 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Iyer's Academy for the date 15th of June 2020. The list of news articles taken up for today's analysis along with the page numbers of 5 different editions is given here for your reference. The handwritten notes in PDF format and the time stamping of all the news articles taken up for today's analysis is given in the description section and also in the comment section in the best interest of the viewers. Now let us begin our analysis. Now let us look at an editorial which discusses about the discrimination that is followed in many forms in the society. The syllabus relevant to the analysis of this editorial is given here for your reference. See recently we came across news relating to discrimination on the grounds of race, religion, etc. around the world and also in India. For example, the George Floyd case in America, then the revolutions made by former western race cricket captain Darren Sammy, and then by former Indian cricketer Irfan Patan who pointed that discrimination on the basis of faith was being carried out. So we cannot disregard the fact that discrimination exists in our country. Even today, after 70 years of independence, our society remains full of structural discrimination. There are historically ingrained forms of discrimination along the lines of caste, class, gender, religion, etc. This leads to prejudice which pervade every aspect of life from access to basic goods to education and employment. But sometimes the discrimination is indirect and even unintended and this form is as harmful as the other form. It is because apparently there is no discrimination but internally it leads to discrimination. Now this is what we mean by the theory of disparate impact. So disparate impact describes a situation in which adverse effects of criteria such as those applied to candidates for employment or promotion occur among people belonging to certain groups such as racial minorities, etc. And this happens regardless of the visible neutrality of the criteria. Now let us take an example of Delhi High Court's 2018 judgment in case law, Madhu v. Northern Railway where disparate impact was applied by the judges. Here the wife and daughter of an employee were denied free medical treatment by the railway saying that the employee stuck their names off his medical card. See for extending medical services the dependence of employee are mentioned in the card. So the families of the current and the former railway employees are entitled to avail medical services from the railway hospitals as long as they carry the card. But since the names of the dependents in this case the women were removed it disentitled them to free medical services that are otherwise available to the dependents of railway employees. So this amounted to disparate impact. So you can see that mentioning the name on the card may seem as a fair practice but separate card was not provided to the dependents. So it produced a disparate impact as the dependents entitlement is based on the whims and fancies of that of the particular employee. So the Supreme Court ordered to include names in card and to provide a separate card as well. So you can see that such disparate impact leads to discrimination against the minorities, women as in this case and even children. So both the direct and indirect forms of discrimination oppose or prevent the constitutional vision of equality. Now when we tell the constitutional vision we mean article 15 which prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Here you need to note the two crucial words discrimination and only. Discrimination means to make an adverse distinction with regard to or to distinguish unfavorably from others. And the use of word only implies that discrimination on other grounds is not prohibited. And further if you see clause 2 of this article 15 says that no citizen shall be subjected to any disability, liability, restriction or condition on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth with regards to these aspects. So we can see that this provision prohibits discrimination both by state and the private individuals. But the problem is this right comes into conflict with the rights of persons to associate with others which leads to exclusion of certain groups. For example, there was a case law before Supreme Court in the year 2005 that endorsed or supported one such exclusion. It ruled in favor of a Parsi housing societies by law which prohibited the sale of property to non-Parsi's and noted that it was intrinsic in Parsi's fundamental right to associate with each other. So according to author, the judgment overlooked clause 2 of this article 15 altogether. It is because the word shops used in it is meant to be read widely. Moreover, the founders of constitution explicitly intended to place restrictions on any economic activity that sought to exclude specific groups. For example, refusing to lease a property based on the customer's faith because such refusal counters the guarantee of equality as envisaged in the constitution. Such contentions happen because this constitutional right to equality is not supported by any comprehensive legislation in India. While other countries have legislations that is an anti-discrimination law. For example, in South Africa, the constitutional guarantees augmented by an all-encompassing law known as the promotion of equality and prevention of unfair discrimination act. And this act prohibits unfair discrimination by the government or private organization and individuals. So on this basis, the author of this editorial calls for an anti-discrimination law in India. And he concludes that by understanding that discrimination takes part in different forms, a comprehensive legislation is needed and this legislation shall ensure a re-dedication to our original constitutional commitment of equality and prohibition of discrimination as envisaged in article 