 Hello learners, welcome back for the second part of the unit number 2 growth and development from your course to AMA education. So in this discussion, we will discuss about the various aspects of growth and development. As in the first part, we have discussed about the basic concept of growth, development, its relationship, differences, and the basic status of human development. Here in this part, we will discuss about the aspect of growth and development. Then principles of growth and development means growth and development take place in human being. But in what way? What are the basis on the basis of which it takes place? We will discuss in terms of principles. Then we will summarize it and the lesson. So let's start. So as we have come to know that growth is a deal with the changes that is used in terms of size or in terms of number. And development implies the overall development of a particular person that takes place in his or her life throughout the life or life cycle. There are some aspects. What are those which contribute to the overall development or overall personality of the person? What are those? Those are the aspects. First one is physical development. So growth and development take place in terms of physical development. Physical development means the outer bodily part, bodily changes that occurs in an individual. When a baby is born, he is born with a particular stinging size of body. Then as well as gradually he attained weight, height, all his hair. We can see that the child is born with less number of hair. But as soon as time grows, time passes, he attained the whole physical structure. His eyebrows, eyelashes, hair, all these things appears in terms of physical development. And there are lots of factors that contribute in the development of physical development. Like the environment of the family, the nutritional facilities that are providing to the child, then the exercises, if the child is not doing proper exercise like playing, dancing, jumping, then also it can hamper the physical development. So physical development is the basic because all other development is dependent on the physical development. If the physical development of a particular child or a particular person is not proper, then he cannot gain proper mental development. It is not like that. He will not be mentally developed person, but he cannot give proper concentration on study. He cannot think because there is a proof of if the person is physically healthy, he is mentally healthy. So we should, the teachers, the parents, the other family members and the society must give proper importance on the physical development of the child because physical development is the root of all other development. Then intellectual and mental development. Another important aspect of development is mental development. So what is mental development? We know that when a child is born, he is born or endowed with some mental capacities like intelligence, like creativity, all these things are inborn. But these are the characteristics that are to be nourished, that are to be garnished. So the child cannot just memorize all the things he see or he gain. When time passes on, he gain the mental development. He is able to, you know, he is able to recognize, he is able to recall, he is able to means all the things that are concerned with the mental practice. Therefore, there should be a proper condition. Here also we have some factors. The family factors, the school factor, after the school, after the family, the school is the important environment where he gets the proper nutrition for mental development. Nutrition in terms of proper environment, healthy environment, good curriculum, good practice of teaching method by the teachers, then only he can attain the proper intellectual and mental development. Then third one is emotional development. If we expect child to be of a good characteristics of a child of proper development, then he must attain emotional maturity as well as emotional development. Because we know that emotional maturity is very much important for gaining the goal of life. If a person is emotionally disturbed, emotionally not proper, healthy, then he cannot concentrate on the life goals. Therefore, emotional development is a very important aspect of development. So the family, the school, the teachers, the peers, the prince and all other person who were concerned with a particular person must provide the emotional safety, emotional security to the person and then only he can attain a good emotional development stage. Then moral and character development. For a good personality, we must have a good moral or character. We must have some good morality. What is right, what is wrong, what is perfect and what is not good for our life. It must be developed, it must be attained by the particular child. Otherwise, he will be misled in his life. If he is not able to find out the right and right and wrong, if he is not able to distinguish between this good and bad, he will not be able to do the proper thing, he will be misled and this will mislead his life goals. Then social development. We all know that. We basically concentrate on the thing that we are social being. So if we are social being, we have to stay in a society by maintaining social contact and relationship. And for this, we need, we have to acquire some social qualities. If we want our child to be socially healthy, social person, then we have to provide them such environment where he can attain the social qualities, social moralities. Only after that, he will abide by the social rules and regulation. And if there is a lack of that, he will be socially deprived person or he will be a, he will be, he will be not accepted by the society because he will be destroying the rules and regulations. Therefore, the school, the family and all the person who are concerned with their children's life, they must agree proper importance of our proper attention to the social development, which is the most important aspect of our education. And all these contribute to the total development of a child because we all know that the modern aim of education or the important thing that education is putting attention is all-round development. So if we want, as a teacher, as a parent, if we want to accomplish this goal of all-round development, we have to put emphasis on all this aspect of development on our child, on our student, on our learner. And all these contribute to the total personality development. Okay. Then we will discuss the principles of development. I have already mentioned that, that growth and development take place in human life. And development is the process which continues throughout the life. But in what way? What way, in what direction, in what pattern development take place? Whenever we have to do something, we follow some regulations. Likewise, development also follows some regulations, some rules. And these rules are considered or termed as principles. So there are some, there are lots of principles of development. We will discuss the important one. The first one is principle of direction or pattern. So direction or pattern means in what way, in what direction development take place in life, in a person. First one is called top-to-bottom direction. In psychological term, it is called cephalocodal. Cephalocodal means that development, when a baby is conceived in mother's womb, the development starts from the top-to-bottom. The first development that take place in the head part. And gradually it continues to the bottom part. And it is called as cephalocadal direction. Then we have another developmental pattern that is proximordistal. It is called proximordistal mean that development proceed from center to the outer body. The first development, the first thing a child that attain is development in the central part of the body. And then it outwards, in the hand, in the, in the fingers, because when you will see the child can first what? He can first sit, sit centers means he can, he can get the control in the center part. And then he can hold the pen or ball like this. So this direction take place in terms of the proximordistal direction. Then another important principle is here it is locomotion. Locomotion means moderate development, moderate activity. The child cannot directly just jump. First he will crawl. Then he will just stand with the help of something, object or some thing. Then he can stand on his own. Then he can walk, jump, dance and all the thing. It is the principle of locomotion. This is the most important