 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel, Explore Education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls degree college, University of Allahabad. And nowadays I am discussing topics of philosophy, that is educational philosophy, in which this time I am going to discuss a very important, relevant and interesting philosophy that is naturalism, prakritiva. The lecture will be in bilingual mode and it must be useful for you all. So, first of all, naturalism, prakritivaad, naturalism is prakritivaad. Prakritivaad is a lecture that was developed and developed in the 18th century. It is based on the assumption that nature represents the wholeness of reality. It is said that nature represents the wholeness of reality. Nature itself is a total system that contains and explains all existence, including human beings and human nature. Then naturalism denies the existence of anything beyond nature, behind nature and other than nature, such as supernaturalism. It is said that prakritivaad accepts any other existence beyond nature. It is the doctrine which separates nature from God. According to naturalism, only nature is ever born. It is the doctrine which separates nature from God. Naturalism, only nature is everything, nothing is before and beyond it. Prakritivaad says that only nature is everything, nothing is beyond it. Its theoretical rationale is that to understand philosophy, you should know its epistemology, exeology, metaphysics. According to that view, what is knowledge? According to that view, what is the principle? According to that view, what is reality? So, what is epistemology for naturalism? What does naturalism believe in? It says that naturalists highlight the value of scientific knowledge. That is, prakritivaad gives the knowledge of science, gives the knowledge of science as the principle. Francis Bacon emphasizes the inductive method for acquiring the scientific knowledge through specific observation, accumulation and generalization. Francis Bacon, who was a prakritivaad, has given the power of the inductive method, that you are a naturalist, then use the inductive method. Through this, you can acquire the scientific knowledge, practice it, gather it and do the generalization. These are all explanations of scientific knowledge, or characteristics. He also lays emphasis on the empirical and experimental knowledge. Apart from this, he tells the meaning of the empirical, which you can observe with your scientific senses. He has also given importance to the scientific knowledge. Then, naturalists also lay stress on sensory training and senses are the gateways to learning. There is a quotation that is given by naturalism, that your scientific senses are the door to the right path. It means that we absorb all the knowledge through our scientific senses. That is why naturalists give the power of scientific knowledge. So naturalists' values arise from the human being's interaction with the environment. Prakritivaad, for them, how do they arise? They arise from the end of the relationship between the human and the environment. Instincts, drives and impulses need to be expressed rather than repressed. They are not required to be repressed, but to be repressed. According to them, there is no absolute good or evil in the world. The values of life are created by the human being. They say that there is no such thing that is good for everyone and bad for everyone. That is to say, absolute is good and absolute is not bad at all. In fact, the principles of our life are the principles that arise from our needs. The great names associated with naturalism are Rousseau, Pestilogy, Spencer and Rabindranath Tagore. We have heard a lot about Rousseau. I have also spoken to Rousseau on Education. Sorry, I have also spoken to Rabindranath Tagore on Education. So the quotation of Rousseau's sayings and thoughts are only natural. What is the nature of education? A philosophy that has influenced a lot of the theory and practice of education requires all external restraint and condemns all necessary formalities. Similarly, the pressure and restrictions and formalities oppose naturalism. In the naturalistic system of education, there is no place for classrooms, textbooks, timetables, curriculum, formal lessons or examinations. It is said that there is no place in the way of the way of education that there is no room for classrooms, books, timetables, pathikram, that you should give a formal lesson or take a formal examination. There is no need for that. The teacher has to play the role of equating children with their natural environment. What is the nature of education? You have to teach your students to sit down with their natural environment. External discipline is all together out of place. The external discipline is the discipline of natural consequences. According to the nature of education, there is no need for that. There is no need for that in naturalism. In fact, it is also very disgusting how you can leave your child to be taught nature. Nature will punish him. Nature's punishment can be very dangerous sometimes. But naturalists talk that discipline should come from natural consequences. Naturalism believes that formal education is the invention of society which is artificial. Good education can be possible only through direct contact with nature. It is said that only good education and practice will work together. What comes with digitalization of naturalism? Naturalism attaches less importance to the existence of formal school and textbooks. resistance of formal school and textbooks, he said that when he was talking about everything is good as it comes from the hands of the author of nature, but everything degenerates in the hands of man. He says that everything that comes from nature, you get it right, you get it clean, you get it clean, you get it clean, but everything is destroyed in the hands of man. According to him, nature is the only pure, clean and ennobling influence. Human society is thoroughly correct. He is saying that the society of man is completely crushed, meaning hundreds of years ago, he also knew that the society of man is crushed, so how much is it today, you can understand. Therefore, man should be freed from the bondage of society, that is why he is saying that free man from the society and he should be able to live in the state of nature so that he can live with nature in the natural world. See, we are