15. So this is in brief about the discussion of this editorial. From this editorial, we have seen how discrimination is followed in many forms in the society, sometimes which is indirect and even unintended. And in relation to this, we saw article 15 which prohibits discrimination and some case clause of the Supreme Court. Now have a look at the practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. Now let us look at this editorial which has been written based on the outcomes of the GST council that was held on 12th of June 2020. In the context of this editorial, we need to know about GST council and GST compensation says from exam point of view. First let us look at both these and then let us get back to the editorial. Now coming to GST council, it is a constitutional body which was formed under article 279A of Indian constitution. This GST council makes recommendations to the union and the state governments on issues related to goods and services tax that was introduced in the year 2017. And know that this GST council is headed by the union finance minister. Other members of this GST council include the union state minister of finance, then the ministers in charge of finance or taxations from the respective states across India. So you can see that it is a federal body where both the center and the states get due representation. And one more thing which you need to know is that every decision of the GST council shall be taken at a meeting by a majority of not less than three fourths of the weighted votes of the members present and voting in accordance with these two principles. One is that the central government vote will have a weightage of one third of the total votes cast and the state governments votes will be taken together and it will have a weightage of two thirds of the total votes cast in that meeting. So you can see that the state governments have an upper hand in decision making when compared to the central government. So as I just told earlier the GST was brought into force in 2017 to be precise on 1st of July 2017. Before this some of the states had expressed their concerns over loss of revenue on the account of new taxation system. So an act was enacted to levy the compensation sets in order to provide compensation to the states for the expected loss of revenue owing to the introduction of GST. And this act was called as the goods and services compensation to states act of 2017. Now if you look at section 7 of this act it says that the loss of revenue to the states on account of GST implementation shall be payable for a transition period of five years or for such period as may be prescribed on the recommendations of the GST council. And this compensation that is payable to a particular state shall be provisionally calculated and released at the end of every two months during the transition period. See the total compensation payable in any financial year is the difference between the projected revenue for any financial year and the actual revenue that has been collected by a state. Now if you look at section 4 of this act financial year 2015-16 has been taken as the base year for calculating the compensation amount that is payable to the states. And also know that the projected nominal growth rate of revenue during this transition period shall be 14% per annum. So the loss of revenue to the states is made by collecting the compensation sets. Know that the GST compensation sets will be collected on select goods and or select services on both till 1st of July 2022. The proceeds of the sets and such other amounts as recommended by the GST council will be credited to a non-lapsable fund. This non-lapsable fund is called as GST compensation fund. Know that this fund is part of the public accounts of India. Also know that the accounts related to this fund shall be audited by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India or any other person appointed by the CAC. So this is all about GST council and then the GST compensation sets and also about the GST compensation fund that you need to know from exam point of view. With this background information in mind let us look at this editorial. Now if you look here it tells that the GST council has announced some relaxations like relaxing the late fees and the interest payable for those taxpayers who are failing to file the returns on time. And if you look here it speaks about the poor GST collections that has happened in the month of March. It has reduced below 1 lakh crore and it also tells that the GST collection numbers for the month of April and May will not be known before the month of July. If you see some other sources have mentioned that the GST collections have gone so low below 50,000 crores. And we know the reason for this is the economic impact due to COVID-19 lockdown. But despite poor tax collections the state governments have somehow been managing the finances and also addressing this pandemic at the same time. This editorial tells that several states have been urging the central government to extend emergency fiscal support. And they have also urged the central government to release the past GST compensation dues by the central government. Because if you see the GST compensation that was due for the states for the months of December 2019 till February 2020 was released only on 4th of June. So you can see that the compensation is pending for the months of March till May. If the state governments are able to get some money out of this compensation it will be useful for their finances. And if you look here it also tells that the GST council was not able to arrive at a consensus to finalize the way forward of how the central government will pay the states the GST compensation amount. And if you see there was also an idea within the GST council that loans can be raised against future GST says in order to recompensate the states in advance. But if you see no concrete decision was