 talk to you about this part of my whole project from the that ran under the auspices of the Romanian Academy in Cluj from which I took out the part the late Bronze Age and tried to address the issue of urn fields it's a bit more complicated in the Carpathian basin because especially in Transylvania we have urn burials actually it's the standard burial for the middle Bronze Age so urn fields it's difficult to translate in the local discussion as a region that I would like to look at is the Eastern Carpathian Basin defined by the Carpathian Arch the Tisza River and down in the Serbian part by the Danube River it's a very eclectic part of the Carpathian Basin it has high lands, mountains and then of course the eastern part of the Great Hungarian Plain it's not just a geographic and a hydrographic region but what's important about it it's subsoil subsurface lithology not so much geology but lithology that happens below it usually we get the maps where you go that it's on the mountain that sites are or burial grounds are located on the mountains or on the plains but in my opinion it's important to match these against the subsurface lithology and on top of that what would be more even more important is the flora the fauna of the period in discussion because usually we are used to pictures when we're taking pictures of a burial mound or settlement fortification to see the present-day landscape of it which is usually barren because it was overexploited especially in the western part of the Eastern Carpathian Basin the so-called culture pusta that was created in more recent times but then again their own perceptions of their world their unique perception was totally different and for this purpose, palaeography, it's very important there are quite a few sites and work is ongoing and some of them even have the complex spectrum for the entire Holocene. This results in what I've coined arc ecosystems basically if you superimpose all these levels and then match them against archaeological materials you get sort of different geomorphological hydrological environmental and palaeoclora regions which sort of are similar but nevertheless different and within them you could find even subgroups and as you can see some regions differ in flora well I would like to make the point of flora in this case because Transylvania for example the brown part the B to arc the B arc-ecosome it's fully wooded mountains obviously and then what's surprising in my opinion is that in the western part in the or eastern part of the Hungarian plain those regions are woodlands as well woodland steps so it's not the present-day view of the entire region which is important to take away from the pictures that are being shown or will be shown at the session so the discussed arc-ecosomes chronology it's another interesting thing in the Carpathian basin usually there are pottery groups and then when find the type of burial ground or settlement with some different type of potteries then we coined the group a culture and then we expand it and then we're like in a mess and the way to transition this we can date those sites with radiocarbon and that's helpful but the question is how to relate those sites individual sites that we dated radiocarbon then then we created the chronology my suggestion or my solution for myself was the relative absolute chronology that's not very embedded in the Carpathian basin with the late Bronze Age and early Bronze Age physics and how you relate those relative stratigraphical regions and then this middle part can be related or translated used as a sort of lingua franca for chronology to date than the absolute chronologies that would come to give us a step of talking point that we can or reach an agreement on actually what's really important in way I see the late Bronze Age is that the late Bronze Age starts around the latest phases of what we call the Wittenberg cultures and Ottoman and ends at the end of hashtag A so when I'm referring to late Bronze Age one to three it's between this relative chronological periods the project that we just recently finished had the archaeologists anthropologists we focused on it was called death metals to focused on the Bronze Age and we tried together all the burial ground non burial ground burial grounds with metals in burials from the Eastern Carpathian basin and then we structured everything basically that was there and what wasn't there we went into the museums dug into everything with metals and humans and bones and then tried to get the results even more a more complex system for the metals in classifying them and in all we have we have found 727 graves with metals for the entire Bronze Age with what almost 5000 metal finds but then again that's tricky because most of them are small beats for example the burial ground or the site of La Pouche yielded most of them like literally hundreds so that would qualify as one and yes it's a bit more varied picture if you look in detail to this the strategy was that we would look for similar typologies of metals both in sheep and decoration and try to date those respected with those that are what we would call foreign to this region in order to get a better chronology for metals because usually when they are found in hordes it's not really dateable by radiocarbon quite often not commonly found with dateable materials so this would be a way to bridge that gap and then moving on getting 10 of the most chronologically closest finds and see if they are later the individuals from the various regions of the Eastern Carpathian basin basically trying to trace kinships if I'm not saying that people with metals were elites but high-ranking parts of society you would think that in the Bronze Age bronze and other metals would be very expensive then you would imagine that a sort of kinship relation would exist or not between various regions or larger regions then