 One thing is for sure that once NGN is fully realized then different services are provided on on the same on different networks and The same network provides different kinds of services now this Multi or this many to many scenario Requires that each service or each application is provisioned in the best possible manner for that the network must be controlled To configure and tailor these services and applications for different service users In this module, we should look at the network control architectures and protocol in NGN Once all services are provided Using the same infrastructure including the access side the core and the transit network There's a requirement of service provisioning which is more individual in nature because the end user must be kept aloof or should be Unaware of the complexity and the difficulty which is realized in Providing such service So the network control must be activated to provide tailor-made or custom services to the users or the same network For that the network control architecture and protocols is in is an important recommendation by the NGN Now this network control architecture which acts like an overlay network over Existing physical network is going to help realize this vision since there are different functions which must be provided to ensure smooth and Transparent delivery of services and applications from the end user's point of view These functions are provided by some very important network elements These network elements are deployed across the NGN at various locations We call them the different functional nodes These functional nodes each are required to perform their respective functionality for instance resource allocation and This resource allocation is of significance Significance once real-time services are being used and the users are requiring a certain level of quality of service Then quality of service must be ensured that it is provided and some kind of measurement mechanism should also be in place Since different networks are all integrated into a unified IP engine So different media are being used. So media translation is an important consideration So whatever media is being used I am talking about the soft media or the data The data formats which are used by different services would be now relayed across different networks Since the end user and this service provider Let's say in a client-serviced architecture are now configured on two different encoding standards so some kind of Cross-coding or trans-coding would be required. This also is an important functionality of the network control architecture Then the call and session control which is an important requirement because like In SS7 the call is established and the call is terminated in in in IP networks. It is some kind of Session initiation protocol the SIP kind of functionality which is required So network control architecture and protocols are all addressing those issues Then the service control for instance What level of service a certain user is authorized for and how this user is provided that kind of service by activating the network elements accordingly Now this NGN standard document promotes or recommends the usage of The we call it cuts the components of the shelf The components of the shelf could come from any other standardization body because it is ready to be utilized For instance a star two four eight is basically a signaling mechanism for the for for media gateway control when different kinds of media are Translated from one kind of network to another for instance if a voice call is initiated From IP network and it terminates on in on a PSTN then a star two four eight activates the right kind of media Gateway control which you in in in turn Manages a certain media gateway Then SIP is another kind of ready of the shelf Protocol that is pushed and Perpeted by the ITF so it can be used for call establishment call management call control CDRs and all that then there's another requirement of Defining the user to network and the network network interfaces It is important because some kind of clarity should be given in NGN to users that when Exactly is there call entering into the network from the customer premises to the network premises and Then some kind of border or some kind of Understanding should also exist between who is providing the service and who is providing the underlying infrastructure We call them the network provider the network operator and the service provider