taken on this front and this editorial tells that a decision might be taken during a special meet of the GST council that is to be held in the month of July. So these are some of the important takeaways from this editorial. From this editorial focus on GST council about the GST compensation says and about the GST compensation fund from exam point of view. Now have a look at these practice questions. Let us move on to the next news article. Now let us look at this question which has been framed based on this news article which talks about Hoisa Leshpara temple of Hallebidu and it also talks about the architecture of Hoisa Dainashti. The news article tells that many historical sites in Hallebidu are getting encroached due to lack of governments oversight. See most of the art and architectural remains that survive from ancient and medieval India are religious in nature. This religious architecture is broadly classified into three styles. One is the Nagara style which is more prevalent in the present northern part of India. And next the Dravidas style which is more prevalent in the present southern part of India. And you can see the Vesara style which is more prevalent in the Deccan part of present India. Now if you look at this Vesara style it is a hybridized style which has been created through the selective mixing of the Nagara and the Dravidas styles. You can find the school of architecture mostly in the southern part of Deccan especially in the state of Karnataka. And if you find in Nitin Singanya's book this Vesara style is also called as the Karnataka school of architecture or the Karnataka style of architecture. See after Cholas and Pandyas the Hoysalas of Karnataka grew to prominence in the southern part of India and they became the most important patrons centered at the present day Mysuru. Hoysala dynasty roughly existed between the 10th and the 14th centuries. Initially their capital was at Belu then it was shifted to Hallebidu and this Hallebidu is located in the present Hassan district of Karnataka. See during their reign the Hoysalas built more than 1500 temples all across their empire. At present roughly over 100 of them survive and all these temples are known for their intricate sculptural artistry. For example like the Chenakeshwara temple which is located at Belur and the Hoysaleshwara temple which we are seeing now which is located at Hallebidu etc. One more thing that you need to know about Hoysala dynasty is that they supported both Shaivite and Vaishnavite sects of Hinduism and they also gave court recognition and status to Jainism as well. As I told earlier the capital of Hoysalas was shifted from Belu to Hallebidu and within Hallebidu you can also find Jain temples along with this Hoysaleshwara temple. Now if you see these temples are made out of soap stone which is a relatively soft stone. Hence the artists were able to carve their sculptures quite intricately as you can see here. Now coming to the temple which is in news the Hoysaleshwara temple. It was built in dark cast stone in 1121 C during the reign of the Hoysala king Vishnu Badana Hoysaleshwara. I know that this temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. You can find the sculpture of Natraja who is a form of Lord Shiva in this temple. And as told earlier Hoysala temples are called hybrid or Vesara style since the style is neither completely Dravidah nor Nagara but somewhere in between. And if you see these Vesara style architecture can be easily distinguishable from other medieval architecture. If you see they have a highly original star like ground plan based on which the temple is built and you can also find some profusion of decorative carvings as you can see in this picture. So this is in brief about Hoysaleshwara temple. Know that this Hoysaleshwara temple is not listed as a world heritage site by UNESCO. Remember this fact it is not listed in UNESCO's World Heritage List. But it is in the tentative list under cultural category it was submitted by India in 2014. As of now it is not in the World Heritage List of UNESCO. So whenever you come across such important architecture and the places associated with it just try to know if they are a part of the World Heritage List of UNESCO. Now if you see the group of monuments at Hampi and the group of monuments at Patadakal are a part of UNESCO's World Heritage List that are from the state of Karnataka and they are listed under the cultural category. So this is in brief about this news article and the related discussion under medieval history that you need to know from exam perspective. Now look at this question. The question asks which of the following religious shrines can be classified under Vesara style of architecture. Brihadishwara temple, Kandari Mahadyo temple, Hoisaaleshwara temple. Now if you remember during the early part of our discussion we told that there are three schools of temple architecture. Nagara, Dravidan, Vesara. Nagara is more focused in northern part of India, Dravidan the southern part of India and Vesara in the Deccan part of India especially in the state of Karnataka. Now if you know the location of these temples you can arrive at the answer. See Brihadishwara temple is located in the state of Tamil Nadu. It is known for Dravidan style of architecture. So you can eliminate option D here. Next look at Kandari Mahadyo or Kandari Mahadev temple. It is located at Khajuraho in the present day Madhya Pradesh. And it is known for Nagara style of architecture. So you can eliminate two as well which leaves you with the correct answer which is option B 3 1 D, Hoisaaleshwara temple which is known for Vesara style of architecture. So from this discussion we have seen in brief about the three styles of architecture and then in brief about the Hoisaala dynasty and also about the Hoisaaleshwara temple which is located in Halle Bidu. Now let us move on to the next news article. This question is framed based