 Abstract diseases of infection, of neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and of malignancy, cancers, have complex and varied causative factors. Modern drug discovery has the power to identify potential modulators for multiple targets from millions of compounds. Computational approaches allow the determination of the association of each compound with its target before chemical synthesis and biological testing is done. These approaches depend on the prior identification of clinically and biologically validated targets. This perspective will focus on the molecular and computational approaches that underpin drug design by medicinal chemists to promote understanding and collaboration with clinical scientists. This article was authored by Rona Arramzi, Maria Apopovic-Nikalik, Katerina Nikalik, and others.