 Good morning. So welcome back again to another video discussion that we will be having So this is actually a continuation of our vector-borne diseases. So welcome everyone. So this is Jomar Adam So thank you for watching this video, and I hope that you will be learning something new today So welcome back, and I hope and like what I always say I hope that you enjoy learning because when you enjoy learning things will get a lot more easier when you are studying when you are trying to learn a new skill A new topic, and I hope that will be the case today. So again, I just want to greet everyone a pleasant morning a pleasant afternoon a pleasant evening or perhaps a pleasant Dawn if you are watching it at whatever time is it now So let's move on to our discussion again. It will be all about your vector-borne Diseases vector-borne diseases a quick recap from our last discussion last time So when we say vector it is actually The vector is actually the living organism that carries the pathogenic agent be it a virus a parasite or a bacteria that actually causes the disease so A quick recap the last time we talked about the different vectors like your snails your lip your tics Your your blue your lice and then your triatomine bugs your sunfly your cheche fly And of course you also have your mosquito with this also discussed last time all about your dengue Your dengue hemorrhagic fever the different tests needed to Detect it to identify it and also the different symptoms depending on the grade of your dengue hemorrhagic fever As well. So today what we'll be having is all about your zika To be honest your zika your dengue and even your chikunggunya are actually very much similar Not only because they actually have similar symptoms But perhaps because they also came from the same family, which is your flabbery day So most of them are actually very similar and All of them are actually being vector born as well. And of course So a quick recap. What is the vector of your dengue fever? Or your dengue virus? What is the vector of your dengue virus? So answer that in your comment down below. Okay. I'm giving you 10 seconds 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 And 1 and the answers are aegis aegis And your aegis albopictus, but if you're on my quiz, I would actually be requiring you to put their female aegis aegis and a female aegis albopictus why again go back to our Discussion last time. I'll be linking the video here So it will be appear green the card will be appearing somewhere in this screen. Okay. Moving on now to our zika So your zika Is actually also a vector born disease. It is actually carried by your aegis mosquito as well At the same time the causative agent of your zika is your zika virus also coming from the family of Flaviviridae also are an rna virus. So The incubation period of your zika are is usually from 3 to 14 days So from the moment of exposure to the appearance of the first symptoms It actually around take us 3 to 14 days before it appears So the symptoms are actually fever rush conjunctivitis muscle and joint pain and headache. So I just want to Clarify here and actually pinpoint here is that unlike your dengue fever your dengue hemorrhagic fever also known as the Break bone fever is that here most of the The pain that you would be experiencing are of muscle and joint in origin. Okay, so Moving on now. So zika unlike your dengue is very much different In their transmission your dengue fever your dengue virus can only be transmitted As of today Okay, the known studies are actually through your vector Although just recently there was a news there was a journal that published that There was a trend that there was a transmission of your dengue Dengue virus through sexual intercourse. Well, that would be very much intriguing So I hope you if you are curious about that you can google it You can look for the journal and actually read about it But for the zika it is actually known that the zika is actually being transmitted through various modes First is mother to child or we call it your vertical transmission So this is during during pregnancy the if the mother is actually in Had zika the virus can actually cross the placenta and actually in also Cost disease to the child. So later on we'll talk about what happened to the child It can also be transmitted through sexual intercourse This one is really verified and this is known in the scientific community that zika can actually be transmitted through sexual intercourse for the dengue fever That would actually be another story for another time. Hopefully there would be more Evidences that would actually give us clue and actually would verify the study that actually had happened Aside from that it can also be transmitted through blood transfusion. Okay, it can be Transmitted through blood transfusion So It's very important as well to really detect certain diseases in your blood but to be honest as of the moment in the practice your Zika is not part of the routine test for blood blood transfusion because usually the tests are Cephalies your hep B your hep your hep B some do your hep C And then your hiv and also your malaria of course and in some more advanced They actually do your cmv as well. Aside from that aside from vertical transmission sexual trans