in India in a period of one year that is from October 2018 to October 2019 and India is the third largest country reported with measles as per this estimate. Then the author also tells that the infants remain vulnerable to measles in India. Here the term infant means a child which is younger than one year of age as defined by WHO. See when a child is born, it receives natural immunity through the antibodies transferred from the mother during the birth and these are called as maternal antibodies and the author tells that the protection offered by maternal antibodies to the child only last for 4 to 5 months but we saw that the first dose of measles rubella vaccine is administered only when the children completes 9 months of age. So there is a huge gap during which infants are vulnerable to measles infection. The author also tells that about 15% of children in India fail to develop immunity from the first dose of measles vaccine. So the author tries to establish the fact that the children need to be completely covered with two doses of immunization coverage. Complete immunization coverage is the key to eliminate measles in India. Only then the older children would be fully protected and the government needs to focus on those areas where the children are under immunized in order to completely eliminate measles in India. So with respect to this article, to summarize that we have discussed about measles infection in brief and then we saw certain facts about why measles is still prevalent in India and finally about the need to eliminate measles in India. Now have a look at the practice question which will be discussed at the end of this session. Now let us move on to the next news article. This news article is about BRICS. Yesterday we had seen that the 11th BRICS summit which was hosted by the capital city of Brazil that is Brasilia and today we have the news which is regarding the address delivered by the Prime Minister of India at the 11th BRICS summit and you are likely to get certain news articles and also editorials on BRICS for at least for the next one week because of importance of BRICS summit at the international level. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference. Yesterday we have discussed about the member nations of BRICS and also about the new development bank which is the initiative of BRICS nations. Now let us once again see the membership of BRICS nations and these nations are Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. You know that every year the BRICS summits are conducted and this year's BRICS summit is happening at Brasilia which is the capital city of Brazil and it is the 11th BRICS summit and our Prime Minister has addressed the plenary session of the 11th BRICS summit. In this context he has made some important statements in his address and we will see the importance of the Prime Minister address at BRICS summit. Note that in our yesterday analysis it was incorrectly mentioned that next BRICS summit is to be hosted by China but kindly make a note that the next summit is scheduled to be hosted by Russia but not China. See since 2014 these BRICS summits are happening in the same order of letters as it is in the BRICS order. Say in 2014 the BRICS summit was held at Brazil then in 2015 the BRICS summit was held at Russia then it was followed by India then in 2017 it was hosted by China then in the last year South Africa has hosted BRICS summit. So it has completed one cycle from 2014 to 2018. Now the next cycle is again from Brazil that is this year 2019 was the 11th BRICS summit which was hosted by Brazil therefore the next 12th summit would be hosted by Russia and this is the simple logic which you can utilize for your prelims examination. Now look at the news article it says the statements made by the Prime Minister of India. It was mentioned that the Prime Minister of India has spoken about terrorism and he has said that terrorism has emerged as the biggest threat to development, peace and prosperity and he also quoted that some of the interesting facts about the effects of terrorism and you may use these facts for your introduction or facts while writing your main sources on terrorism related questions. The Prime Minister has told that due to terrorism the economic growth of the developing nations has decreased by about 1.5% and also terrorism has caused a loss of about 1 trillion dollars to the old economy and in the last 10 years terrorism had claimed the lives of about 225,000 people and destroyed the societies therefore the terrorism has created an atmosphere where it directly or indirectly harmed the trade and business. He also said that the activities like terror financing, drug trafficking and organized crime have also created the same atmosphere that has affected the trade and business and also the Prime Minister has welcome the increased cooperation in the area of terrorism from the other members of BRICS grouping because if you see that the first seminar on BRICS strategies for countering terrorism which was organized mainly focused how to counter the terrorism. The Prime Minister has noted that such efforts and activities by the member nations will definitely increase strong BRICS security cooperation against terrorism and other such organized crimes. If you observe closely in almost all the international and regional forums our Prime Minister and the Minister of External Affairs speak in length about the effects of terrorism. So when you prepare for your exams make sure that you know the important global and regional conventions or agreements related to terrorism. If you remember that when we discussed about Shanghai cooperation organization we studied that rats that is a regional anti-terrorist structure mainly focuses on how to counter terrorism in effective and coordinated ways. So always try to remember such agreements and conventions related to terrorism. Let us come back to the news article now. In this summit the Prime Minister has