 Pawnzannau Jasper, ganuniau. Mae hoi maenai zaka maniazbu pakaeia. Nama maniazbu maeniazbu te pakaeia. Ataipa, au maenai soga pakaia. Tainanu pakaeia. and has to relate to the place it's in. And then I just want to put a little bit about a quite different way of doing agriculture. So this is going to be very different from what you've just been hearing about. To start off if you look at this globe here, you'll notice where we are in the world, that's half the world and mostly Pacific Ocean. And we have this large piece of landmass, relatively large landmass, stuck in the middle of nowhere in that big ocean. And that's very critical to the nature of this place and where it is. So one of the first things is it is sort of right bang in middle latitudes. It's a temperate climate country, very long across latitudes, so it's quite variable. There's a lot of variation in the New Zealand environment as well in the New Zealand landscape and that has a lot of meaning in terms of agriculture because agriculture has to be related, to say, to a place in the nature of this place and it's got a variable place and agriculture should be quite variable as well. So I'm actually in the end going to talk about one type of agriculture that might be suitable and I'm not going to sign saying it's the only one. The real important point is that it relates to the place you're in. And so I have these big changes between summer and winter that are very seasonal, but unlike in Europe our seasons are very variable as well. Partly because we're stuck in this big ocean that swirls around and water being water it's very changeable and so are the winds. And so what I want to do is a very brief little story about what New Zealand's place in the world is. So we start, don't need to read it too much there about the geology. We're on this ring of fire around the Pacific. So this slice of actually continental material that's stuck down between Antarctica and Australia and if you look at the whitey stuff and that lower bit down there that's all continental material. We're actually a continent New Zealand and we go up and down a lot because we're on this tectonic plate boundary. So we have these uplifted mountains and it's very fractured and broken rock and we have these very intense rainfalls come to in a minute as well. So we have these rapid mountains to sea rivers and so our environment is this sort of shaky islands very mountainous, very wet watery country that we live in. And so if we just go on to the next one this is not quite as good. I don't know if it's good as graphics as Lou has in terms of his dynamics but this is the same circulation around Antarctica around all the oceans of the world to link them together and that circulation around Antarctica and how it changes is really important to our climate along with the big circulation in the South Pacific. So we've got these big circulations that are coming, they meet together and we have the warm coming down from the top and cool water up from the bottom and that's why we have very productive seas around New Zealand. In fact, we do very little about our marine environment in terms of marine farming. It's not actually farming, don't actually farm it. We rob the oceans really but that's another topic so I won't get into that. But we are in this basically very watery things influenced by by those ocean circulations and the winds as well around them. What I want to show here though is that you know we might think we're all right with the climate change but we have middle latitude and the middle latitude means the maximum change from climate, right? The poles stay cold and the tropics stay hot and the mid-latitudes change the most. So pre-10,000 years ago that little diagram in New Zealand there was trying to show you we're basically tussock grasslands like sort of tundra, okay? Trees had to really retreat back and they've all re-vegetated since and over a period of time they've diversified again. They've come back from their little refuges and recolonised the land. But what it does mean that under our present climate and circumstances we're basically a forested country. That's the natural cover of this land. That goes for various evolutionary, historical or geological reasons as well in terms of how we came to where we are and we developed this a very different type of forest. We're actually a rainforest but we're a template rainforest. We're an unusual rainforest and our forests not only build a great amount of biomass and diversity in the forest itself but they also develop nutrients and nutrient stores in the soil and that's very unusual for a rainforest. So we have this really remarkable remarkable forest as a natural forest environment. And then long came people and the story of what happens when people come. So we've had somebody mentioned earlier we're basically a country of recent immigrants including Polynesian both Polynesian and European, pretty recent and we've both done a lot of damage to our forest and this is these clever scientists who look at the pollen counts and find out where things are on that. There's a bit of natural change as well. Taupo is an active volcano and it erupts every so often and it does so, it can do so in a pretty mighty heave and destroyed a lot of forest in the middle of the North Island which were naturally revegetated in the time then people came into this country and started burning them down again. So we have this sort of forest forested land and for one reason or another whether it was trying to chase mower or whether it was trying to make bracken grow which is not a very edible thing but you can eat it or whether it was trying to make mother England have its dairy and beef and sheep we burnt the forest and I have to add up to that my grandfather burnt the forest too to sheep and beef farmers in Hawkes Bay and I have plenty of relatives who are still farming and my grandfather put a match to a huge lot of forest so we've all done that sort of stuff but what should we do about it? I mean so I just want to spend very briefly on a few comments about what might be an alternative way of doing agriculture in this forested country naturally forested land the other thing about it is this is just a picture of seed of mountains, forested cover just to make the point and the points have also been made to have a huge lot of introduced species from insects to mammals, to plants all sorts of nature introduced into very different ecosystems and so we have this real mixed bag now where I come from is where do we go from here? I mean that's where we're at and so all these creatures are here all these trees are here we can grow apples and pears here they don't come from New Zealand obviously enough but they grow extremely well here so from a pemiculture point of view if we're trying to look at what's appropriate to this place but also what are the resources that are here now and what we can make use of then what would be the type of agriculture that is resilient and productive and so this is where the idea of food forests but it's sort of a horseshoe shape and this is sort of the template that we developed originally around how to do a food forest because I think Matthew talked about edges and the dynamics of edges while at the beginning the most productive part of a forest is actually its edge it's some margin margin between the meadows and all the sort of herbaceous and the little shrubbery and then the bigger trees and up to your bigger trees and that's where nature is really productive because it is that growth phase and in fact what we're suggesting is it is a management, I mean all agriculture involves some management of the natural environment but when it boils down to we are part of the natural environment as well and if we could only use our intelligence in the right way we might better work with that natural environment and be a natural organism and produce a more productive environment which can feed ourselves as well as the birds and the bees and that's what this is about so this is a template to the north, there's the open area where the meadow is bacterial comes more back into the forest area back into the more fungal land soils behind and in that zone you can have this huge diversity and so the main thing about diversity is really is the resilience of the whole system and so just in terms of cooking through quickly this is an example that Jasper talks about this is a block of land in the valley, it had four paddocks for grazing in 2010 when that photograph was taken but all those colour dots the colours represent different things like whether they're nuts or whether they're stone fruit or citrus or whether they're shelter or nutrient accumulation trees or whatever they are and there's a whole lot of different guilds in there guilds are things that like to live together as trees, like to live together and so what we're trying to do here is demonstrate on a commercial level a type of forest-based agriculture that will produce far more far more produce on that area land than ever that grazing did it'll be far more resilient to droughts and storms and floods and whatever climate change there might be in it they'll come so it's an attempt to demonstrate a forest-based agriculture in New Zealand I'll leave those up there that's what I thought were the main points about forest-based agriculture