 Good evening aspirants. Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis brought to you by Shankar Ayes Academy for the date 4th of October 2022. Displayed here are the articles taken up for today's discussion. With this, let's get into our first article discussion. Let's take up this text and context article. See, this article speaks about mediation, which is one of the forms of alternate dispute resolution. He shortly called this as ADR. See, the mediation bill 2021 was introduced in the Rajasabha in last December. The bill proposes mandatory mediation before filing litigation in the courts. At the same time, it safeguards the right of litigants to approach the competent courts for urgent relief. Here, the mediation process will be confidential and immunity is provided against its disclosure in certain cases. The bill also proposes to establish the Mediation Council of India and also provides for community mediation. Here, the parties who fail to attend pre-litigation mediation without a reasonable reason may incur a cost. However, as per article 21 of the Indian Constitution, access to justice is a constitutional right which cannot be restricted by the proposed bill. This is the crux of the article given here. In this context, let's learn about ADR. The reasons for the need of ADR in India about the different forms of ADR and also about ADR's advantages over conventional judiciary. And finally, about the steps needed to be taken to promote ADR in India. Before getting into the discussion, the syllabus relevant to this topic is given here for your reference. You can have a look. See, the alternate dispute resolution refers to the method of resolving a dispute which is seen as an alternative for litigation in quotes. ADR processes are decision making processes that do not involve litigation or violence. In India, an alternate system is available to the disputing parties including arbitration, conciliation, mediation and negotiation. Now, let's see some of the reasons for the need of adoption of ADR's in India. See, it is a well known fact that the present judicial system is extremely expensive and delaying. The parties to a dispute have to wait for years to gain justice. This lengthy and expensive process of litigation has reduced the faith of common people in the judicial system being followed by the Indian courts. This weakness of the judicial system has given birth to alternate remedies for the disposition of disputes. Alternative remedies provide cheap and speedy justice and that is the reason that ADR mechanism is being preferred by the disputing parties for the resolution of their disputes. Now, coming to the different forms of ADR, first is the arbitration. Under this mechanism, the dispute is submitted to an arbitral tribunal which will make a decision on the dispute and the decision made is mostly binding on the parties. Though it resembles the courtroom-based settlement, it involves less procedure and generally there is no right to appeal an arbitrer's decision. Except for some interim measures, there is very little scope for judicial intervention in the arbitration process. Next in line is the conciliation method. In this process, the disputed parties with the help of a conciliator or neutral third person will study the issue and will arrive at a mutual settlement. In this method, usually the conciliator would investigate the issue and will draft a report on the methods of settlement. However, the report is not binding on the parties. Next is the mediation. It helps to settle the disputes between parties with the help of a mediator. See, the mediator will not decide but instead, he will just help the parties in reaching an agreement. In the process, the final decision is made by the parties themselves and not by the mediator. Now, coming to the negotiation. See, the disputed parties will settle the disputes among themselves without the aid of a third person or negotiator in this process. Even if a negotiator is involved, his role would be very limited. Bargaining is a common feature of this form of alternate dispute resolution. Finally, we will see about Lokadalad or People's Court. It is a unique system developed in India. It acts as a forum where disputes or cases pending in the courts of law or at P litigation state are settled or compromised. Lokadalads are provided with statutory recognition under the Legal Services Authorities Act 1987. Also, as per this act, the award or decision made by the Lokadalads is deemed to be a decree of civil court. Its decision is final and binding on the parties. If in case the parties are not satisfied with the decision, they are free to initiate litigation by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction. This is all with respect to the different forms of alternate dispute resolution. Now, talking about the advantages of ADR over the conventional judiciary system in India. See, ADR takes less time. So, it will help people to resolve their disputes in a short period as compared to the courts. Then, ADR is cost-effective when compared to the judicial system in India and it is free from the technicalities of courts. In ADR, informal ways are applied in resolving a dispute unlike conventional courts. Also, the people are free to express themselves without any fear of court of law and they have the chance to reveal the true facts without disclosing