on this news article which mentions that the recording of Leucistic Indian Goa in Neel Grease has raised concerns among environmentalists. See over the last few years Leucism has been recorded in animals like tigers, sambar deer and the three striped palm squirrel in the Neel Grease. Just have an idea about the conservation status of the animals which we have mentioned now under the IUCN dead list of threatened species then under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 and also under sites. So what is Leucism? See Leucism is a genetic mutation in animals in which some or all pigmentations are not properly deposited. Here do not confuse this Leucism with albinism because both are different. If you see albinism it is caused by a genetic mutation that causes the absence of tyrosinase in the pigment cells of animals and humans. See tyrosinase is responsible for the first step in the melanin production. Know that melanin is a dark pigment that gives an animal its color. It gives normal coloration in the skin, scales, eyes or hair but an albin individual is unable to produce melanin pigments. So a lack of melanin usually causes an animal to appear white or pink or to even have a bleached look. If you see albinos they usually have pink eyes because without coloration the underlying blood vessels can be seen. In humans and in some of the animals the eyes of an albino are light blue or green because of the way the light passes through iris. Remember being white does not make an animal an albino since the leucistic animals also appear white. So whether it has pink or light blue eyes or not is the diagnostic feature to distinguish between leucistic and albino individuals. It is because leucism does not affect the pigment cells in the eyes. So remember this fact. Now because of this the leucistic animals have mostly white skin, hair or scales but will have some dark pigmentation in their eyes and nails. So this is the difference that you need to know between leucism and albinism. Now coming to leucism the reason cited for the prevalence of this leucism condition among the species in upper Neal Greece is the fragmentation and isolation of wildlife populations. This leads to lack of genetic diversity among the mating populations of a particular species. In this case the Indian Gaur. It is because the grasslands in upper Neal Greece are being destroyed which has disturbed or severed the corridors connecting different habitats and populations. One more important animal which was affected due to the destruction of the grasslands in upper Neal Greece is the famous Nilgri Thar. So you can see that the populations of wildlife become more isolated and this leads to inbreeding and this also results in mutation. Inbreeding is the production of offspring from mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically. So the only way to ensure genetic diversity is to restore the destroyed wildlife corridors which will facilitate mixing of different populations. Some other reasons that are mentioned for the prevalence of this leucism condition are pollution, environmental alterations, low quality diet etc. So what is the consequence? See animals with these mutations may not be genetically predisposed to contracting certain diseases due to a compromised immune system and it will also reduce the chance to survive in the wild because now they will be lacking camouflage. So this is in brief about the discussion of this news article. Now look at this question which of the following statements is not correct with reference to leucism recently seen in news. It is a genetic mutation in animals in which pigmentation are not properly deposited. Leucistic animals have mostly white skin, hair or scales but will have dark pigmentation in their eyes. Option C tells that it is also known as albinism. Here option A is correct, option B is correct, option C is incorrect because leucism is different from albinism. So here option C is the correct answer. Now let us move on to the next news article. Now look at this question which is framed based on this news article which mentions about various passes in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. It discusses about clashes in India-China border that happened in the year 1967 between India and China. Now what you need to focus from exam point of view is the passes that are mentioned in this news article. Now if you look at this question it asks which of the following mountain passes are located in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, Natula, Tulungla, Bumla, Bumdila. In the first glance you might find this question difficult but if you carefully observe the first one, Natula is not located in Arunachal Pradesh. In fact it is located in the state of Sikkim. If you know this particular fact you can arrive at the answer by eliminating one in the remaining options A, B and D. So here the correct answer is option C, 2, 3 and 4 only. Now let us move on to the next news article. Now let us look at this question which has been framed based on this news article which tells that India is looking forward to deploy naval liaisons that is navy liason offices at the regional maritime information fusion centre which is located at Madagascar and also at the European maritime surveillance initiative in the state of Hormu for improved maritime domain awareness. See to share information about the maritime activities across the seas there are many information fusion centres operating across the world. If you look in India we have the information fusion centre for Indian Ocean region which is located at Gurugramharyana. It is located within the premises of the information management and analysis centre and it tracks the maritime movements in the Indian Ocean region. Because Indian Ocean region is important for India in terms of world trade and security and India is looking forward to collaborate towards enhancing the maritime safety