 Dylate acid and hydrothermal pretreatments are two popular methods used to break down the complex structures of plant cell walls and increase accessibility of sugars for fermentation into bioethanol. These pretreatments have been shown to reduce the recalcitrant nature of biomass, making it easier to break down and convert into fuel. This article was authored by Piyu Yunqiao, who Fan, Huang Fang, and others