not saying this, who is saying this, naturalists are saying this, meaning nature is saying this. So all the naturalists believe in it and follow it. Human nature is essentially good and it must be given fullest opportunities for free development in a free atmosphere. He says that the nature of man, the nature of man is very good, there is no problem with it, so you give it a complete chance that it can be fully developed and free. The school to the naturalists is no way different from the home. They are saying that if you are a student, then it is like home. For example, Frobel has given the name of Kindergarten, the name of children, Angan, Bagicha. Pestilogy also says that there shouldn't be any difference between home and outside. Tagore also believes that the child should learn to talk and develop their intimacy. Similarly, they say that the nature is such a place where the nature of the child and its inspirations meet each other. Therefore, you just have to know the nature, rather stay in nature, spend time in nature. He is saying that you should take a shower under the tree in the evening. Then, one minute. In the organization of education, what else? Naturalism focuses on individual differences. It says that you should not force the child to study, it is its own capacity, it will study with its own pace. The student should pay attention to the difference between the child and the child. The method of education is such that the child can do something for his own expression, he can do something creative. Don't stop him. See, creativity is hindered from stopping. Okay. And Karikula said that everything that needs to be taken from nature, study it like physics, chemistry, biology, zoology, botany. In addition, he said that he also studied language and mathematics. But he denied spiritualism, why? Because they do not believe in supernatural power. Rabindranath Tagore is a naturalist, but he has done spiritualism in his education. Why? Because he wanted the child to have a harmonious development. If we want to practice his knowledge, Rabindranath Tagore denied spiritualism. In addition, Rousseau talked about negative education, which I also discussed with Rousseau. What is negative education? They are saying that school is back to nature. School, social order, formality, formal classes, don't talk about formal classroom. Let the child learn directly, develop his senses, he will learn by himself. Right? And Nanna said that when the child is ready, then learn. Like law of readiness has been discussed. According to them, child's nature, interest and needs provide the basis of Karikulam. They are saying that how will the particle form, what will be the basis of it? The nature of the child is required. And methods of teaching, as we understood in such a long time, will learn by doing, by learning from experience, by playing. There are many new methods, which are evolved by naturalist implications, like observation method, experimental method, play way method, heuristic method. Learn by searching. Give the child a topic, give him environment, give him material, he will learn by himself. Dalton method, this is a very interesting method. This method says that in a classroom, like a time travel, there is a 45-minute class, so you are reading from the mind, your mind is in the classroom, the literature is being taught, anything is being taught, the history is being taught, the geography is being taught, but till then, the bell rings, and the class ends, and you have to close the book, you have to open the other one. So they say that the mind of the child, according to the bell of the classroom, it goes away, and goes away in the other one. It doesn't happen, because it is possible that our mind is in the last class, and our mind is doing the same thing, then we do it, but we can't do it because of time travel. So Dalton method says that when the child completes the task, then go to the other subject. So we know that applying all this innovation in India is very difficult, because here in Tunisian, our teacher-student ratio is so bad, but this is still a very good method. Montresary method, all these methods are applied after the naturalist method. And what does the teacher say about nature, what is the teacher, what do we have to do? The child doesn't have to stop. The child is learning from himself. So you just practice, give him a lesson in the morning. Just don't give him information. Ross says that the teacher has set up a naturalistic setup, a setter of the stage, that is to say, make a stage for him. Give him material, give him space, give him an environment, and give him such signs that he can develop his practical skills. Don't act like a non-interfering observer. I mean, you don't have to be an interference. Why? Because who will maintain discipline? For Russo, the teacher first of all as a person who is in completely in tune with nature. Russo says that there is a teacher who is from a naturalistic sense, who understands the goodness of a person, who follows the child's time table. Like, the novel of Emil, Emil is a boy and he talks about his education. He has explained the whole of education. He says that there is a teacher who understands the human nature, who understands his growth, development, how much he can learn from the child's stage. To learn more from him, don't talk to him. Don't force him. Let him grow in his own way. Let him explore nature through interaction with the environment. Okay. And merits and debits. There are many of its characteristics. As you must have known, that the child's psychology is developing, there is a scientific study. Why is the society doing this? Because scientific knowledge is given to them. Experiments centered curriculum talk about it. There are many methods of teaching. There are a lot of methods of teaching. Right? They make it unnecessary to stop it. But there are demerits as well. The child has been given a lot of freedom. The teacher has very little importance. And the child only talks about present needs. He doesn't talk about future needs in this philosophy. Overall, this is a great philosophy. And it has a lot of implications of education. Okay? So, this is a very important philosophy. It is very much asked. You should have its basic knowledge. So, it is all about naturalism. Thank you. And don't forget to like and subscribe to my channel. Explore it with me. I have done from my side. Okay?