and security on the seas of this region. So this information fusion centre for Indian Ocean region acts as an interface where India integrates with all its partners and stakeholders in areas of maritime security. So who is the naval liason officer? Note that they are the primary source of the information of maritime and their physical presence within the centre helps to accelerate the flow of information among the parties. Now if you look at this news article India is looking forward to post its own navy liason offices at two centres one at the regional maritime information fusion centre and the next one at the European maritime surveillance initiative in the state of Hormone. So in this context you need to know about the regional maritime information fusion centre. It functions under the ages of the Indian Ocean Commission. It was set up in 2018 by five states from the eastern and southern Africa and Indian Ocean which are the countries of Djibouti, Madagascar, Mauritius, Union of Komoro and Seychilds. Now in this context try to know about Indian Ocean Commission from Prillam's perspective know that it was founded in 1982 it is a regional forum in the southwest Indian Ocean. It has five small island nations as its members which are the countries of Komoro's, French Union Islands, Madagascar, Mauritius and Seychilds and the secretariat is based at Mauritius and these are the list of countries which are observers in this Indian Ocean Commission. So you can find that India is also an observer in this Indian Ocean Commission since March 2020. So after joining as an observer in this Indian Ocean Commission now India is looking forward to post its naval as an officer at this regional maritime information fusion centre which is located at Madagascar. Next let us look in brief about this European maritime surveillance initiative in the state of Formos. See it is composed of Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands and the French officers who are based at the French navigator in Abu Dhabi. And the aim of this initiative is to monitor the maritime activity and guarantee freedom of navigation in the Persian Gulf and the state of Formos. So this is all about the discussion of this news article. From this news article we have seen about the information fusion centre for Indian Ocean Region which is located at Gurugram Haryana. Then we saw about Indian Ocean Commission from Prelims perspective under which the regional maritime information fusion centre saw about the European maritime surveillance initiative in the state of Formos. Now look at this question. It is a three statement question. The question is with reference to Indian Ocean Commission considered the following statements. The first statement tells that India is one of the founder members of this organization. The second statement tells that it includes all the littoral states of Indian Ocean including small island nations in the Indian Ocean. And the third statement tells that India and China are the observer states in the Indian Ocean so you can find that statement one and statement three are contradicting. The first statement tells India is a founding member. The third statement tells India is an observer. And as we saw during our discussion the first statement is wrong. India is an observer of this Indian Ocean Commission since March 2020 and China is also an observer of this Indian Ocean Commission. So if statement one is wrong you can eliminate options A and D. So all you need to confirm now is if the second statement is correct or not. This statement is incorrect. It does not include all the littoral states of Indian Ocean. Only five countries are the members of this Indian Ocean Commission. So here the correct answer is option B 3 only. This is all about the discussion of this news article. In this news article focus more on Indian Ocean Commission and about the information fusion center of Indian Ocean region from problem's perspective. Now let us move on to the next news article. Now let us look at this question which has been framed in this news article. This news article tells that even after a month the Parliamentary Committee on Labor has written to eight state governments seeking explanation on the changes brought to the labor laws during the COVID-19 lockdown in the states. Three states have not responded so far despite the reminders from the Parliamentary Committee on Labor. Here it refers to the departmentally related Standing Committee on Labor. Now in this context you need to know about the departmentally related Standing committees and in detail about the Parliamentary committees from exam perspective. We have discussed in detail about this in our 26th May the Hindu News Analysis. Now based on that discussion we have framed this question which will serve you as revision. Now if you look at this question it is a two statement question and you need to choose those statements which are incorrect. Look at the first statement it tells that departmentally related Standing committees are mentioned in this statement tells that only the members of Lok Sabha are the members of these departmentally related Standing committees. Here both the statements are incorrect because during our discussion on 26th May we saw that the departmentally related Standing committees are based on the specifically mentioned rules in the rule books of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha and there are 24 departmentally related Standing committees and we also saw that each of the committee can have a member from the Rajya Sabha and 21 members are from the Lok Sabha. So you can see that both the members of Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha are members of these departmentally related Standing committees. So both the statements are incorrect here. Now the question demands you to choose those statements which are incorrect. So the correct answer here is option C both one