also spoken on the need for sustainable water management and sanitation. You know that these are very important challenges in urban areas and the Prime Minister has proposed to hold the first meeting of BRICS water ministers in India here. You have to know that India has a ministry for water management which is the ministry of Jalshakti. Next the Prime Minister has discussed about the opportunities in trade and commerce and he has called that the other member nations of BRICS for cooperation in mutual trade and investment. See that the theme for 11th BRICS summit is economic growth for innovative feature and during his address in the plenary session he has said that there is a need for strengthening cooperation under BRICS for innovation and he has also highlighted that despite success in many areas there is a considerable scope to increase efforts in some areas and then the Prime Minister has said that the intra BRICS trade that is the trade between the member nations of BRICS account for about 15% of whole trade and the combined population of BRICS nations is about 40% of the global population. This makes the importance of BRICS summits and you can use these facts on BRICS in the relevant main sources also and to summarize this news article. So we have seen in brief about 11th BRICS summit and about the address delivered by the Prime Minister of India on areas on terrorism and trade and investment. Have a look at the practice question now let us move on to the next news article. Now look at this news article and this article is about the impact of Supreme Court judgment which was passed on October 24th regarding the definition of adjusted gross revenue. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. The article says that the judgment has resulted in huge loss of revenue for the two telecom measures in India namely Baate et al and Vadaphone India. In this context let us discuss in brief about the Supreme Court judgment on AGR and its impact on the telecom industry. Now let us discuss what is the definition of adjusted gross revenue. In simple terms AGR is nothing but total gross revenues after some specific deductions. It means that AGR is adjusted by considering some specific deductions in total gross revenues. You know that AGR is taxable by the government and it means that AGR is the basis on which levies and charges are calculated for telecom companies. See the definition of AGR that is what are the constraints of AGR was under the litigation for more than a decade and this litigation is again is the definition that is given by Department of Telecom and the telecom service providers were in the dispute on this issue for so many years. See the telecom companies argued that AGR should comprise only revenues from telecom services but the department of telecom argued that the AGR should include all revenues ended by a telecom operator. Here the revenues means revenues including from the core telecom operations and also revenues from non-core telecom operations. Here the non-core telecom operations include such as revenues from rent, profit on sale of fixed assets, corporate deposits, real estate transactions. See that levies are calculated on the basis of AGR so as the number of constraints of AGR increases the telecom operators have to pay more money to the department of telecom and this is why they are opposing such a wide-ranging definition of AGR. You know that certain sources tell that the telecom operators usually pays about 8% of the AGR as license fee and about 3-5% of AGR as spectrum usage charges. Therefore lower the AGR, lower the levies and fees and hence lower the flow of money from telecom operators to government. Now let us have a look at the Supreme Court judgment on AGR. On October 24th the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the devotees interpretation of the Asia and this was considered as a blow to the telecom operators. As per the reports following the judgment the operators would have to pay an estimated amount of about 140,000 crores to the government within 3 months. Now we will see why they have to pay such huge amounts. Now as per the Supreme Court judgment the telecom companies has to pay not just the shortfall in Asia for the past 14 years but also an interest on that amount along with the penalty and interest on the penalty also has to be paid to the government. Since the matter was subjudiced for the last 14 years these telecom operators did not pay from time to time but it would be difficult for the government to realize the entire amount because the total due to the government has to be paid by about 15 operators. However many of them have either closed operations or undergoing insolvency proceedings in the last 14 years. For example the telecom operators like Telinor and Aircell, the Indian telecom sector at present has 4 major players, one is Bharati Airtel and then Rillian Sijio, then Vodafone India and the state owned BSNL and MTNL. So the government would be able to realize the dues mainly from these players. Among these 4 players the most affected would be the Bharati Airtel and the Vodafone India. Today's news article proves this right that as per the article Bharati Airtel suffered a massive loss of more than 22,832 crore for the second quarter of 2019 and for the same period Vodafone India suffered a loss of about 50,922 crores and this article tells that the loss suffered by Vodafone India is the largest in Indian corporate history. It is to be noted that both these firms suffered huge losses even after showing positive growth in their revenue. This shows the quantum of damage to the telecom sector after the Supreme Court verdict because this assumes the significance that the telecom sector is already under pressure because of other reasons. In addition the government has also admitted that the sector is under growing stress and needs support. In this direction the government recently announced forming a committee of secretaries to