 Welcome to Spotlight Advanced. I'm Colin Louther. And I'm Liz Wade. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand no matter where in the world they live. How much money would you pay for a pair of shoes? Christopher Michael Shellis is a jewellery designer. He designs beautiful jewellery that people can wear around their fingers, necks or wrists. In 2011 he designed a very interesting pair of shoes. The shoes were made of solid gold. They were covered with over 2,000 shiny diamonds. Shellis called the shoes jewellery you can wear on your feet. These shoes cost more money than any other shoes in the world. 140,000 great British pounds. Most people cannot buy expensive shoes like these. And many people do not even want them. But people everywhere do wear shoes. Today's spotlight is on shoes. A shoe seems like a simple thing. It just needs to protect a foot from the ground. But there are many different kinds of shoes from all around the world. And the history and culture of each place has influenced the design of its shoes. Today we travel around the world looking at shoes. In the Middle East religion has influenced shoe design. One popular kind of shoe here is the babush. This design of shoe is a traditional shoe from Morocco. Traditional babushes are made from soft leather. They have a pointed toe. Some have bead decorations or a design made from thin colored thread. So how has religion influenced this shoe design? People worshipping at a mosque must remove their shoes. They may not wear shoes when they enter. So they want a shoe they can remove easily. Babushes cover most of the foot. They do not cover the heel or back of the foot. This makes the shoe easy to put on and to remove. People also like babushes because they do not make a person's foot too hot. And they are very comfortable. Religion and culture have also influenced the design of shoes in India. The Paduka is a very old shoe design there. Experts believe this design is over 4,000 years old. It is a sandal. It does not cover the whole foot. But it goes on the foot easily and keeps it cool. Padukas have a simple design. A paduka maker cuts a piece of wood into the rough shape of the bottom of a foot. Then he adds a small knob on the top. This knob is a small round piece of wood. It sits between a person's first two toes. Under the base of the shoe there are thin rounded pieces of wood in the back and front. These pieces of wood raise the shoe off the ground. The Hindu religion is common in India. Hindus believe they should not harm any living thing. The design of padukas follows this idea. The area of the shoe that touches the ground is very small. It is less likely to harm the ground under it or any insect around it. Also padukas are never made from leather, animal skin. Instead they are always made from wood, ivory or metal. Today very religious people usually wear padukas. Or people may wear them to a special ceremony or event. Travel with us now to a much colder climate. The country of Finland in Northern Europe. The people here would not wear sandals at all. Instead the Sami people of Finland wear very warm boots. The Sami people keep and raise reindeer. Reindeer are very large animals. They have antlers, long hard bones that grow from their heads. The Sami people keep the reindeer for food. But the reindeer also provide the Sami with the material for their boots. Traditional Sami reindeer boots cover a person's whole foot. And they may cover some of the leg too. The Sami make these traditional boots from reindeer skin leather. The hair on the skin helps make the boots very warm. Reindeer hair is shaped like a tube. It has air inside. This helps keep the reindeer warm. It also means that reindeer boots are very warm. Traditional reindeer boots have a point or a kind of hook at the end. The end of the boot points up. Many cultures have influenced the design of shoes. But shoes also become an important part of a culture. This is the case with klampen from the Netherlands. Each klampen shoe is made from a solid piece of wood. The inside of the shoe is cut out so a foot can go in it. Many people think of klampen when they think of the Netherlands. The design of klampen shoes is over 800 years old. They were originally the shoe of factory workers. That is because klampen are excellent at protecting feet. They protect feet from sharp objects and harmful liquid acids. Today, few people wear klampen as a common shoe. But people may wear them for working outside. And they are a very popular thing. People bring home when they visit the Netherlands. Finally, we travel to the island of Japan. Here we see Gaita. Gaita are a traditional shoe in Japan. A Gaita sandal is usually made from wood and cloth. When wearing a Gaita, a person's foot sits on a long square of wood. In the middle of the Gaita, there is a cloth that forms a shape like a letter V. This cloth comes up in the center of the sandal. It goes between a person's first and second toes, and then to the middle of the sandal. When a person's foot is in Gaita, it is not in the center of the Gaita. But this also means each Gaita, the one for the right foot and the one for the left foot, looks the same. Under the base of the shoe, there are two straight wooden ha. This word means teeth in the Japanese language. There are ha in the front and in the back. Usually, Gaita are about three to five centimeters tall. They are a popular shoe for men and women in Japan. It is easy to see how each place and each culture needs their own kind of shoe. Is there a special kind of shoe in your culture? Did we leave out a kind of shoe you want to hear about? Tell us what you think. You can email us at contact at spotlightenglish.com. You can also find us on YouTube, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. The writer of this program was Liz Wade. The producer was Michio Ozaki. The voices you heard were from the United Kingdom and the United States. You can listen to this program again and read it on the internet at www.spotlightenglish.com. This program is called Shoes of the World. Visit our website to download our free official app for Android and Apple devices. We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight Program. Goodbye.