sexually Transmitted as well it is also transmitted through blood transfusion and also organ transplantation Okay, so those are the different modes of transmission when it comes to zika So let's talk about the complications the topic that i'll be discussing with zika is actually very short So for the complications there are actually neurologic neurologic complications That can actually trigger your gillian beret syndrome So your gillian beret syndrome is actually a different disease as is actually a separate disease it's just that Your gillian beret is actually a syndrome a rare disorder in which your body's immune system Is actually directed against your own nerves Okay, against your own nerves is actually characterized by a weakness and tingling sensation in your extremities and are usually the first symptoms Okay, that is usually the first symptoms of your gillian beret and because of zika It can actually be triggered. So it can actually be triggered So i'll move i'll move forward. So it can also cause micro micro encephaly or microcephaly So when we say microcephaly it is a condition where a baby's head is a smaller than those of the babies of the same age insect so When we talk about microcephaly, this is actually very alarming specifically because most of the time when a part when a mother is actually Known to actually have your your Your zika and they are pregnant. They could they one of their Complication that they will be looking at is actually microcephaly Okay, microcephaly and it's very important. Okay, it's very important again That's the abnormal Circumference or the abnormal size of the head of your baby. Okay, so it's actually this is gillian beret again gillian beret You actually feel some sensation In your in your extremities and again your gillian beret syndrome is that your own immune system is actually directed against your nerve cells Okay, your own nerve Cells and this is how your microcephaly looks like. So if this is the typical head of the baby A baby with microcephaly would actually have a very small head so You can see the difference between the two Okay, so that is for your zika and um, just recently even here in the philippines it actually started to have to be um a public health burden as well because not only Is it um affecting a lot of people again? It's because Um, it is being transmitted by mosquito and we have to take control of that. Okay, so usually the diagnosis The diagnostic test for your zika is your nucleic acid amplification test So this is very much similar with your polymerase chain reaction. Okay, so you actually have to isolate a particular um Particular nucleic or genetic material from the virus and then you amplify that and then you measure it If there is actually if they are actually present in your patient sample Okay, so that is actually everything about zika what I want to focus more for this discussion is your malaria So let's dig into your malaria. So your malaria similar to your zika similar to your Um, chikungunya and your dengue are also is also vector boring But unlike all of those three malaria is not a virus Not even a bacteria but a parasite. So usually malaria Actually is being carried by a female anophilus mosquito. Yes, female anophilus mosquito very much similar with your ages Um mosquito again only female because they need to feed on human blood or animal blood Before they can produce or lay egg and it's very important as well for them So the causative agent of your malaria are your plasmodium species Again, your plasmodium species are actually parasites and not your virus and nor your bacteria So your plasmodium species we actually have four species that are harmful to humans We have your plasmodium vivax, which is the most common We also have your plasmodium falsiparum, which is actually the most severe of all four We also have your plasmodium malaria and you also have your plasmodium ovale Okay, we also have your plasmodium ovale. So plasmodium vivax is actually the most common And we also have your falsiparum as your most severe as your most severe one and we of course we also have the other um the other Species of plus plasmodium. We also have your Your malaria and your ovale and aside from that. Okay, aside from that, we also have a fifth Acquire um, we also have a fifth species of your plasmodium and it is your plasmodium no lessee Okay, it's your plasmodium no lessee. So it's a different Species Compared to this four. So we have your vivax. We have your falsiparum. We have your malaria We have your ovale and we also have your no lessee. Okay, we have your plasmodium no lessee Okay, let's move on. So let's go to the I'm not going to discuss the life cycle of your vector because it's very much similar Of those with your aides your aides egypti albopictus in your anophilis The life cycle is very much similar again all over mosquitoes. So We're going to talk about the Life cycle of your malaria So we actually have an Exo erythrocytic stage. We have your erythrocytic stage and we have your sporogonic stage. So as we go along, I'll be discussing and Discussing the different stages from eryth, exo erythrocytic, erythrocytic and sporogenic And maybe you already have an idea because erythro Are also erythro when you say erythro these are your erythrocytes Your