examine the financial stress in the telecom sector and to recommend measures to mitigate it. This committee will be headed by cabinet secretary and other members would include the secretaries of ministry of finance, ministry of communication and ministry of law. And this committee will also consider some of the long standing demands of the industry which includes the reduction in the spectrum usage charges and granting a delay in payment of dues for spectrum for the next two financial years and these are the some of the long standing demands in the telecom sector. In the last part of this article it also mentions about the available options before the telecoms. First is that the telecom operators might request the government to waive the complete amount or at least the interest and the penalty charges and then the operators can go with the legal option to file a review petition in the Supreme Court. So with this information we have come to the end of the analysis of this topic. The displayed practice question will be discussed at the end of the session. Now let us move on to the next news article analysis. This news article is about the idea of diabetes at loss. The syllabus relevant to the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. See during our 10th November analysis we discussed in detail about diabetes that is about its causes and its symptoms and various types and you can refer that session for further subject clarity on diabetes. Today we shall focus on important facts that are mentioned in this news article and these facts will be helpful for your mains writing. See idea of diabetes at loss is released by the International Diabetes Federation but in the news article it is mentioned as International Diabetes Foundation. Diabetes make a correction that it is not a foundation, it is a federation. To know about IDF that is International Diabetes Federation and it is an umbrella organization of over 240 national diabetes associations in 168 countries and territories and it represents the interest of the growing number of people with diabetes and those at risk and its mission is to promote diabetes care, prevention and cure. See IDF is engaged in action to tackle diabetes from the local to the global level and its programs varies at community level to worldwide including awareness and advocacy initiatives and IDF is also associated with the Department of Public Information of the United Nations and is in official relations with the old health organization and these are the some of the facts about IDF. Now let us come back to the news article. You know that yesterday that is on 14th of November is observed as World Diabetes Day though it is observed since 1991 but became an official United Nations day in 2006. So every year World Diabetes Day on 14th of November is observed as part of Diabetes Day International Diabetes Federation launched the 9th edition of the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas in short IDF Diabetes Atlas. Now let us see the important facts with respect to India that is based on this 9th edition of IDF Atlas that is mentioned in this news article and it is mentioned that one in 6 people with diabetes in the world is from India and an estimated 77 million people from India in the age group of 20 to 79 years suffers from diabetes. If you see this picture, INEI is the second largest country with diabetes population in the world next to China and INEI is likely to be the second largest country with diabetes till 2045 as per the projections and it was mentioned that in the next 25 years about 134 million Indians will be suffering from diabetes. Also if you see the Southeast Asian region, INEI is the largest country with diabetes population. Now let us see that why is diabetes in India on the rise. Nowadays a huge population of Indians are suffering from diabetes. There are many interrelated factors that play to diabetes like socio-economic factors, demographic factors, environmental and genetic factors and these are the factors that are considered as the reasons for growing number of population suffering with diabetes. Out of the different types of diabetes, the main reason is that type 2 diabetes, the related risk factors of type 2 diabetes are obesity, eating unhealthy foods and very less physical activity and these are the reasons for type 2 diabetes. In addition growing urbanization is also one of the reason for type 2 diabetes because the lifestyle habits are changing because of urbanization like higher calorie intake, increasing consumption of processed foods, then sedentary lifestyles that is no or very less physical activity. So all these are the major factors for the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes among the Indian society. It is very relevant to mention the observations of one of the members of Diabetes Atlas Committee and he has said that the health advisory system in India is model for acute care rather than the chronic care. Here acute care means active but short term treatment but in case of chronic care means continuous treatment for diseases like diabetes. And he also told that India needs to focus on preventing the diabetes because this would require cooperation from several areas including medical education, health awareness in schools and also urban planning. So to avoid diabetes it is advisable to lead a healthy life by consuming nutritious food and doing regular physical activity. These are the aspects that need to be promoted to prevent ourselves to become diabetic patients. Therefore to summarize this news article we have seen about the seventh edition of International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas then about World Diabetes Day and finally why diabetes is on the rise in India. Now have a look at the practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. This article is regarding the Supreme Court judgment on entry of women in the age group of 10 to 50 years into the Sabarmala