 Hi, so welcome back to the course on integrated pest management. So in this lecture let us look at some of the important pests which are occurring of another important fruit crops that is grapes and the important IPM strategies which we are going to employ in managing these pests. So here also we can broadly classify the pest which comes on the grape as the pest of national significance and the pest of regional significance. So in the pest of national significance generally you now get the mealy bugs, the flea beetles, the girdle beetle, then some species of thrips, hoppers, stem borers and to some extent the leaf eating caterpillars and the leaf folder whereas of the regional significance you get the subspecies of mites, then there are chaffers which are involved in the leaf roller and the scale insects. Now the mealy bugs, there are two important species of mealy bugs which comes on the grapes, one is the ferricia virgata and another is the macronally caucus hirsutus. And these species are quite persistent, they have found throughout the year and almost all parts of the grapes, in fact quite severe in the major grape growing states. On the adults and the nymphs are the damaging stage and they are found congregating on the leaves, buds, shoots, nodes, flowers and as well as on the bunches. So if they are continuously sucking the sap from the leaves, then such leaves will develop the crinkling and curling symptoms and ultimately they will dry and wither off and most important is if they attack on the flowers or the flower panicles and the bunches, where on the flowers usually you will see them sucking the sap and as a result there will be a poor fruit setting and on the fruits complete the stalk and as well as the berries will be infested by the mealy bug, so which not only reduce the quality of the fruit but also it leads to the drying and the dropping off of the fruit. And thrips, you have citrothrips dorsalis, so which again is quite serious both on the leaves and as well as on the tender berries, both the nymphs and the adults are the damaging stage and in fact on the leaves they usually remain at the under surface and then scrape the leaf tissues and as a result you get the silvery patches and also the curling of the leaves. But most important is that the damage that they cause on the tender berries, so they usually scrape the skin of these tender berries, initially the affected part will develop the white patches and later such patches will become brown and get the patchy or a corky appearance and which sometimes will split open leading to the secondary infection or ultimately leading to the poor development of the bunches. The flea beetle is another important pest which is the sclerodontastragicolis which is a small beetle both adults and as well as the grubs, so they are the damaging stage. In fact the adults will lay the eggs in the soil around the trunk region and the grubs will feed on the roots of these the wines and so as a result in a severe cases if the population is very high then usually wilting symptoms is seen. But most serious is the adult stage which normally attacks the new flesh or the anger leaves, so soon after pruning when the new flesh emerges then these beetles will start feeding on the new flesh and the anger leaves which ultimately leads to the drying up of the leaves and this will in fact affect the inflorescence development and also the bunch formation. Mites to some extent you get several species of mites attacking red spider mites and other mites mainly on the leaves by remaining on the under surface they will scrape the leaves tissues and then feed on the plant sap as a result you see these white patches and the discoloration of the leaves. Then leaf folder is an occasional and a minor pest, so the larvae has a habit of folding or rolling the leaves and then scraping the internal content and in a severe form sometimes so it affects the photosynthetic activity and affect the development. Stem girdle in some cases so they do cause a serious damage but it is again an occasional pest. The beetle has got a peculiar habit of cutting the twigs of these wines and then laying the eggs here and as a result the drying up of the shoot is going to takes place and this is a very peculiar symptoms and this will affect the inflorescence development and also the fruit setting. Then stem borer occasionally so it is a syrambicid beetle and it also causes the damage. So they make a neat holes and the trunk and as well as the branches and initially what you see is the accumulation of the frost at the base of the wine and also you see the gamoses or the oozing of the resinous substance from the hole by which you can actually detect the presence of this beetle and above the ground we normally see the yellowing up of the leaves and the dropping of leaves. Hoppers, empovascular species do cause damage both the nymphs and the adults are the damaging stage especially on leaves they will suck the sap resulting into the yellowing of the leaf border and also leads to the curling of the leaves. And some leaf eating caterpillars like spodopter occasionally comes and cause the damage and you all know that the nature of damage which causes in other crops similarly here also it scrapes initially and then later defoliates. And the economic threshold levels of some of the important pest so one need to understand before taking up of any of the control measure is for flea beetle it should be 20 percent foliar damage and for mealy bug 1 percent of the bunch infestation for thrips, 5 thrips per young leaf and for leaf we have about 10 percent of incidence is the ETL value. Then for integrated pest management once again in the orchard it is quite essential to maintain cleanliness and good sanitation in the orchard removal of the debris, weeds, affected parts, berries all this is required and if you keep the orchard as clean as possible and this will actually take care of majority of the pest. Then for mechanical control so usually in case of stem borers then you should actually physically remove so in fact so physically you can remove this using a sharp knife or the needle and then kill the grub and the another important thing is the removal and destruction of the affected shoot or the excess dead wood from the canopy during pruning. And for flea beetle the shaking of the wine in order to dislodge the adult the adults have a habit of dropping with a even slight disturbance so you can put a tray under the wine and then simply shake it then all these beetles can be collected in the trays and they can be killed with a keroseneized water. So biological control especially for mealy bug there is cryptolimus montrigeri is a ladybird beetle which is been recommended at the rate of 10 beetles per wine so which effectively take care of the soft bodied insects and apart from that do have the neem based insecticides like NSK 5% or the commercial neem can be used against majority of the pest. So these are the chemicals which have been recommended so against various pest and which has to be employed looking into the economic threshold value. Well so this is about the important pest and their management through the integrated approach in grapes and during the last 8 weeks so our team has made a very sincere and committed effort in providing a valuable information and the integrated pest management technology. So starting from the what is a pest its classification what are the various components of the pest management what do you mean by an integrated pest management and the various components involved in it and at the end providing certain important IPM case studies which have been developed across the India so on very important crops hope this has actually enriched your knowledge and provided a great confidence in you so which you can use it either in educating the farming community or adopting these technology in your own form so for any kind of an assistance in further regarding the integrated pest management so you can always contact us and then take the assistance thank you.