erythrocytes also known as your red blood cells which are the main cells being affected by your plasmodium So let's dig in Okay, let's do this. So for your erythrocytic stage cycle when we say erythrocytic stage The infected anophilis mosquito injects your sporozoics into the human host So that tiny little cute mosquito there will be injecting your sporozoics into your human And the sporozoics then infect the liver Cells and mature into your schizons. Okay, they will the So maybe you're wondering what is the sporozoic sir? Are those different path from the plasmodium? No The sporozoic is actually a form of your of your plasmodium already. So this is actually the um The stage where humans are infected. Okay, this is um the stage where um The mosquito will be injecting The human or the host with sporozoics. So that's sporozoics. Therefore would go to your liver Okay, would go to your liver if you go to your anatomy much of your blood are actually also being filtered in your Not of course the waste material are being filtered out through your kidney But mo much of your blood are also passing through your your liver. Okay Some are for conjugation for detoxification depending on what that What process that it does it mean? So those sporozoics now will be migrating to your liver cells or your hepatocytes and in your hepatocytes They will begin to mature into your schizons Okay, your schizons and what will happen next your schizons. Therefore will begin to rupture They will rupture and will now be releasing your Merozoids and these merozoids now will be um and um going to your bloodstream Infecting now your erythrocytes. Therefore the erythrocytic cycle starts So what happened here is that in your exo erythrocytic cycle? Your plus modium is not yet within or inside your rbc or your erythrocytes. It's still outside So what happened again? Let's have a quick recap. So from sporozoid the mosquito anophilus Has injected your sporozoids within the human host and those sporozoids will go to your liver And this tiny mosquito infected you with plus modium in the form of your sporozoids The sporozoids will go to your liver and in your liver. It will now mature to your schizons And those schizons as they also mature they will rupture and it will now be releasing your merozoids So your merozoids may wrong laman salub and those merozoids will go and infect the bloodstream Infecting now your rbc or your erythrocyte now starting the erythrocytic cycle So your erythrocyte acetic cycle now happens within your rbc or your erythrocyte So what happens is that the merozoid will now be infecting the red blood cells and it will now turn into your immature Trophozoids, so what are immature trove immature trove zites? By the way, those immature trove zites can either be first The immature trove zites can actually mature or can actually progress in either Direction it can actually mature into schizon repeating your step three And four again, it's in it. You are you are infected by sporozoid And then it become your schizon and then your schizon and then becoming now your Your merozoids and then your merozoids becoming your immature trove zoid So it can actually be returning back to that on the other hand it can also Be it can also mature into your gametocytes. We also we actually have two types. We have two Gametocytes when it comes to your plus mode you may have your micro gametocyte that is the male gametocyte We also have your female gametocyte that is your macro gametocyte. Malake big macro gametocyte female Malit micro micro gametocyte for male So it can actually be a schizon repeating maturing to your your Rapturing to your merozoid then merozoid becoming your trovezoid and or it can be your gametocyte Aside from that So if the trovezoid mature into gametocyte, it can either differentiate into your micro gametocyte Again, what I was mentioning that is the male and you also have your macro gametocyte, which is the female so If a new anophilus feeds on the human hose She will ingest the micro and the macro gametocyte and it will now enter again the sporogonic cycle Okay, so I just want to clear the exo erythrocytic and the Erythrocytic cycle happens on the human hose and the sporogonic phase happens on the mosquito So take for example, okay, let's go back Take for example your immature trovezoid mature Into becoming a gametocyte So it will now differentiate into a micro gametocyte and a macro gametocyte So that micro gametocyte and macro gametocyte are present within the human blood within the rbc If in the case another anophilis Another female anophilus came back and feed on that human hose They will now be ingesting the micro and the macro gametocyte and it will now enter your sporogonic cycle So let's have a quick review When the mosquito infected the human it actually Infected the human through your sporo sporozoids sporozoids that mature into your schizons that ruptured into your merozoids that mature that Um matured into your that transform into becoming your immature trovezoid Your immature trovezoid can also become your schizons again or now can become your gametocyte So if the gametocytes are ingested by your female anophilis, it will enter your sporogonic Cycle and that is now the cycle within your little curie mosquito anophilis Okay, so