 Secondary articulation is defined as an articulation with a lesser degree of closure occurring at the same time as the primary articulation. The sounds that are affected are transcribed with an additional superscript or by subscripts placed under the sounds that are affected. Here are the main types. Labialization is the addition of lip rounding. Soup, soup. Labialized segments are indicated by a small w. Palatalization is the addition of a high front tongue position to another articulation. Tinia, tinia. Palatalized segments are indicated by a small j. Velarization involves raising the back of the tongue during another articulation. Mail, mail. Velarized segments are indicated by a gamma symbol or by a tilde added to the primary symbol. Pharyngealization involves a narrowing of the pharynx during the articulation of other sounds. Nitha, nitha. Pharyngealized segments are indicated by a reversed glottal stop symbol. Nasalization involves the nasal cavity as a second resonance chamber during primary articulation. Nitha, nitha. It is indicated by a tilde written as a superscript. Secondary articulation often stretches over several segments such as permanent labialization when talking to infants. Thus it should not be mixed up with co-articulation where the articulation of single sound elements is affected.