it to any court. This is all with respect to the advantages of ADR over the conventional judicial system. Now, coming to the steps that need to be taken to promote ADR. See, the following suggestions I am going to discuss were given by the Indian Bar Association. So, you can use these points in your main examination. Now, we will see the suggestions one by one. Coming to the first suggestion, the parallel ADR institutions should be established largely in all parts of the country. They must be established at remote levels in the same manner as the courts of law. Then, each court should have mediation and arbitration centres and these centres should ensure that the disputes capable of being resolved through any of the ADR methods must be taken first by the ADR forum. If the parties fail to arrive at settlement through the ADR forum, then only the matter needs to be taken to the courts. Then, the arbitration and mediation centres are institutions presently existing in India mostly deal with commercial disputes and the government need to make sure to establish new private bodies for non-commercial disputes such as family disputes. And finally, the establishment, empowerment and legal recognition of ADR bodies in the country would be of no use unless the people are aware of the alternate dispute resolution methods. So, the knowledge of ADR options should be disseminated to the weaker sections of the society by performing street plays regularly. Such performance has to be made in the local dialect and language of the respective areas. These are all some of the suggestions which can be followed by the government to promote alternate dispute resolution in India. With this, we have come to the end of this discussion. Through this discussion, we saw about alternate dispute resolution methods, advantages of ADR over conventional courts and finally some of the suggestions to increase ADR's presence in India. With this, let's move on to the next news article. See this article here. It says that as part of Dasara celebrations, Dandia and Garba dance events have been lined up at many venues across the Bangalore city. The fascinating fact here is, Chair Garba has been arranged for senior citizens to provide them with a comfortable dance experience. This is the crux of the news article given here. In this context, let us understand about the two dance forms given in the article. First of all, let us see about the history of both the dances Dandia and Garba. If we see the history of these two dance forms that is Garba and Dandia, they both originated in Gujarat and they are performed during Navratri. Now you may ask why during Navratri? The reason is that these dance art forms are a dramatization of the nine-day battle between Goddess Durga and the demon king Mahishashura in Hindu mythology. And in this battle, the Goddess Durga emerged victoriously. This is what is symbolized by Navratri as well. That is, the triumph of good over evil. Now coming to the dances. Firstly, let us see the Dandia dance. Dandia is also called as Dandia Ras. It is a dance form performed during the time of Navratri as we saw earlier. It has its origins in Gujarat. To know completely about this dance, you should know the origins of it. See, originally it was performed in honor of Goddess Durga. The dance form represents a battle between the demon Mahishashura and the Goddess. Another legend states that the dance form originated from Krishna and Radhas, Ras Leela. Hence the name Dandia Ras. Also, it was believed that earlier it was performed only by men who sometimes used swords instead of sticks in the dance performance. Now coming to the features of Dandia. The dance attire comprises of bamboo sticks painted in bright colors. You may wonder what they are doing with their sticks right? See, the performers strike the wooden sticks in the rhythmic beats and the drummer standing in the center of the circle commands the rhythm of the dance. People assemble in two circular formations with the inner circle moving in a clockwise direction and the outer circle moving in the opposite direction. Though often clubbed with another dance form called Garba, it differs from Garba. The celebrations start after the performance of the ritual of Arthi. Whereas Garba is performed prior to it. Now coming to the Garba dance. Traditionally, it is performed around an earthen pot with a lamp inside which is called as Garba Deep. This representation is symbolic. The lantern symbolizes life that is the fetus in the womb in particular. The pot itself is a symbol of the body within which divinity resides. Dancers move around in circles making circular movements with their hands and feet around this earthen pot. This gesture symbolizes the circle of life which moves from life to death to rebirth leaving only the mother divine unmoved unchanging and invincible. With these info about the dancers, let us see how both these dances differ from each other. See, Garba has a more devotional appeal. This is because it is performed to bhajans and chants praising the many divine forms of the goddess. As we already saw, it is done before the earthy is performed. On the other hand, the andeas usually played during the late evening as part of the merriment after the earthy is done. See, even though we do not know why we perform these dance forms every year, but the real essence lies in the