 Namaste and welcome back. Thank you very much, Danyavad, for listening to our, watching our dialogue on the Nepali COVID situation in our first short video. This second video is intended to take you through some of the vocabulary and the basic grammar of that dialogue, which will enable you to perhaps go back to it and understand it a little bit in its own terms in the way in which the Nepali actually works, without so much reliance perhaps on the English translation that we've provided. So let me introduce this to you and in the hope that at the end of this you maybe, why not, able to begin to formulate your own little phrases and questions in the Nepali language. Okay, here we go. So now just to finish off, I will take you through some of the words and structures that we've used in that dialogue so that perhaps you can go back if you'd like to and listen to it again and it'll make more sense to you a second time through. So to take the words in order of, in order in which they appear in the dialogue, the first is today, which means Arja, which means I should say today. The second is the first of our questioning words. Many of Nepali languages' questioning words begin with a ka, so kosto, how? Asking for something to be described. The third word is the first of the pronouns we'll meet in this. So there are two or three, three or four actually different ways of addressing somebody as you. The most common one in normal polite conversation, not excessively polite, but you know, gentile and normal, is to call somebody dabai, dabai. And then the next word that's coming up here is lai, which is a word that we call a post position. So in English, many words like at, or to, or for, or with come before the noun. So with me, with him, for her, etc. In Nepali, the same words, the same equivalent words come after other words. So dabai you, dabai lai, to you, for you, at you. Then we come to our first, first little verb. And now the verb to be in Nepali is interesting and a little challenging in the early, early weeks of learning the language in the sense that there are these two functions. One is what we call the sort of cha line of verbs to be. And the other is the line of ho. So here we have cha, which simply means in a simpler sense is, but only in the sense of describing something or saying that something is in a particular place. So locating it or stating that it exists or is some way available. So it's is, but with those specific meanings of is. The second pronoun we meet is is ma, which is, which is I, or me, if it's in a different grammatical case. Easy to remember, I feel. Sante, Sancho means means well, healthy. All of the Nepali adjectives can be emphasized by, if they end in a vowel, by simply changing that vowel to I. So Sancho is fine, well, Sanchi is very well, very healthy. So an adjective in that sense and emphasized. And then chu is staying with the cha meaning of is, but with a first person reference. So it's rather than is, it's am, mo, chu. And again, you're describing yourself or locating yourself with that verb. Ni is a little word that you will put on the end of something to often mean, you know, what about this, or to say, oh, you know what I mean, don't you? Nepali has a lot of these little words to kind of inflect or give a slightly different tone to a statement or a question. Ani is a word, the word that means also, dara is the word that means but. Go is a, is not a word that really works on its own, it's always joined to something else. And it links the thing that's the owner of something to the thing that's being owned. So it kind of sits between the owner and the owned in the same way that an apostrophe s does in English. So Michael's house, for instance, is Michael-ko-gar, gar being the word for house. Ali means a little or slightly. Dara with this retroflexed d with your tongue pronounced with the tongue curled back up up up onto the roof of the mouth means fear. And lageko means it's actually a participle of the verb lagnu, which is a ubiquitous and very versatile verb that can mean to be felt or to affect or to apply to something. So dara lagnu, dara lageko means that, you know, the fear is being felt is applying itself to you. Jota is a combination of two words. One is the word ek, which means one, number one, and then otta, which means that the the one is enumerating a thing and not a person. But think of it just as the word for a, a singular thing. Katarnak, adjective meaning dangerous. Kitanu, thing meaning a word meaning a germ or a microbe. And then we have ho. So this is the other way of saying is, is, but not locating it or necessarily describing it, but actually defining what it is. This is an area of Nepali grammar that takes a little bit of getting used to in the early, early weeks of, but soon, soon, soon bends in. And then desko is, this is a go we meant earlier meaning that something is owned by something. And the des is, it's a little complicated, but it's the inflected form of tu, meaning that. So it means the thing belonging to that. It's arko, an adjective meaning other. Nam, nice and simple, a word that means name. Yo is an adjective, if you like, to mean, to mean this, rogue, the noun that means disease or illness, lakshan, a symptom or a sign or an attribute, but in this context, the symptom of a disease. Another questioning word again, beginning with the guh, the ke, meaning, meaning what? Question mark, lagatar, an adjective meaning continuous. Koki, meaning a cough. Ra, the word. One of two words meaning and, usually used in a, in a list. Ucha, an adjective meaning high. Juoro, a noun meaning fever. Esko, so we had desko of that and esko is of this. Belonging to it. It's mukya, an adjective meaning the main or principal thing. Hun is the another form of the ho verb, to be, but plural. So if it's singular, it's ho when you're defining it, if it's plural, it's hun. And then this very nice little word re, which you can add to the end of a statement, usually a statement to say, this is information that I've gleaned from somewhere else. They say I've heard, apparently, very widely used in Nepali. And very neat, a very neat way of saying something very quickly, that takes a little longer in English. Sarne is from the verb sarnu, which means to, to shift, to, to move from one place to another. Obviously in the context of talking about virus or viruses or germs, it comes to mean to, to infect. So sarne, from the verb sarnu, comes to mean infectious as an adjective. Manche is person. Bata is another post position, so something that comes after the noun rather than before it is it within English, so meaning, meaning from, say, manche bata from a person. And then