principle of development that is term as principle of direction or pattern. First one is cephalocadal, proximordistal and locomotion. Then there are another principle that is principle of development or development is continuous. I am continuously stating this point that development is a continuous process. It starts at the time of conception and continues throughout the pregnancy period, continues through the life after birth and it ends before birth and date. So it is a continuous process because development includes all the changes that take place in human life. Therefore continuity is another important principle of development. Then development depends on maturation and learning. We have discussed this in the first part that there are some aspects or there are some factors of development. There were maturation, growth, experiences. So maturation and learning development is the product of maturation and learning. If I want to attain development in a particular field, suppose in the field of swimming, if a child wants to attain particular development in terms of singing, talking, writing, for this what he needs, he needs maturation because if he wants to write, he has to attain maturity is controlling the hands, the fingers. Then he must learn. Without learning how to write A, how to write B, how to write C, he cannot make sentences. So it is just an example. Suppose he wants to attain singing, the development in song, singing, then he must attain the vocal maturation in the vocal cord. He must speak, maturation in the vocal cord. Then he must know how to sing because all cannot sing. To sing, to dance, first of all we must learn and how we will learn, we will learn through experiences. Therefore development has this principle that it follows maturation and learning. Then another principle that development follows is development proceed from general to specific. What it means? It means that generally development takes place in all human beings. We all, it may be in Assam, it may be in Delhi, it may be in Rajasthan, any part of the country or any part of the world. The development follows the same process. Same process mean the bodily structure of everyone. It is not like that I am born in America and therefore my bodily structure will not be like the other part of the country. It will be same because the color may be changed, the eye color may be changed, the hair color may be changed, but the structure of development, the first development in the head part, then in the lower bottom, the process of walking, first crawling, then sitting, then standing, then walking, all this process are same in everywhere, in everywhere. Therefore it is general. Then it comes to the specific. There are some special, there are some special cases or there are some children who can specially speak at an earlier age. It is specific, but in general all child speak at a particular time. Generally all children stand or can walk at their own when they reach one year of age. But there are some specific cases, some children can walk before one year or at the nine month. It is specific, if there are lots of conditions responsible for this or there are some, there may be some child who cannot stand or walk even after one year or two year. That is too specific, but in general it follows the principle of general to specific. Okay, then another important principle of development is individual differences. Yes, though development take place in general, but there are individual differences all individual, all child attain development in their own rate. Someone is developing at a fast rate, someone is developing at low rate. It we cannot compare between two child, even between twins. They because they have their own individual rate of development. In in a class we have lots of students of same ranges, same age ranges, but all children are not the same. They are IQs, the way of understanding, the quality of reading, writing all are not same because they have individual differences. Then another important, most important thing is that development in both changes, development itself is change. All the changes, it may be physical, mental, social, moral, emotional, all changes that we attain as a person in our life throughout our life is development. Then development is the product of interaction between heredity and environment. It is the product of heredity and environment. What we hear, this physical structure, this personality, what it is, it is nothing but the result of environment and heredity. Heredity, why heredity? Because whatever characteristics our bodily part, our appearances, our color, our eye structure, face structure, all these are transmitted to us from our parents, grandparents through our genes. It is heredity. And what we are, how I am talking, what personality I am holding or you are holding is the result of the environment. So the development, the development of a person is the result of interaction between heredity and environment. Heredity gives us the structure and environment nourishes it. Then another important principle that the development process is is predictability. That means we can predict development. Because on the basis of the activities, on the basis of the changes, we can predict our child's development. If he is very good at writing or if he attain changes in terms of some morality in a particular way, then we can predict that in future this particular child will be a very good person or he may be a good artist, he may be a good cricketer. How? In terms of the behavior, we are observing. In terms of the chances and behavior he is attaining and those on the basis of experiences and learning. Okay. Then we should know what are the educational implications of these principles of growth and development. We have discussed about growth and development, its relationship with maturation, then its differences. Then we have discussed about the principles of development that it follows in terms of attaining changes. But the question arises in our mind. Why it is important for a teacher to know about the principles of development? Why should we know? As a teacher, we should know the child very well. And how we can know the child? If we are able to find out the developmental chances in them properly, we are able to identify their qualities. Therefore, in terms of education, when it comes about education, it is very important, it has lots of educational implications. Because the principle knowledge of this principle by a teacher or by a parent will help him to know the child or student very well. What are his qualities? What are his drawbacks? All can be identified by the teacher. Then it will help the teacher to guide the child in the direction of growth. In what direction he should go, we can or teacher can or parents can help with the help of the knowledge of the principles. Then it can create a platform for them. Yes, when we identify the qualities in the child, we can give them a platform on where they can show it, they can display it and they can develop it. Then to draw out the base from them. Mahatma Gandhi always emphasizes on the thing to draw out the base of the child because children are the future generation. If we want to make our nation, make our society a successful one, a good one, we have to put emphasis on the child because they are the future. So to get the future ready, we have to draw out the base from them because Nasser, God, ahead of him has given them all the things. It is the duty of the environment. Environment means the family environment, school environment, society environment to find out the base. What are the base? Eat them, nourish it and develop it and make them a good resource of the society. So therefore, the all teachers must know the principles of development. So in this way, we have come to the end of this part or end of the lesson. So what we have learned, we have learned about the discuss about the various aspects of growth and development, what are those, those are physical, intellectual, moral, you know, and social. There are other aspects also, but these are the important one. And the principle that we have discussed about development are continuity, pattern, uniformity, individual differences, general to specific predictability and so on. So I think you have told this discussion, you have come to know about the basic idea about the principles of development and why should you and all the teachers should know about it. Thank you very much and we will meet again in the next session, next video with your new topic. Thank you.