warmth and togetherness we feel when we gather around the family and friends for these nine days. It is a time filled with joy, love and devotion. The devotion is directed towards the goddess and is also a manifestation of the gratitude we feel in being alive and Navaratri would be incomplete without these resplendent art forms. That's all with respect to the dance forms. With this, let's move on to the next news article. Take a look at this article. This article here says that a total of 1720 suggestions and objections were received in connection to the draft delimitation report of Municipal Corporation of Delhi. As per the article, the majority of the feedback came from political parties, resident welfare associations and individuals. This is the essence of the article given here. In this context, let us understand about delimitation process in detail. First of all, what is delimitation? Delimitation is defined as the act or process of fixing boundaries or limits of territorial constituencies in a country having a legislative body. See, specifically in the Indian context, delimitation primarily means the process of redrawing boundaries of Lok Sabha and state assembly seats to represent changes in the population. Also know that election will be conducted only after this exercise. Now, you may wonder why is this done? The objective of the delimitation is to have equal representation to equal segments of the population. Other than this, delimitation is done to ensure a fair division of geographical areas so that all political parties or candidates contesting elections have a level playing field in terms of number of votes. See, in the normal course of events, the exercise is carried out few years after census. Like I said before, it is done to ensure that each seat has approximately equal number of voters. Now, with this basic information, let us move on to see how this act of delimitation is done. Under article 82, the parliament enacts a delimitation act after every census. Once the act is enforced, the union government sets up a delimitation commission made up of a retired Supreme Court judge, the chief election commissioner, and the respective state election commissioners. The commission is supposed to determine the number and boundaries of the constituencies. Here note that delimitation commissions post-independence were set up in the years 1952, 1963, 1972, and 2002. The last delimitation exercise was finished in the year 2008, when the 2001 census was taken as the basis for re-adjusting the boundaries of the existing Lok Sabha and Assembly constituencies. The delimitation commission is also tasked with additional duties like identifying seats reserved for schedule casts and schedule tribes. All this is done on the basis of the latest census, and in case of difference of opinion among members of the commission, the opinion of the majority prevails. The draft proposals of the delimitation commissions are published in the official gazettes of the states concerned, and at least two vernacular papers for public feedback. The commission also holds public sittings. After hearing the public, it considers objections and suggestions received in writing or overlay during those sittings, and carries out the necessary changes. In today's article, we particularly saw about this objections only. After hearing the public, the final order is published in the Gazette of India and also the respected state gazettes. It comes into force on a date specified by the president. That's all with respect to the delimitation. Through this discussion, we learned about the process of delimitation in India and how it is carried out. With this, let's move on to the next news article discussion. Let's take up this editorial page article for discussion. It talks about the Jalji event mission. As per the article, about 53 percentage of the eligible rural households now have tap water access in India. Government claims that there is a 37 percentage point trace from 2019 when the scheme was announced. This is the essence of the news article given here. In this context, let us understand about Jalji event mission in detail. What is this Jalji event mission? See, the government of India has restructured and subsumed the ongoing national rural drinking water program into Jalji event mission under the ministry of Jalsakthi in 2019. This is done to provide functional household tap connection to every rural household, that is Hargar Nalsajal by 2014. From this itself, we can easily find out the vision of the program. So the vision is to provide safe and adequate drinking water through individual household tap connections by 2014 to all rural households in India. With this basic information about the scheme, now let us see about the service delivery. See, the goal of the Jalji event mission is to provide functional household tap connection to every rural household with service level at the rate of 55 liters per capita per day, which is nothing but to provide 55 liters of clean drinking water to every rural household per day. Now, we shall see the institutional mechanism at the different levels. See, at the national level, there is a national Jalji event mission. At the state level, there is a state water and sanitation mission. At the district level, there is district water and sanitation mission. Now, coming to the Panjait level, there is Paani