and two. So always be careful read the question twice and choose the correct answer. Now let us move on to the next news article. Now let us look at this news article which presents the criticism of the Chief Minister of West Bengal against the draft electricity bill introduced by the central government where the Chief Minister of West Bengal has also sought the support from the major opposition parties to oppose this draft electricity bill. See from this news article try to take toward three important points from mains perspective if you wish to write why the draft electricity bill is disadvantages. Now one point mentioned in this news article is that the Chief Minister has called this draft bill a violation of the spirit of cooperative federalism. Why because electricity is in the concurrent list but the central government has failed to consult the states before introducing this draft bill. This is the reason why the Chief Minister has told that this bill is in violation of the spirit of cooperative federalism. Now the next criticism which you can tell about the end of subsidies as proposed in this bill will affect many stakeholders across the society like the electricity consumers including farmers who will now have to pay the tariff. Even though they have subsidies it will be sent to them through direct benefit transfer but this is going to take time and also if you see 100% financial inclusion as not yet happened in India. So the Chief Minister has questioned that why the government is going to end the subsidies time when the direct benefit transfer is itself not a success. The Chief Minister has told that paying the tariff and later getting the subsidy through direct benefit transfer would actually result in defaults which can lead to penalties or even the disconnection of electricity. Also the Chief Minister has spoken regarding the power to fix tariff because in the draft bill the center will have more power in fixing the power tariff where a central government appointed authority will fix the power tariff. The Chief Minister calls this as a discriminatory step and she tells that the tariff can be adjusted according to the whims and fancies of the central government. So these are some of the important criticisms put forward by the Chief Minister of West Bengal against this draft electricity amendment bill of 2020 which seeks to amend the Electricity Act of 2003. So try to make use of these points in your mains answers as criticisms. We have discussed in detail about this draft electricity amendment bill of 2020 in our 19th May 2020 the Hindu news analysis we request the viewers to have a look at it for further subject clarity. Now let us move on to the practice questions discussion session. Look at this first question. It is a two statement question and you need to choose those statement or statements that are correct. Look at the first statement. It tells that the financial year 2016-17 has been taken as the base year for regulating compensation amount payable to the states for the loss of revenue during the transition period with the projected nominal growth rate of revenue of states at 14 percentage per annum. This statement is incorrect because the financial year 2015-16 has been taken as the base year not 2016-17. Now look at the second statement. It tells that the compensation says collected will be credited to GST compensation fund which is a collapsible fund. Yes this statement is correct. So the correct answer here is option B2 only since it demands you to choose the statement or statements that are correct. Now this question is with reference to GST council. It is a three statement question and you need to choose those statement or statements that are correct. Look at the first statement. It tells that GST council is a constitutional body established under article 279A of Indian constitution. Yes this statement is correct. Look at the second statement. It tells that this GST council is headed by the prime minister. No this statement is incorrect because it is headed by the union minister of finance so you can eliminate options B and D. Now look at the third statement. It tells that the central government has the highest weightage than the state governments of. The total votes cast in a meeting for taking decisions regarding goods and services tax. This statement is also incorrect because we saw that the state governments have two third weightage and the central government has one third of weightage than the voting. So here the correct answer is option A one only. Now let us look at a main question which has been framed under general studies paper 2. The question is both direct and indirect forms of discrimination. Militate against the constitutional vision of equality. Elaborate. Here you can mention both the forms. Direct includes the visible discrimination where there is historically ingrained forms of discrimination along the lines of cast, class, gender, religion etc. And for indirect you can mention the disparate impact with example that we saw during our discussion. Then you can mention the constitutional provisions article 15 and 16 related to prohibition of discrimination. Then you can mention the examples that we saw during our discussion. And you can conclude telling that constitutional rights should be backed by a legal right by drafting an anti-discrimination law which will safeguard equality. It is a 10 mark question and you need to answer this question in 150 words. Post video answers in the comment section. We shall review and give suitable suggestions in feedback within a reasonable time frame. With this we come to the end of the analysis of all the news articles taken up for today's discussion and also the practice questions discussion session. If you like the video press the like button comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel for latest videos and updates. Stay focused and motivated friends. Thank you.