 Good to see all of you back at corporate governance in the past few sessions, we were talking about whistleblowing, its impact, its stakeholders, how it is done, its different elements, what whistleblowing is protected by and how is it that the whistleblowing is contributing towards the betterment of the organization and the economy as a whole. Today, ladies and gentlemen, we are going to be talking about the different types of whistleblowing and we are going to see how whistleblowers tend to do things differently and they can be internal or external and again whistleblowers are usually a category of informants who take utmost risk in bringing out certain undesired happenings taking place in organizations. The quantum and the quality of risk taken by them has seldom been appalled in the history of the organization. So, again in the history of an organization whistleblowing is usually just done maybe one or twice because when there is a whistleblower then there are drastic changes which take place within the organization and usually what happens is that all of the systems become much more integrity focused and less discretionary, less discriminately, rest biased and definitely prone to anti-corruption. Now again when we are looking at all of this, then this becomes historical in the context of that particular organization. The interest and intention of whistleblowers is often to mitigate the loss arising out of the wrongdoings of the insiders of the organization common among the whistleblowers and informants are that they work for some category of the stakeholders. So, again just like mentioned in the previous session that when we are talking about whistleblowers then they are trying to mitigate the loss because if that loss or that wrongdoing continues then the whole organization can collapse while the whistleblower if they are able to blow the whistle and inform the authorities and the authorities then take consideration of that whistleblowing. There are higher chances that the organization is going to emerge more successful and more profit oriented. So, that is what whistleblowers are basically doing. Now in types of whistleblowing there is something which is called peer reporting whistleblowers may come to act against the superiors or their peers when those whistleblowing involves the disclosure of information regarding appears illegal immoral or harmful practices it is referred to as peer reporting. So, again ladies and gentlemen what we see is that when the whistleblowing is done about the same level horizontally or it is done vertically upwards then it is about peer reporting and that is how it is looked upon. We see that peer reporting can also relate to organizational crime and does not only focus on occupational crime only there are two types of whistleblowers internal and external. Now when we are talking about internal whistleblowing then it refers to people or managers within the organization who are higher up the organization hierarchy. So, what usually happens is that before the whistleblower goes outside the organization they usually file a formal complaint or blow the whistle within the organization and that can be any chief executive officer, chief officer, chairman, board of directors or some human resource representative or direct line managers and what we see is that they forward the complaint to them and they expect that something should be done. But if something is not done and we see that the person has used different internal communication channels could be hotlines could be the email could be some chatting platform or something like that could be WhatsApp. So, again we see that even though the whistle has been blown but nothing is happening then the second level would be external whistleblowing. It refers to the disclosure of information outside the organization and includes media, politicians, public protectors, government bodies, regulatory bodies, interest groups and enforcement agencies. So, again what we see is that the insider and the whistleblower first tries to ring the bell and do things within the organization but when that is not possible then they go outside the organization talking to media, politicians, public protectors, different regulatory bodies like Securities Exchange Commission of Pakistan, like the National Accountability Bureau, like the Federal Investigation Agency, like FBR, like the State Bank of Pakistan and all of these different bodies or enforcement agencies which can be looking into all of these areas so that whatever whistleblowing is telling and informing that can be managed and also the organization can move forward in a better way. External whistleblowing, the appropriate whistleblowing procedures for whistleblower to first internally report and then report to a law agency and finally then to media and politicians so that their voice can be heard and also resonated across the board. Now, in the types of whistleblowing they are also open or anonymous whistleblowing. Open whistleblowing is when the identity of the whistleblower is known to the public through the disclosure of the identity. Anonymous whistleblowers are those who keep the identity secret as in the case of Mr. Shankar Sharma who disclosed the wrongdoings in Tata Finance in India. So, again what we see is that usually most of the time the whistleblowing is anonymous because the person does not want to become a victim of retaliation, of retribution or of someone's anger and secondly sometimes they are disclosed so that would be open whistleblowing while most of the time it is anonymous and just like I mentioned that most of the mega cases globally there the whistleblower was kept anonymous just to make sure that he or she would not be suffering. There are dutiful and willful whistleblowers, dutiful whistleblowers are those who are generally given the responsibility to bring to light any wrongdoing in the organization. For example, auditors of the company are expected to report any mall practices in financial statements. So, they are dutiful whistleblowers and then we see free whistleblowers are those who are not bound by any obligation but they themselves take the step for reporting the wrongdoing. So, it could be anyone within the organization and it could be someone from a different line altogether from a different department, from a different division managing different products but has the information with him or her and they tend to do it and that is more free will whistleblowers. So, ladies and gentlemen when we are looking at the different types of whistleblowing then we see that there are internal or external, we see that they are anonymous or free will, we see that there can be dutiful whistleblowers and the most important thing is that what type of mechanism exists within the organization to receive this information and then process it in such a way that whatever has been identified is taken care of and the losses are cut based upon those mall practices or those wrong practices. Thank you so much.