committee, otherwise called as village water and sanitation committee or user group. That's all about the mission. Now, coming to the article given in the newspaper, it says that the government conducts annual surveys to evaluate the success of the scheme. A recent audit by a private agency found that around 62 percentage of the rural households in India had fully functional tap water connection within their premises. Apart from this, a report of the parliamentary standing committee on water resources stated that 46 percentage households had such fully functional water tap connections. Not only this, the survey revealed wide disparities also in the achievement. See, as per the survey, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Goa and Puducherry reported more than 80 percentage of households with fully functional connections. But the households in Rajasthan, Kerala, Manipur, Tripura, Magarastra, Madhya Pradesh, Muzoram and Sikkim had less than half of such connections. Moreover, the report mentions a problem of chlorine contaminations in the drinking water. It said that 93 percentage of the water samples were free of bacterial contamination. But most of the Anganwadi centers and schools have residual chlorine which are higher than the permissible range. This is all with respect to the Jaljeevan mission with respect to rural India. Also note that in the budget speech of 2021, our finance minister announced Jaljeevan urban mission. This is a separate mission which focus on providing drinking water supply to urban households. Jaljeevan mission urban was launched under the Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry. Through this discussion, we came to know about the Jaljeevan mission, its objective and the recent survey conducted to find out the progress of the scheme. And also finally, we saw about the recently launched Jaljeevan urban mission. With this, let's move on to the next news article discussion. Take a look at this article here. This article speaks about Pradhan Mandir Krishi Sinchai Yojana. This is in news because the central government is planning to bring convergence between the Magatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme and Pradhan Mandir Krishi Sinchai Yojana, PMKSY. This plan is proposed to restore degraded land and to reverse desertification in the country. This is the crux of the news article given here. In this context, let's learn about PMKSY in detail. See, the Pradhan Mandir Krishi Sinchai Yojana is a centrally sponsored scheme relating to water conservation and management. The major objective of the scheme is to achieve convergence of investments in agriculture at the field level. The other objectives include expansion of cultivable area under ashore irrigation, then to improve on-form water use efficiency to reduce wastage of water, to enhance the adoption of precision irrigation and other water-saving technologies like drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation etc. And finally to promote sustainable water conservation practices. This is all about the objectives of the scheme. Now talking about the different components of the scheme, see PMKSY has been conceived by amalgamating the earlier schemes of the various ministries. The following schemes were brought under the umbrella scheme of Pradhan Mandir Krishi Sinchai Yojana. They are accelerated irrigation benefits program of the ministry of Jalsakthi, integrated watershed management program of the ministry of rural development and finally the on-form water management program of the ministry of agriculture. These schemes were brought under the Pradhan Mandir Krishi Sinchai Yojana. Also note that PMKSY is being implemented by three ministries now. They are ministry of agriculture, ministry of Jalsakthi and ministry of rural development. The component of the ministry of rural development is watershed development. This is to mainly undertake rainwater conservation, then the construction of farm ponds, water harvesting structures, small check dams and contour bonding etc. Next, coming to Harkat Kopani. This particular scheme is being implemented by the ministry of Jalsakthi. It means water to every farm. The objective of the scheme is to undertake various measures for creation of assured irrigation sources and the ministry will promote the construction of diversion canals, field channels including development of water distribution systems etc. Now finally, coming to the ministry of agriculture per drop more crop scheme. See it will promote efficient water conservation and precision water application devices like drips, sprinklers, pivots, rain guns in the farm. Then it will also promote the construction of micro irrigation structures to supplement source creation activities. The ministry also undertakes extension activities for the promotion of scientific moisture conservation and agro economic measures. With this we have seen briefly about the different components of the Pradhan Mandir Krishish in Chai Hojana. Now let's see about the working of this scheme. See the program architecture of PMKSY will adopt a decentralized state level planning that will allow states to draw up their own irrigation development plants based on district irrigation and state irrigation plants. The state level sanctioning committee chaired by the chief secretary of the state will be vested with the authority to