 We have been talking about the practices, agricultural practices which have been happening which has been followed by our ancestors and our fathers and further what are we going to do is the big solution for that only we were giving a assessment of what is going on. Now what has been in terms of food production we have just green revolutions and things like that. So now we have come into another type of activity is called a precision agriculture to tide over the crop yield deficiencies. So what does it mean by precision agriculture? Agriculture previously we used to do it we spray the seeds here and there and then those things they come up and it is a mass scale fertilizer application mass scale pesticides and we never bothered about the individual plants or a group of plants and the people were feeling that because of the mass activity it is like a servogenic activity we are not able to get the more crop yield. Now people have gone for specific activities what we felt was that certain growth parameters are missing in some of the small small patches within the agriculture fields because of that they have gone for the precision agriculture. What is the precision agriculture is nothing but you give offer uniform or a homogeneous soil conditions homogeneous water supply conditions so that the plant growth deficiency factors will be minimized in these areas so that the plants have to yield better that is what is mean by precision agriculture that is what in terms of it is a specific production I want this much of production what is the alternatives or the supplements which I have to give that I will give it to the plant so that the crop yield is accurate. Now here what is needed is as we were talking about information the data collection is the major issue here and the frequency is a major issue because if you do it continuously for a small part of the field then your crop yield will be better it is all done on a small areas. Now then what we have is a field data collection as well as the analysis and reliable decision making the data collection is one thing and what is going on is another problem then we should be able to do a better decision making is nothing but either apply fertilizer apply pesticide apply water or whatever it is needed. Now it is what we assume in by this way is every part of the agriculture plot is homogeneous in different but here the problem is if there is going to be a sudden change or a gradual change from one homogeneous area to another homogeneous areas some of the decisions need not work successfully as it has worked and our transition rate and transition intensity is not known by this type of activity. Now here what we are trying to understand is demarcation of spatial variability spatial variability is suppose if the soil has got potassium, sodium and all those elements in one percentage in a uniform percentage it is likely to be there throughout the area or throughout some part of the field it is likely to be the same and based on this knowledge you go for a cultivation then the procedures which you are going to follow they are also identified with reference to the variability okay. Then third thing is about the monitoring the plants so this monitoring plants sensors are effectively used in addition to sensor some micro level monitoring devices are also in place for that is a soil moisture you have a soil moisture sensors at the root zone of the crop that will be able to tell you about whether how much is the soil moisture content whether it is sufficient or whether it is getting reduced or leading to a yield point fertilizers. This is nothing but what is the deficiency of elements in the soil so that these fertilizers they take care. Pesticides, pesticides what is the probability of a formation of a pathogens or a virus in that particular area that is it needs moisture content it need temperature and shaderness. So what are the nutrients which we have to give what are all the pesticides which we have to give that decides based on this type of monitoring. What do they do next one is they try to prepare a maps maps is one way of representing a field to anybody or it can be taken over as that. So it is based on the coordinate system this coordinate system all of us are aware with reference to one specific point how far it is x y coordinates when you want to do it from the zero how much it is there in the x axis and how much is there on the y axis so that is where we try to make use of this coordinates. And this coordinates are known as it is in the turbo the rows and columns this rows and columns some places we address it by the coordinates. Coordinates are again it is related to longitude and latitude so that it is globally it is georeferenced. Now this is what everybody tries to prepare before going for a recession agriculture of a small part of the area. Now what is it that which I what is it that they have got which I do not have is one thing is the precise map precise map of that particular field is missing what do they have in the precision agriculture what type of tools they use it global positioning system this global positioning systems it comes up with a precise global positioning systems are coming up even 0.1 meter up to meter or 20 meter it is like the precision comes out accuracy comes out so these global positioning system which these people they try to use it so it should coincide with the group of plants are a plant in question. Second thing is the geographical information or a geo information system it is related to latlan things like that then remote sensing what is a remote sensing is without touching without going nearer to that and you tell about the properties of a particular object that is what the remote sensing it does it so it could be a reflectance base or it could be a some property base or it could be anything with depending upon what is needed. Now here many of our things chlorophyll content is better revealed by the green mass of that particular plant so we try to do the satellite remote sensing in the visible as well as near infrared which will tell you about the what is the healthiness of the particular plant. The intelligent devices and the implements which are there part and parcel of it and a dedicated computer system or online network system with these field based sensors field based measurements units they are the main reason for this they are attached to this computer so that what is happening what has been recorded by the sensor you will be able to immediately see it on the screen and you can take a immediate decisions. Now based on these type of information whether it is a excess or it is less in some aspect growth fact parameters the precision agriculture