inside the mosquito the micro gamet the male the male the male Will penetrate the macro gamet or the female gametocyte to form your zygote so from micro gametocyte and macro gametocyte they will be uh the the micro gametocyte will be fertilizing the Will be penetrating the macro gametocyte or the micro gamet forming now your zygote and the zygote will become Will turn into your o o kinets Okay, and into your o o c's so from zygote it becomes now your o o kinets and then your O o c's and that o o c's yes o o c's and not o o bro. Okay, it's o o c's Those o o c's now will grow until they burst And release now your sporozoid sounds familiar Yes, because that's sporozoid will be the one being carried again by your little cutie anophilis over here When it feeds on human and she will again transmit this sporozoid into the human hose repeating the cycle so as you can see What infected the human the carrier was your anophilis Okay, anophilis it entered the human now Um undergoing your exo erythrocytic stage the sporozoids will now be in going into your liver cell That in your liver cell it will mature becoming now your schizons the schizons will rupture Liberating now your merozoids merozoids will enter the bloodstream infecting your red blood cells Now this is your Erythrocytic cycle or your erythrocytic stage those rbc now will be infected So it the merozoid will become your immature trophozoid or the ring stage They also call it the ring stage And after that it can either go and become a schizon Again going back to the cycle or it can actually go and become a gametocyte differentiating either to a male gametocyte, which is your micro gametocyte or your Macro gametocyte and then if the female anophilis feed on the blood again, it will now be It will now be Going into your it will now be going into your your mosquito again Having now your sporagonic cycle or your sporagonic stage The macro gametocyte will pick and the micro gametocyte Will will form your your zygote forming your your ok net And then progressing to your oocs rupturing releasing more schizos more Sporzoids that will again be returned or be carried by your mosquito to the next human host I hope we are clear. So if you have any questions, please do comment down below. All right. Let's continue So for the diagnosis of your malaria, it can actually be through your rapid diagnostic test That can detect malarial antigen in the blood or it can be through your microscopic Examination and if we're going to do your micro microscopic examination We can actually do the thick and the thin smear you have the thin smear here and this one you have the thick smear Sir, maybe you're answering. What is the function or what is the purpose of your thick smear and your thin smear? Your thick smear generally is used to identify is used to detect presence Of a parasite of the plasmidium within the blood So you don't try to identify whether it is plasmidium no lessy vivax falsiparum ovale malaria You don't try to identify that using your thick smear. That is not the function of your thin smear. Correct So the the thick smear here generally you want to identify whether a parasite is present or absent And here what you want to do next is to identify Whether or not that particular sample that particular patient does have your malaria. Are we clear? So This is actually how it looks like. Okay. So on your left. That is your thin smear on your right That is your thick smear. So as you can see By merely looking at this, these are actually your white blood cells. These are WBC And as you can see, these are actually abnormal appearance of your RBCs already. These are not your platelets, obviously But as you can see, these are actually clumps Of erythrocyte or RBC And from here I can identify that these are actually Um, these are actually Plasmodium already. And if you want to know what type of that you look at your thin smear Oh, so maybe you're wondering sir How will you identify whether or whether or not it is falsiparum or vivax again? What is the most common the most common is your vivax the most? The most severe is your your your your falsiparum Okay, so as you can see here, again, so you can see the ring form So this this is actually what you're gonna observe. What your Question, what are you gonna observe on the red blood cells? The answer is your developing trophozoids. Okay, you're developing trophozoid and your immature schizons So you're gonna see this within the red blood cells. Okay, this one the developing This one the developing trophozoids. Okay, so Again, that is everything I need to Tell you about zika and about malaria. So thank you so much for watching So our little mosquito here is kind of drowsy and looking for the next Host it will be Biting or it will be fitting On so just be careful. Maybe that Mosquito is carrying what again you're carrying your sportozoids Or it can either be carrying some of your flabby very day. So thank you so much. This has been Jomar Adams again. Thank you for watching and I hope you learned something new today So again, please like share and don't forget to subscribe to be updated for the latest uploads that I'll be doing So thank you so much. Good night. Good morning. Good afternoon. Whatever that that may be Again, thank you and have a great day