oversee its implementation and sanction projects. Now coming to the national level. See the program will be supervised and monitored by an inter ministerial national steering committee which is constituted under the chairmanship of prime minister with union ministers from the concerned ministries. Here the national executive committee is also constituted under the chairmanship of vice chairman of Nithya Ayog. It is done to oversee program implementation, allocation of resources, inter ministerial coordination, monitoring and performance assessment etc. With this we have come to the end of this discussion. Through this discussion we came to know about Pradhan Mandir Krishish in Chai Hojana and the different components of it. With this let's move on to the next part of our discussion that is prelims practice question discussion. Today we have taken three different questions for our discussion. Now let's start with the first question. See it is a match the following type of question. The dances are given in one column and the states associated with it are given in the another column. The question asked for the correct pairs. Now coming to the first dance form which is Kalbelia. See Kalbelia is a sensuous folk dance performed by the women of the Kalbelia community of Rajasthan. So statement one is correct. The costumes and the dance movement are similar to that of the serpents. UNESCO has inscribed Kalbelia folk songs and dances in the representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity in 2010. Statement one is correct. Now coming to the second statement. Bangra. See Bangra is a highly energetic folk dance of Punjab. So statement two is also correct. Let us see few additional facts about Bangra. Bangra is accompanied with infectious and catchy drum beats. It is a popular form of celebration during festivities of Punjab. The next art form given is Bihu. See Bihu is a popular dance form of Assam performed in group by both men and women. So statement three is wrong. Now coming to the fourth art form Garba. We have seen this detail in our discussion. So the fourth art form given here is matched wrong. So the correct answer for this question is option B. Only two pairs. Take a look at these images. These images shows three different art forms. The first one is Bihu. The second one is Bangra. And the third one is Kalbelia. You can pause the video and have a look. Now moving on to the second question. It is a two statement question and we have to find out the correct statements. Let me read out the statements first. Statement one says that the delimitation commission was first set up in the year 1952 and it was lost set up in the year 2011. From our discussion we know that the first part of this statement is right. But the second part is wrong. Delimitation commissions have been set up four times in independent India. They were set up in 1952, 1963, 1973 and 2002. There was no delimitation after the 1981 and 1991 census. The second part of the statement says that it was lost set up in the year 2011 which is wrong. So statement one is incorrect. Now coming to the second statement. The composition of delimitation commission consists of chief election commissioner and state election commissioners only. This is also we saw in the discussion itself. The union government sets up a delimitation commission made up of a retired supreme court judge, the chief election commissioner of India and the respective state election commissioners. So statement two is also incorrect. So the correct answer for this question is option D neither one nor two. Moving on to the final question of the day. It is a three statement question. We have to find out the statements which are not correct. Coming to the first statement. It says that Pradhan Mandir Krishi Shinshai Yojana is a central sector scheme. This statement is completely wrong. It is not a central sector scheme but a centrally sponsored scheme. Here the pattern of assistance will be met by both central and state governments in the ratio 60 is to 40 for all states except the north eastern and Himalayan states. In the case of both these states the ratio of sharing is 90 is to 10. For the union territories funding pattern is 100% by the central government. Statement one is incorrect. Now coming to the second statement. The main objective is to expand cultivable area with assured irrigation, reduced wastage of water and improved water use efficiency. This statement is absolutely right. This is the main objective of the Pradhan Mandir Krishi Shinshai Yojana. So statement two is correct. Now coming to the third statement. The component of watershed development of the scheme is implemented by the ministry of Jalsakthi. This statement is wrong because the component of watershed development of the scheme is implemented by the ministry of rural development. So the correct option for this question is option C1 and 3 only. Displayed here is the quiz question for you. Interested aspirants can post the correct option in the comment section. I also have a main question for you. Interested aspirants can write answer for this question and post it in the comment section. With this, we have come to the end of our discussion today. If you have liked our video, please hit the like button, do comment and share with your friends. To see more videos like these, subscribe to Shankar Iyer's Academy.