temple in the state of Kerala. The syllabus linking of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. The article says that the five-judge bench of the Supreme Court led by Chief Justice of India referred the meter to a larger seven-judge bench. So in this context we will be seeing that what is the present issue, is there any violation of constitutional rights with respect to women and about the age-old restrictions in one of the famous temples in India that is Sabarmala in the state of Kerala. Similarly Sabarmala temple has an age-old custom which restricts entry of women in the age group of 10 to 50 years into the temple. The reason for the restriction was that they celebrate nature of the deity in the temple. This means that the deity is believed to be abstaining from the marriage and sexual relations but this was seen by many as a gender discrimination against women which is based on their menstrual period and which is a biological function in every month in the productive age group of women. See this restriction was challenged in 1990 and the first plea was filed in Kerala High Court to ban the entry of women in the age group of 10 to 50 years to the Lord Ayyappa temple. In its petition the petitioner alleged that young women were taking to Sabarmala to offer prayers and which is against the customs of the Sabarmala temple. Know that in this case Kerala High Court upheld or supported the age-old restriction of women into the temple. Then after 15 years that is in 2006 Indian Engloyers Association filed a plea in the Supreme Court seeking entry of women in the age group of 10 to 50 years to the temple and also challenging the previous Kerala High Court judgment. In response to this case the Kerala government also filed an affidavit in the Supreme Court supporting entry of women in the temple. You know that it was in 2016 a two-judge bench of the Supreme Court cautioned the ban on women and the Supreme Court then said that the ban on women endangers gender justice and the tradition cannot justify ban on women and this is the observation by the Supreme Court in 2016 and again the revipetition was filed and the Supreme Court constituted the larger bench that is five-judge constitutional bench. Then the five-judge constitutional bench after hearing the matter observed that it is the fundamental right of the woman to enter the temple. As a result of five-judge bench verdict it allowed the entry of women into Sabarimala temple. See this judgment received mixed response from the public and even it was followed by huge uproar in the state of Kerala. Even there were reports that there were organized attempts by several religious groups to prevent and threaten the women entering Sabarimala. Even some reports mention that few women following the Supreme Court judgment had actually entered the temple with police support. Know that following the Supreme Court judgment in 2018 several revipetitions were filed in the Supreme Court again and the latest judgment of the Supreme Court is about deciding on these revipetitions. Now we will see what are the constitutional provisions involved here and the two important fundamental rights are basically mentioned in the Supreme Court judgment based on Article 14 and Article 26. See Article 14 is regarding the equality before law and equal protection of law and this also prohibits the state from any discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. So the right of a woman to enter a religious place of worship is her fundamental right. Otherwise it would lead to gender based discrimination but the people who defend the traditions rises Article 26 and this article talks about the freedom to manage religious office. Know that the clause B of the article says that every religious denomination has the right to manage its own office in matters of religion. Here the question is that whether this right involves the right to preserve age old customs or traditions. See the present Supreme Court judgment was not unanimous and the majority was of the opinion that the questions involved here should be answered by a larger bench. The important questions involved here are whether the court can decide whether a practice is essential to a particular religion or it should be left to the religious head and also whether essential religious practices comes under Article 26 Ambit or not and these are the questions that were referred to the seven bench judge of the Supreme Court. This is in the wake of several public interest litigation in the Supreme Court questioning the validity of religious practices and their restrictions on women. They also involve the conflicting interest between the women's fundamental right to equality under Article 14 and the believers right to freely practice religion under Article 26. So therefore in the context of recent Supreme Court judgment that is referring the subprimala verdict to the larger bench consisting of seven judges once again these matter would be examined in comprehensively. So let us hope that the final verdict by the larger bench will be able to strike a balance between the right to equality and the freedom of religion. Have a look at the practice question which will be discussed at the end of the session. Now let us start our practice plumes question session. Have a look at this question. This question is based on measles and here three statements are given and you have to choose correct option based on which of the given statements are incorrect. The first statement says that measles is caused by bacteria. You know that measles is an infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus called paramexovirus. So measles is a viral disease but not bacterial disease. Therefore statement one is incorrect statement. Now read the second statement it says that human to human transmission of measles is possible. You know that measles is highly contagious disease. It means that the infection can spread from one person to another