is carried out. Now the GPS guidance and auto see the GPS will tell you about which plants are there and stress of what kind of stress it is what is needed it is knowledge based information systems which they have got so it will tell you about how much is the fertilizer which we have to add or how much is the water which is needed by that particular plant. The sprayers the sprayers are guided by the location based and it with GPS guided and it will be able to control the amount of spray which it gets is to these plants otherwise in the manual way in the regular practice the amount of spray or amount of water yield which you are give water which you are giving it to the plant it does not have a control it systems. Now yield monitoring is another thing that means when it is the fruits when they come up the type of fruits the type of flowering type of leaves based on that the yield monitoring is done continuously. So that you are sure about how much I have expected about a X tons of yield from this area but I may come back closer to that or I may likely to get more that is what the thing I should not get anything less than what I have expected because my support to the plant is the maximum my surveillance is the maximum I am able to see look on every day and then try to attach things and also we have infield sensing that means the sensors are not throughout the field it gives a representative look of the field and sense of the field so that they will be able to monitor and give things. Now having done what are the if when you do certain things there will be a positive aspect as well as a negative aspect what are the implications there are implications in the precision agriculture is there is a fertilizer requirement which is needed immediately if it is to grow if you delay it then there is a probability that means you have to have a stock which is ready for a delivery purpose. Then you have to have efficiency in using of fertilizer as well as pesticides if you use reduce the total applications that means you are reducing the amount of fertilizer or pesticide which will get washed off which will be removed from the higher elevation areas to the lower elevation areas all these things are yield to it is for the early yield prediction which is normally used in the commercial purposes I will be able to give you this much of tons of crop yield so of a particular variety so then trading will be very easy by this way. Now the issues are in this is additional cost which you are doing it in terms of machinery in terms of surveillance this cost is added to the cost of the production. Now another weather issues you may control yourself you may have your own umbrella when during the rainy days but weather is likely to change and you are not able to control them depending upon the forthcoming weather once the heavy rainfall comes again you may have to do all the surveys and then get your database ready and then start applying it if there is going to be a high wind then if the plants are going to be off flat then you cannot do anything for that. So this is the major issue about the weather issues cannot be trade off in this type of thing. Now what all the unmanned vehicles which can do in this type of precision thing is it can take care of the inventory of the tree crops the crop stress is nothing but it is the crop water stress or a crop stress stress which it is exhibited by the leaves either by curling or it is becoming a gray becoming a brown in color these are all the indicators. Suppose if these things are not properly exhibited by the stress conditions then we are not able to do anything. The range land conditions also we can use with the unmanned condition the issues the issues related to that is air space operational issues even though the unmanned vehicles drones and things like that they fly at a low altitude and they are able to monitor your field but the regulatory aspects of using these unmanned vehicles is in some places or many of the Asian many of the places they have some problems. Now second thing is about the image processing all these sensors all these all these image process image remote sensing data sets it comes as a image comes as a image that image in a digital format that images that needs to be processed. When you process a image what it should do is it has to have a flat surface to the camera or to the sensors so that whatever the warping which is which is it has produced because of during the flight conditions so that needs to be taken into consideration. So in a orbital remote sensing because the height between the land and the system is high with a few control points regular control points we are able to do it properly whereas when it comes down to the low flying and the field level activities the control points need to be on a higher side to process these images. Now difficulty of operation is related to the maintenance of the sensors maintenance of the pumps maintenance of the spray if the spray if you do not you know if through the which is then through the nozzle if the nozzles because of the non-using non-usages for a time it may get stuck with some solid over there may be a blocking which is possible. Then the machineries machineries need you need to use it very frequently. These are all special vehicles which can use only in those areas we wish that these machineries need not be used at a regular interval that is what our cost cutting activities. So these are all the major issues of using different machineries in monitoring the agriculture. Now as agriculture is widespread the sense it has been globally people are growing crops and they are having problems and they are doing everything but they are there in space across the globe or across the area and they have been doing it for a long time. This type of precision agriculture is possible only a small area where your cost of per unit area of product is on a higher side you may have to be on a toes there are practical difficulties are possible this will drain out our resources in a big way. So this type of precision agriculture is being followed on a large scale areas not on a small scale areas large scale areas as you increase the size of the area then problems or heterogeneity it goes on varying from one parameter to another parameter. In solving it if you try to solve one problem then the other problem comes up in the natural systems. Now this type of production cut precision agriculture grown food is likely to have more cost when compared to the normal type of things. If this is this type of precision agriculture is useful provided when we have reduced land as well as water and everything we are not bothered about the cost per production thank you.