again the issue of chronologies metal chronologies versus pottery chronologies how do you combine those two how do you relate the two and I think burials are the best way to do this because you have the radiocarbon data there you have the metals and you have the pottery and we can start from here basically we gather it's more it's more synoptic study and we try to catch up with all the data for that has been gathered in the museums in the past 200 years so a bit of overview of obviously most of the burials these are inhumation and cremation burials as well are found in the late Bronze Age that's their distribution then the body treatments for the late Bronze Age as I'm trying to close in on our talking on our subject session is well incineration obviously is the most dominant but inhumation burials are quite common surprisingly in Transylvania where previously the middle Bronze Age incineration was the dominant and by the time of the urn fields inhumation is quite common or the most common in Transylvania a couple of examples usually they are practiced in urns these are from Cruchen we are highly waiting the publication of the Cruchen burial ground I've been told that it's in progress so I've been kindly allowed to reproduce a couple of them groupings you single burials are quite rare like almost inexistent five of them in the entire period of 400 years usually are found in burial grounds the pots up there are from are actually urns from the Berkes and Dematur burial grounds and none of them were collected with bones so there goes our radiocarbon theory for those sites but nevertheless the metals were at hand and we could document them in detail then the issue of whether the site the burial grounds were flat plain or similar these numbers show grave numbers but then again there are just two sites that are similar in the in the entire region one of them is the bush and then we can debate whether that's a burial ground or not and the other one is the smaller site that's situated in the 60s next to Indonesia in Hungary the red dot up there their locations yet again quite standardized in my opinion either on the first terrace of a river of a larger river or on knolls usually in the great Hungarian plane what stands out are the four terrace burials graves and cave burials both of them are coming just from two sites yet again the push and the other one the Ibrica cave which is quite famous because of its finds in the Apocene mountains a bit of overview of statistics of metals how they find themselves like I said from the late victim begotomine phases as you would see the late bronze age one to hashtag which is a to which would be equaling 3b in my chronology most of them appeared in the earlier part and the red bar there again that's the push responsible for that that's a different category of sites and has many many many metal finds broken down based on the metals that have been identified obviously bronze is the most dominant the four beads are yet again from the bush but what's really interesting in discussion in this discussion are in my opinion the shifted a bit sorry for that are the iron finds one of the earliest iron finds already appear in the in the middle late bronze age and they vary from socketed axe to bracelets to gold plated iron knives and most of them are located next to the northern part of the eastern crepe team based on with the exception of Bob that that has an iron bangle most common objects jewelry objects are either scales beads or bracelets but what I would like to go in are the people at this moment because they are not very common in this region in my opinion they are not just an answer to the environmental changes but also central European influences in this region sadly these haven't had any bones associated with or collected with so I can't date this but nevertheless it's an interesting point razors is another interesting thing since the beauty of the warriors body everybody's going for the whole warrior kit and then razors and things was one of the interesting things not that just the swords or the weapons that we associated with warriors and then in the entire repertoire of the late bronze age we only have two sites with razors the one at the kitchen that's in the banana and then the egbitsaki mentioned before which is a special site with a lot of special finds my opinion both of them are indicative of foreign influences and differ from the standard weapons and tools usually a hot topic and what I really liked about this research is that at Petronome it's a site next to Timishara next to the Bob-Dyne kitchen site we actually discovered in the deposits that has been lying there for 30 years a sword that was even the hazard hill preserved from Antler so that's the only sword burial in the entire Eastern Crepe in Basin in the entire bronze age and we are dating this as well so can't wait for yes but to bring me the days and then the last chapter that I would like point that I would like to make is the ingots and vessels which yet again are not very common actually not common at all in the Eastern Crepe in Basin and they are usually found in the later phases ingots are either bar-shaped or semi-spherical and in one case again at the bush if I remember correctly they are made of iron so that's quite important vessels as I have seen today they are quite common in some Central European burials but I only have to record the instances here with vessels yet again indicating that direction of contact so I would I could have gone in to the details of how an Easter companion identity and the structure of campus structure or is negotiated what I found interesting is rather to present the data that is coming from outside the Carpathian Basin so this is what's not specific for the Carpathian Basin everything else well we are negotiating with Springer and it will be in the book and I hope you enjoy it