person easily. Therefore human to human transmission of measles infection is also possible. Know that measles can be transmitted through the droplets from nose, mouth or throat of the infected persons to a healthy individual and these droplets can spread the disease even when they are released in the air. So second statement is correct. Now look at the statement three. It says that measles rubella vaccine is used to prevent the incidence of measles in India and this statement is correct because as part of the intensified indra dhanush mission the government of India has been administering MR vaccine and it aims to reach each and every children up to the age of two years of age and all those pregnant women. So third statement is correct but they are asking that the correct option based on the incorrect statement. So for this question option A is correct. Now look at this question. They have given the five cities where the last five brick summits have been held and first city is Brasilia, then Johansburg, then Shiamen, then Benulim, then Ufa and they are asking that you have to choose the correct option based on the cities arranging from east to west longitudinally. You know that Brasilia is the capital city of Brazil and Johansburg is in South Africa, Shiamen is in China and Benulim is one of the town in the state of Goa in India and Ufa is in Russia and this is the atlas based question and you can notice that from east to west these cities are located in the order like first is Shiamen, then Benulim in the state of Goa, followed by Ufa in Russia, then Johansburg in South Africa and Brasilia in Brazil. So for this question from east to west location of the given cities option B is correct. Now look at this question. This question is based on adjusted gross revenues as per the department of telecom and they have given two statements and you have to choose the correct answer from the given quotes and the statement one says that revenue from telecom services and second statement says that revenue from non-core telecom operations such as profit on sale of fixed assets, corporate deposits, real estate transactions. See the adjusted gross revenue in case of telecom sector has been in the news for considerable length of the time and here the bone of contention is between the government of India and the telecom operators and you know that the department of telecom has given the definition for adjusted gross revenue and as per the department of telecom it says that adjusted gross revenue includes the revenues from telecom services as well as revenues from non-core telecom operations such as profit on sale of fixed assets, corporate deposits including real estate transactions. So based on the definition given by the department of telecom both the statements comes under the definition of adjusted gross revenue therefore option C is correct answer for this question. See AGR is taxable by the government. It means that AGR is the basis on which levies and other charges are calculated for telecom companies. So in case of this question option C is correct answer. Now consider this question. The question is that which of the following statements is incorrect with respect to diabetes? Option A says diabetes can occur when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin. Then option B says that diabetes can also occur when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Option C reads that insulin is a hormone secreted by the liver then option D says hyperglycemia is the common effect of uncontrolled diabetes. Now look at the options again. Here you need to focus only on option A and C because both are contradicting with each other. Option A says that diabetes can occur when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin but option C says that insulin is a hormone secreted by the liver. You know that insulin is a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas in human body and it is not secreted by liver. So option C is incorrect statement. For additional information that type 1 diabetes is known as insulin dependent diabetes and type 2 diabetes is known as non-insulin dependent diabetes and you know that hyperglycemia is a condition that the human body experiences higher levels of blood sugar and it is the common effect of uncontrolled diabetes. So for this question option C is correct. Now look at this question. They have given the statements with reference to article 26 and they have given two statements and you have to choose the correct answer from the following quotes. And statement 1 says that every religious denominations have the right to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes. You know that from article 25 to 28 and this article deals with right to freedom of religion and here the question is with reference to article 26 only and this article 26 deals with the freedom to manage religious affairs and it says that every religious denomination or any of its section shall have the following rights that is right to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes. Then right to manage its own affairs in matters of religion. Then right to own and acquire movable and immobile property and right to administer such property in accordance with love and these are the provisions as per the article 26. So first statement is correct. Now look at the second statement. It says that an individual has the right to propagate his or her religious beliefs to others. See second statement is also a fundamental right but it is guaranteed as per article 25 but not as per article 26. And in case of article 25 it says that all persons are equally entitled to freedom of consigns and the right to freely profess, practice and propagate religion. So the second statement is incorrect. So for this question option A that is one only is correct. With this we have come to the end of today's analysis. Please do like, share, comment and subscribe our Shankar Ayes Academy YouTube channel. Thank you.