sarcha. So the verb is sarnu, if you find it in the dictionary, but it has these different endings according to its usage and its tense. So sarne, we had just now to mean infectious as an adjective. And then sarcha is a statement that something moves, something shifts in the present tense rather habitually. And then a is this little word, it's sort of Nepali equivalent of oh, or oh, I see. Osadhi is a noun meaning medicine. Ahile by itself means means now, the present time. Samma means up to in a range of different contexts, but in this one is up to now. So it can mean sort of yet. China is a negative of char. So we say char, something is or something exists or something is in a particular place. China, the negative is not. Or there isn't any. Desubhai, the grammar is a little advanced at the stage, but just use it as a phrase in its own right. If that's the case, if that's so, that being so. Bacna, from Bacnu to be saved, to be rescued. So in order to be saved. And then gar nu parcha. So gar nu is the verb meaning to do. So as we said, all Nepali verbs in the infinitive form, the dictionary form and nu parcha gives a sense of being some kind of obligation or duty to do something. So have to do or has to do depending on who's in the, who's in the sentence in question. Teen otah, it's spelled vata, we're being potentially spelling it correctly. But in the pronunciation, it's otah. So this means teen is the number three. With all numbers, if we are actually enumerating things, we're saying three of these, four of those and so on, we have to distinguish between things and people. So we add what we call a numeral classifier. So three is the number three. Teen otah means three things, three non-people things. We had yota earlier on, which is actually ik otah, that's sort of pronounced in a more compressed kind of way. Garm is a a word that means deed or action or actually it can mean work in that sense too. Ik, the number one. Gare is the word meaning the home or the house. Gare means at home in the house. Bas nu parcha. So we had gar nu parcha, have to do. And here we have bas nu parcha. So bas nu is to stay, to reside, to live somewhere, not to move. So again, must or have to or should stay. Bahira, an adverb or a postposition meaning outside. Gum na, from gum nu, to walk, to travel, and then hundaina, which you will put after a verb to say, but it's not right to do that verb. So gum na hundaina. Gar, bahira, gum na hundaina. It's not right to move, to travel, to walk outside the house. Ania, an adjective meaning other. Manche haru. We had manche. Manche haru is people. So Nepali is nice and easy when you want to make plural nouns by and large because you simply take singular noun, manche, and you add on this word haru, which is always the same, and whatever you add it to. So that turns it from person to people. Alec means a little rather slightly. Barra, an adjective meaning distant, far away. Rah nu parche. Again, have to, should, haranu, remain, stay, not go somewhere else. Teen, the number three. So we've had ik, on, dui, tu, teen, three. Barobar, an adverb meaning regularly. Hat, the hand or the hands plural. Dunu parche, you should wash. Dunu to wash. So parche, you have to, you should do this thing. You should wash. Ani, another word for and, which is usually more to do with sort of subsequently after that in its usage or additionally. We had ra, is another word meaning and, which is more regularly used in kind of lists of things. Bicema in the, in between things. Muq, the noun that means the face. Chunna, from Chunnu to touch. So Chunna, and it's Chunna hundana we had in the, in the dialogue. So it's not right to touch. Dara, again, is but. Kanekura, literally things to eat. So foodstuffs. The noun. Kah, another questioning word meaning where. Liao nu is to bring something. So liiao ne where to bring from is the question in the dialogue. So bringing, from where bringing. Din, the noun to mean, that means day, a particular day. Ek patak. So we know ek, meaning one. Patak, occasion, time. So ek patak, once. Bajar, you'll know the English word bazaar. So it's, it's, that's the word. So it means, you know, the place where the shops are, the place where you go shopping in the market. Jaan nu, or jaan na, to go and paincha, one acquires, one gets, one is allowed. So jaan na paincha, one is allowed to go. And kin mail, kin mail gar nu to go, to go shopping, kin mail gar na in order to do shopping. Gar na, general, all purpose word meaning to do something. So kin mail shopping. Niske, pa chi, little advanced programmer here, but niske nu is the verb meaning to emerge from somewhere, to come out of somewhere. And pa chi means after. So and that's the form of the verb you have to do to combine it with the postposition pa chi. But we will, that's a little advanced for today's purposes. Just think of it as a phrase in itself, after coming out. Kam se kam, a phrase meaning at least probably borrowed from Hindi. Samajik duri, we're all familiar with this in the UK now. I think this is being translated into Nepali from the English phrase. So samajik duri, literally social distance, an adjective, social and the noun, distance duri. Ke le, so by le, what, ke, with what? Paani, water, saabun, soap. Dar lag do, we had Dar lag go earlier, so Dar lag do, frightening, scary. Haina is the negative form of the verb ho, defining something, you know, to be something. But it's a question, haina, isn't it? And this is often the way in which questions are asked in Nepali use, make a statement and then at the end of it say haina, isn't that so, isn't that right? Jinta, concern, worry, na garnas. So to ask someone to do something, you would take the new ending, the dictionary form of the verb, and you add horse to it if you're talking to them politely as if they're, you know, tapai, kind of level of address to somebody else. If you want not to do something, you simply prefix the whole thing with a na, don't. So na, garnu, horse, please don't do. So please don't worry, jinta, na garnahos. Yi means these, that's the plural of yo, meaning this. Nium, haru, so nium is a rule or a law. And then we simply pluralize it by adding this word haru there to make it rules. Balana is maintenance. So if you do balana, you maintain something. Sub means all, adjective, pik, not thik, pik, with a retroflex t, ton curl back, means fine, good, absolutely okay. Honcha nae, honcha, will be, and nae emphasize, will surely be. So that tells us there's nothing to worry about if we follow the rules in the lockdown days. So we finally say danyabad, thank you. And we look forward very much to seeing you studying Nepali as a last one day. Namaskar, namaste, goodbye.