 Hello and welcome to the fourth of our four part video series on Hitler and Nazi Germany. My name is Barbara and in this video we'll examine life in Nazi Germany, specifically the impact it had when it came to women, young people and Jews and the policies that the Nazis adopted towards different groups of people in society. Do you remember that this is the fourth of a four part video series where we examine Hitler's life and leadership in the first video, also who the Nazis were and the ideologies in our second video, the rise of Hitler and Nazi Germany as well as really important laws to be aware of in our third video and of course in this current video how life was like in Nazi Germany. This video is really useful if you're studying this as part of your Corsica exams. So let's get started. Now when considering life under Hitler, once Germany became a one-party state in July 1933, all information in the media was controlled and all propaganda was really centralised under the Nazis. Even the churches felt the pressure of the state to conform to Nazi ideology. There were regular and overt displays of mass conformity through rallies and pageants, which was just one method of emphasising the sense of a new national socialist community. Other mechanisms of control involved the arts, which stressed social realism with an emphasis on ordinary people and depicting community values together with ideas of the Aryan peasant. And do you remember Aryan means blonde hair blue eyes and this is a really specific group of people that Hitler believed were racially superior to other groups and of course the Nazi state really wanted to propagate their existence. Also there was a lot of sport with obvious emphasis on teamwork and the glorification of physical strength and of course this is in line with Nazi Darwinist beliefs of the survival of the fittest. Also organisations were created which successfully absorbed and build upon German tradition of associationism such as DAF which is the Germans workers front with various subdivisions and community schemes such as winter life. All these mechanisms were designed to promote the idea of a strong and united community with a monolithic Weltanschung, a worldview. Now when it came to Nazi's policies on the youth the educational system was redesigned to indoctrinate German youth with national socialist theories as well as the personality cult of Hitler. School culture was therefore ordered to reflect authoritarian and nationalist principles. School children were asked to say Hail Hitler approximately 50 to 150 times every day. The swastika pictures of Hitler and Nazi slogans were everywhere. By 1937 97% of teachers were members of the National Socialist Teachers League and 66% had attended special training courses on Nazi ideology. New elite schools were also created. There were 21 Nepalers which were national political educational institutions and 10 Adolf Hitler schools which were intended to prepare the best of Germany's youth for future political leadership. They were based on principles of Hitler youth such as physical education, paramilitary activities as well as political education. The Nazis also established the Hitler Jugend which is the Hitler Youth in 1926 and membership after 1939 became compulsory. Young people did not have a choice they had to join Hitler Youth. Consequently membership grew from a few hundred thousand young people to over 8 million young German people by 1935 39 rather which was 95% of the total population age between 10 to 18 years. There were various organizations which were created for the young people in Germany. When it came to boys there was the German young people organization which recruited people between 10 to 14 years old. There was also the Hitler Youth which I've just mentioned which recruited young boys aged 14 to 18 but women were also not excluded from this. So when it came to girls there were the young maidens association which recruited young girls between 10 to 14 years old and the German maidens association which recruited young girls between 14 to 18 years old. Now of course Nazi policy towards women also had a main impact on German women. So there was a deliberate attempt to control the lifestyles of women. Nazis believed that gender roles were immutable and in other words they were fixed because they believed gender roles were biologically determined. Also they believed that a successful nation must have a healthy growing population and of course a healthy growing population needs lots of women's wombs. Feminist and emancipation developments were seen as subversive and illegal and they're also portrayed as liberal and Jewish. Also women had a key role in the building of the people's community. Now it's really important to understand some of the policies and how this played out between 1933 when Hitler came to power all the way to the end of the Second World War in 1945. So there was a series of several laws and policies that were implemented which affected young people, women and of course Jews who were going to look at shortly. So in 1933 there was a law for the reduction of unemployment which was passed. Also 600 Reich marks of money was given as a loan to people who were married if they were unemployed. Civil service and medicine professions were closed off to women so there was an active discouragement of women in 1933 from joining the civil service and medical professions and there were no female members of parliament. In 1935 the following laws were passed so there was a marriage law which required a certificate of fitness to marry. There were also blood protection laws which prevented mixed race marriages. In other words marriage to people of different races. So for instance marriage between someone who was deemed an Aryan German and a Jew person. This was deemed illegal and also punishable. In 1936 women were banned from being judges and lawyers. Again this was part of the Nazis active discouragement of women entering the professional field so that they can stay at home, give birth to lots of babies and essentially create a really strong German and especially Aryan race of people. In 1937 the marriage loan was extended to women in work. In 1938 the marriage law was extended to the grounds for divorce and between 1939 to 1945 with the war the Second World War came a radicalization of policies. So couples found cohabiting in other words living together without being married. When marriage had especially been forbidden were sent to camps where some of them would die. Also compulsory agricultural labour service was made for unmarried women who were over 25 years old. Women were also forced to register for work between 17 years of age and 45 years of age. Of course this might strike you as interesting in contrast to the earlier laws which prevented women from working in different professions. Do remember that the reason why they were forced to register between these ages is because a lot of men were out fighting as soldiers so Germany needed a larger workforce and they needed the women. Now we also need to understand Nazi racial policies. So Nazis' aims were underpinned by the central theme of race. Jews in particular were seen as the hidden force behind communism and capitalism which the Nazis portrayed as corrosive to German society. They were also seen as corrupting German genes and as a result they were seen as in many ways sidelined but also Hitler really wanted to do something to sideline them and also remove them from society. Now the Third Reich which Hitler oversaw was based on notions of national community racial purity and expulsion of aliens. The term alien is really a catch-all phrase for people from outside of the Aryan race. Of course this includes primarily Jewish people but also Slavic people. There are also people of African descent who lived in Germany who also were seen as aliens and essentially people who were outside of the racial criteria that Hitler saw as pure which is the Aryan race. In the 1930s of course the Jews did suffer extensively particularly when Hitler came to power. So in 1932 there was the law for the restoration of the civil service which removed Jews from jobs in the state. In 1933 there was a one-day boycott of Jewish shops and there was also the Reich entailed farm law which banned Jews from owning farms. Also clinics were set up to establish racial soundness under the law for compulsory sterilization. In 1935 there were the Nuremberg laws that would pass. There was the law for the protection of German blood as well as German honor. In 1937 Hitler made really fierce anti-Semitic speech at Nuremberg rally. In 1938 Anschluss resulted in an extra 150,000 Jews in Germany and 45,000 Austrian Jews emigrating in other words leaving the country and the decree was then passed to register Jewish property valued at over 5,000 rent and marks and most critically there was the Kristallnacht which was the night of the broken glass which happened in the same year in 1938 and as a result of this night lots of synagogues and Jewish property was destroyed and this was of course actively encouraged by the Nazis. In 1939 the Reich Central Office for Jewish emigration was set up to promote emigration in other words to promote the leaving of Jews from Germany and Hitler began referring at this point to the annihilation of the Jewish race at a Reichstag speech. So he saw the Jewish people as such a big problem that they needed what he called and to quote a final solution and this final solution was their annihilation. In 1940 the gassing of the mentally ill began so 70,000 people were murdered in just 12 months. In 1941 July was the month when this final solution was agreed upon and German Jews were ordered to wear the yellow star of David on their arms and in October emigration so leaving Germany was actually banned. In 1942 a conference of senior Nazi officials agreed to use concentration camps in occupied Poland as areas to kill Jews in mass numbers and between 1942 to 1945 the final solution was put into practice causing the Holocaust which was the mass slaughter of Jewish people in these concentration camps and this of course was seen as a really dark and shameful part of German history overseen by Hitler himself.